Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMMUNICATION
Communication is a process whereby
information is enclosed in a package and is channeled and imparted by a sender to a receiver via some medium.
and tone of voice, and there are nonverbal means, such as body language, sign language, paralanguage, touch, eye contact, through media, i.e., pictures, graphics and sound, and writing.
PREPARED FOR IIPM | PROF SURAJIT 3
clarifying the employees about the task to be done, the manner they are performing the task, and how to improve their performance if it is not up to the mark. organizational members for decision-making process as it helps identifying and assessing alternative course of actions. individuals attitudes, i.e., a well informed individual will have better attitude than a less-informed individual.
PREPARED FOR IIPM | PROF SURAJIT 4
assists in controlling process. It helps controlling organizational members behaviour in various ways.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
FLOWS
Downward communication :
Downward communication flows from people at higher levels to those at lower levels in the organizational hierarchy.
Upward communication:
Upward communication travels from subordinates to superiors and continues up the organizational hierarchy.
Crosswise communication includes the horizontal flow of information, among people on the same or similar organizational levels, and the diagonal flow, among persons at different levels who have no direct reporting relationships.
BARRIERS
PHYSICAL BARRIERS PERCEPTUAL BARRIERS
A traveller was walking down a road when he met a man from the next town. "Excuse me," he said. "I am hoping to stay in the next town tonight. Can you tell me what the townspeople are like?" "Well," said the townsman, "how did you find the people in the last town you visited?" "Oh, they were an irascible bunch. Kept to themselves. Took me for a fool. Over-charged me for what I got. Gave me very poor service." "Well, then," said the townsman, "you'll find them pretty much the same here.
PREPARED FOR IIPM | PROF SURAJIT 10
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follow the rules and procedures of contact but no more. interactions which are about winning and losing. They include "rackets" and "stamps".
contact where there is a high level of honesty and acceptance of yourself and others.
PREPARED FOR IIPM | PROF SURAJIT 12
CONTROLLING
Control of an undertaking consists of
seeing that everything is being carried out in accordance with the plan which has been adopted, the orders which have been given, and the principles which have been laid down.
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TYPES OF CONTROL
Feedforward controls, sometimes called
preliminary or preventive controls, attempt to identify and prevent deviations in the standards before they occur. Feedforward controls focus on human, material, and financial resources within the organization.
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Concurrent controls monitor ongoing employee activity to ensure consistency with quality standards. These controls rely on performance standards, rules, and regulations for guiding employee tasks and behaviors.
Feedback controls involve reviewing information to determine whether performance meets established standards.
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FINANCIAL CONTROL
Management control (as exercised in
planning, performance evaluation, and coordination) of financial activities aimed at achieving desired return on investment. Managers use financial statements (a budget being the primary one), operating ratios, and other financial tools to exercise financial control.
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BUDGETARY CONTROL
Methodical control of an organization's
operations through establishment of standards and targets regarding income and expenditure, and a continuous monitoring and adjustment of performance against them.
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