Reservoir Properties Prediction Using Combination of Seismic Inversion and Geostatistical Approach

Dyah Tribuanawati

Acoustic Impedance volume

Porosity volume

Seismic Inversion

Improve the definition of lithology boundaries by the resolution of the interpretation. The seismic data is now a rock property.

Acoustic Impedance from seismic data :

   

Inverse process Remove wavelet and add low low-frequency component Interval property rather than boundary property Inversion itself does not deliver petrophysical properties

Seismic Inversion


The object of using inversion is to convert the seismic section to more accurately represent the properties of the earths layers. In reflection seismology, the seismic trace is the result of convolving a reflectivity series with a wavelet. In seismic inverse modeling, the process is reversed Geophysical inversion involves mapping the physical structure and properties of the subsurface of the earth using measurements made on the surface of the earth possibly constrained by well log measurements

Workflow of Seismic Inversion



Beginning with the trace, essentially de-convolve it and end up with the reflectivity series. This reflectivity series is then displayed side-by-side as a set of pseudo-acoustic logs, which we can then interpret as a cross-section of the subsurface in terms of its acoustic impedance distribution.

Forward Modeling

Inverse Modeling

Earth Model

Seismic Response

Model Algorithm

Model Algorithm

Seismic Response

Earth Model

Earth
Forward Modelling

Wavelet convolution

Seismic

Inverse Modelling

Seismic

Wavelet

AI

De-convolution

Seismic Inversion for Reservoir Characterization

Seismic Inversion : what is it ?

Inversion is the process of extracting, from the seismic data, the underlying geology which gave rise to that seismic. Inversion is a non-unique process and there is not one method which is the best in all cases. Types of inversion: Band limited inversion Model-based inversion Sparse-spike inversion Model-based and sparse-spike inversion gave the most detailed results.

Inversion is the process of extracting, from the seismic data, the underlying geology which gave rise to that seismic. Traditionally, inversion has been applied to post-stack seismic data, with the aim of extracting acoustic impedance volumes. Another recent development is to use inversion results to directly predict lithology parameters such as porosity and water saturation

Workflow for Acoustic Impedance (P (P-Impedance)

Seismic
Wavelet

Logs (Density & Velocity)

Constrains

Seismic Horizons
Low frequency model or initial model

P-Impedances

Sparse spike Inversion workflow

Full Stack
P-Impedance

Horizons

Constrained Sparse spike inversion

Calibrated Logs

Porosity Distribution

Full Stack

CSSI workflow

Angle Stack

Existing Horizon

SADI workflow

Shear Modeling Well Logs

SI workflow
Calibrated Logs

Shear Logs

Simultaneous Inversion Workflow

Full Stack Angle Stack

CSSI (constrained Sparse Spike Inversion

SADI Property

Calibrated Logs

Integrated Horizons, Logs and Seismic

Simultaneous Inversion
Rock Properties

Shear Synthetics

Horizons

Simultaneous SADI workflow

Seismic 0-10deg Seismic 10-20 deg Seismic 20-32 deg

Wavelet

Wavelet

Wavelet

Logs

EI logs

EI logs

EI logs

Vp/Vs

P-impedance S-impedance Density

Poisson ratio

Constrains & Low Frequency

MuRho

Horizons
Lambda-Rho

StatMod workflow using AI

CSSI impedance Detailed earth model Revised horizons Probability model

SIS Lithology

Pay sand probability

Logs

Histogram & Variogram

Synthetic Vp/Vs

Wavelets

Lithology Classification Vp/Vs cube

Subsurface Properties
Estimate from seismic :
Lithofacies Porosity Depth, age, diagenesis Pressure Fluid type (oil, gas, water) Saturation Permeability

VelocityVelocity -Rock Property General Relations

Geological implication of Vp - Porosity

AI-Vp/Vs relation of sandstone

Well Seismic Tie

Seismic data Acoustic Impedance Well Log data Top Reservoir

Stochastic Inversion provides resolution comparable to well logs

Well Data Preparation Workflow To load and QC well log data for availability,
Data Loading, QC and Selection
quality and consistency.

