CONTENTS

Preface 1. Introduction: Signal and Spectra 1.1 An Overview of Electronic Communication Systems 1.2 Signal and its Properties 9 1.3 Fourier Series Expansion and its Use 21 1.4 The Fourier Transform 35 1.5 Orthogonal Representation of Signal 51 Summary 73 Problems 73 Additional Problems 80 References 81 2. Random Variables and Processes 2.1 Probability 82 2.2 Random Variables 86 2.3 Useful Probability Density Functions 99 2.4 Useful Properties and Certain Application Issues 2.5 Random Processes 119 Matlab 133 Summary 137 Problems 137 Additional Problems 143 References 143 1 xi 1

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3. Amplitude-Modulation Systems 3.1 Need for Frequency Translation 144 3.2 Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation 147 3.3 Amplitude Modulation : Double Side Band with Carrier (DSB-C) 153 3.4 Single Side Band Modulation (SSB) 163 3.5 Other AM Techniques and Frequency Division Multiplexing 171 3.6 Radio Transmitter and Receiver 178 Matlab 186 Summary 192

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Problems 192 Additional Problems References 194

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4. Angle Modulation 4.1 Angle Modulation 195 4.2 Tone Modulated FM Signal 200 4.3 Arbitrary Modulated FM Signal 209 4.4 FM Modulators and Demodulators 213 4.5 Approximately Compatible SSB Systems 4.6 Stereophonic FM Broadcasting 224 Matlab simulations 227 Summary 232 Problems 232 References 236

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5. Pulse Modulation and Digital Transmission of Analog Signal 5.1 Analog to Digital: Noisy Channel and Role of Repeater 238 5.2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation and Concept of Time Division Multiplexing 247 5.3 Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 257 5.4 Digital Representation of Analog Signal 260 5.5 Certain issues in Digital Transmission 274 5.6 Differential Pulse Code Modulation and Delta Modulation 284 5.7 Voice Coders (Vocoders) 297 Matlab 307 Summary 314 Problems 314 References 320 6. Digital Modulation and Transmission 6.1 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) 322 6.2 Quadrature Amplitude Shift Keying (QASK) 342 6.3 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 346 6.4 Pulse Shaping to Reduce Inter Channel and Inter Symbol Interference 6.5 Regenerative Repeater 381 Matlab 385 Summary 392 Problems 392 7. Mathematical Representation of Noise 7.1 Some Sources of Noise 395 7.2 Frequency-domain Representation of Noise 396 7.3 Superposition of Noises 405 7.4 Linear Filtering of Noise 407 7.5 Quadrature Components of Noise 413 7.6 Representation of Noise using Orthonormal Coordinates Matlab 421

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Summary 423 Problems 423 References 427 8. Noise in Amplitude Modulation System 8.1 Framework for Amplitude Demodulation 428 8.2 Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSB-SC) 429 8.3 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) 432 8.4 Double Sideband with Carrier (DSB-C) 437 Matlab 447 Summary 451 Problems 451 Reference 454 9. Noise in Frequency Modulation Systems 9.1 An FM Receiving System 455 9.2 Calculation of Signal to Noise Ratio 458 9.3 Comparison of FM and AM 462 9.4 Preemphasis and Deemphasis and SNR Improvement 464 9.5 Noise in Phase Modulation and Multiplexing Issues 470 9.6 Threshold in Frequency Modulation 476 9.7 Calculation of Threshold in an FM Discriminator 483 9.8 The FM Demodulator using Feedback (FMFB) 491 Matlab 496 Summary 498 Problems 499 Reference 502 10. Phase Locked Loops 10.1 PLL Characteristics 503 10.2 Analog PLL and Frequency Demodulation 505 10.3 Digital Phase Locked Loop 520 10.4 All Digital PLL and Software PLL 525 10.5 Applications of Phase Locked Loops 526 Matlab 534 Summary 547 Problems 547 Additional Problems 548 References 549 11. Optimal Reception of Digital Signal 11.1 A Baseband Signal Receiver 550 11.2 Probability of Error 553 11.3 Optimum Receiver for Both Baseband and Passband 559 11.4 Optimal of Coherent Reception: PSK, FSK, QPSK 568 11.5 Signal Space Representation and Probability of Error 575 11.6 Probability of Error in a QPR System 589 428

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11.7 Comparison of Modulation Systems Matlab 595 Summary 597 Problems 597 Additional Problems 600 References 600 12. Noise 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4

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in Pulse Code Modulation and Delta Modulation Systems PCM Transmision 601 Delta Modulation (DM) Transmission 609 Comparison of PCM and DM 618 The Space Shuttle ADM 620 Matlab 623 Summary 624 Problems 624 References 626

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13. Information Theory and Coding 13.1 Discrete Messages and Information Content 628 13.2 Source Coding to Increase Average Information per Bit 632 13.3 Shannons Theorem, Channel Capacity 637 13.4 Use of Orthogonal Signals to Attain Shanons Limit 640 13.5 Mutual Information and Channel Capacity 646 13.6 Rate Distortion Theory and Lossy Source Coding 647 13.7 Coding: Introduction 650 13.8 Upper Bound of the Probability of Error with Coding 656 13.9 Block CodesCoding and Decoding 661 13.10 Burst error Correction 676 13.11 Convolutional Coding 682 13.12 Decoding Convolutional Code 684 13.13 Comparison of Error Rates in Coded and Uncoded Transmission 692 13.14 Turbo Codes 695 13.15 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) 697 13.16 An Application of Information Theory: An Optimum Modulation System 13.17 Feedback Communication 707 13.18 Trellis-Decoded Modulation 711 Matlab 720 Summary 723 Problems 723 Additional Problems 730 References 730 14. Communication Systems and Component Noises 14.1 Resistor Noise 731 14.2 Networks with Reactive Elements 733 14.3 Available Power 735

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Noise Temperature 737 Two ports: Equivalent Noise Temperature and Noise Figure Antennas 746 Matlab 751 Summary 753 Problems 753

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15. Spread Spectrum Modulation 15.1 Use of Spread Spectrum 756 15.2 Direct Sequence (DS) Spread Spectrum 757 15.3 Spread Spectrum and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 761 15.4 Ranging using DS Spread Spectrum 763 15.5 Frequency Hopping (FH) Spread Spectrum 765 15.6 Pseudorandom (PN) Sequences: Generation and Characteristics 767 15.7 Synchronization in Spread Spectrum Systems 772 Matlab 781 Summary 783 Problems 783 16. Miscellaneous Topics in Communication Systems 16.1 Telephone Switching 787 16.2 Computer Communication 800 16.3 Optical Communication 810 16.4 Mobile Telephone Communication-The Cellular Concept 16.5 Satellite Communication 815 16.6 RADAR System 819 Summary 820 Problems 820 References 822 Appendix A Appendix B Index

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