Log Conditioning

To compensate for borehole rugosity (washouts), remove invalid values, spikes, fill gaps, log editing, depth alignment and normalize if necessary. To produce Vclay, Porosity and Saturation for the input of rock physics. Petrophysical analysis are doing to get best correlation of synthesis well data to seismic data. Improve data quality for Density, P-Sonic, SSonic and Vp/Vs value. Re-build P-Sonic and SSonic data at the missing area. Compensate for fluid invasion for the well data.

Petrophysical Analysis

Rock Physics Modeling

Petrophysics / Rockphysics Overview



Well log data play a critical role in quantitative seismic reservoir characterization Some usage of well log data: data:
  

Wavelet estimation Low frequency model building Deriving relationship between rock properties (elastic) and reservoir (petrophysical (petrophysical) ) properties

Log Conditioning
 

Normally in washout/ washout/rugose rugose area and missing data data. . No conditioning in reservoir or sand unless too obvious/spike. obvious/spike . Create synthetic curve using Neutron, Deep Resistivity, Gamma Ray and density or P-Sonic Sonic. .

Petrophysics


VCL, PHIT, PHIE and Sw calculation only reservoir interval (generate syntheticsynthetic-seismic correlation for wavelet extraction)

To improve the definition of lithologic boundaries by doubling the resolution of the interpretation. interpretation . The seismic data is now a rock property. property . To return the rock properties of Acoustic Impedances, Shear Impedance and Density Density. .

Benefit


Inversion of seismic data to impedance improves exploration and reservoir management success, producing more hydrocarbons with fewer, more highly productive wells wells. . Among the improvements are: are: Higher resolution through reduction of the wavelet effects, tuning and side lobes lobes. . Incorporation of low frequencies not contained in the seismic data data. . Increase asset team interaction through the use of layer based (versus interface) acoustic impedance models that are readily understood by all asset team members. members. Accurate rock property modeling, as impedance can be related to several key rock / petrophysical properties such as porosity, lithology and water saturation. saturation.

Benefit


Better understanding of the accuracy of seismic data, well log data data. . quality and quality of input interpretations. interpretations . Through rigorous tying of the wells to the seismic and estimation of the waveform that is in the earth and the seismic inversion of the data back to well control, the asset team can better understand accuracy and consistency of their input data data. . Since drilling costs account for the majority of the total E&P costs, reducing the number of wells required to exploit a field will have a significant impact on profitability. profitability .

Example and Case Study

Seismic vs Acoustic Impedance

Count
80
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 0 5

5000-9000

16000-17000

Lithology Impedance Selatan A-6

Lithology Impedance

Lithology vs Acou stic Im pedance

P Impedance
SAND AREA

01 -90 90 00 01 -10 00 10 00 0 1-1 11 1 00 00 0 1-1 12 2 00 00 0 1-1 13 3 00 00 0 1-1 14 4 00 00 0 1-1 15 5 00 00 0 1-1 16 6 00 00 0 1-1 17 7 00 00 0 1-1 18 8 00 00 0 1-1 19 9 00 00 0 1-2 20 0 00 00 0 1-2 21 1 00 00 0 1-2 22 2 00 00 0 1-2 23 3 00 00 0 1-2 24 4 00 00 0 1-2 25 5 00 00 0 1-2 26 6 00 00 0 1-2 27 7 00 00 0 1-2 80 00

21000-22000
coal sand shale carb. shale

27000-28000

Acoustic Impedance section

A B A B

Line Section

B AI anomaly A

channels

Gita Channel ?
Line section B D

??

Line Section E

Acoustic Impedance map below TAF window 10 20ms

DEPTH_15 GR (gAPI) 0.0 SP (mV) -80.0 20.0 150.0

TVDSS NPHI (pu)

TOP_15

ILD (ohm.m) 0.2 20.0

60.0 RHOB (g/cm3) 1.7

0.0 2.7

3200

3150

SES_TAF

Shaly sand

3250

3200

3300

3250

3350

3300

3400

3350

3450

Distributary channel
3500

3400

Tidal channels

3450

3550

3500

3600

3550

 Introduction  Petrophysics and Rockphysics  Seismic Inversion Analysis

Wavelet Extraction
EI(08)
Corr.= 0.8994
+90 Phase = 0

EI(08)

Corr.= 0.8 57
+ 0

se = 0

-90 Time = 0 Time = 0

Corr.= 0.8899

Corr.= 0.4745

EI(13)

+90

EI(13)

+ 0

P ase = 0

Phase = 0

-90 -90 Time = 0 Time = 0

EI(18)

Corr.= 0.8915
+90 Phase = 0

EI(18)

Corr.= 0.7755
+90 P ase = 0

-90

-90

Time = 0

Time = 0

EI(20)

Corr.= 0.8715
+90 Phase = 0

EI(20)

Corr.= 0.7750
+90 P ase = 0 -90

-90 Time = 0

Time = 0

Preliminary Wavelet Estimation

Angle Stack

Amplitude Spectrum of the extracted Wavelet

hase Spectrum of the extracted Wavelet

Extracted Wavelet

Preliminary Seismic Well ties

Near upper Near lower

Upper

Lower

impedance Vp/Vs

Preliminary Seismic Well ties

Seismic Trace Synthetic Seismogram Near (Angle Stack 5 11deg.) (near = 8deg.) Calculated from RHOB-conditioned Vp_sonic-log Vs_sonic-log

Extracted Wavelet

impedance Synthetic Seismic Correlation Time correlation of Sonic D T Vp/Vs Versus moving time gate/location to VS D T Sw

Seismic Reservoir Characterization work in 2004

3D Seismic Data (Angle Stacks)

Well-logs

Core Data

Petrophysical Analysis Rock Physics Modeling

Seismic Inversion (Elastic Impedance ; EI)

3D Lithofacies Prediction (PHIT, IND-SH)

Seismic Inversion ilot Study in 200 3D Seismic Data 3D Data (ASeismic ngle Stacks) (Angle GSStacks) 2001

Well-logs

Core Data

etrophysical Analysis Rock hysics Modeling

Seismic Inversion Seismic Inversion (Simultaneous Inversion Ip, Is, Vp/Vs) (Elastic Impedance ; EI)

3D3D Lithofacies Lithofacies rediction rediction ( HIT, ( HIT, VCL, IND-HIE) SH)

Seismic Inversion Pilot Study in 200 3D Seismic Data 3D Seismic Data (Angle Stacks) (Angle PGSStacks) 2001

Well-logs

Core Data

Petrophysical Analysis Rock Physics Modeling

Seismic Inversion Seismic Inversion (Simultaneous Inversion Ip, Is, Vp/Vs) (Elastic Impedance ; EI)

3D3D Lithofacies Lithofacies Prediction Prediction (PHIT, (PHIT, VCL, IND P -HIE) SH)

Reservoir Characterization work Rock Physics Modeling

EI-6deg.

EI-1 deg.

PHIT

(Total Porosity)
IND_SH

EI-22deg.

(Shale Indicator)

INPEX

Work-flow of the Rock Physics Modeling (INPUT) VOLUME Fraction (from Petrophysics) Density(), Velocity(Vp,Vs). (OUTPUT) Modeled - Vp Vp, , Vs Vs, b (Theoretical Formula) (Experimental Relations) wet Vpwet Vswet dry Vpdry Vsdry Water Saturated Rock gas Vpgas Vsgas Gas Saturated Rock

of
Pore Fluids (Gas, water etc.)

Xu and White (1995)

ma Vpma Vsma

Matrix Matrix + Dry Pore (Solid Mineral Mixture)

PETROPHYSICS RESULT
VCL-1 VCL-2
Sw-Jason Caliper Gamma Ray Deep Rest. Shallow Neutron. Density RHOBCN RHOB InpexModel

Low Frequency Velocity Model (Initial Model for Seismic Inversion)

Well-1 Well-2

Seismic Inversion Pilot Study in 2006 3D Seismic Data 3D Seismic Data (Angle Stacks) (Angle PGSStacks) 2001

Well-logs

Core Data

Petrophysical Analysis Rock Physics Modeling

Seismic Inversion Seismic Inversion (Simultaneous Inversion Ip, Is, Vp/Vs) (Elastic Impedance ; EI)

3D3D Lithofacies Lithofacies Prediction Prediction (PHIT, (PHIT, VCL, IND P -HIE) SH)

VCL predicted from Inverted Ip and Vp/Vs

PHIT predicted from Inverted

Well-1

Well-1

PHIE predicted from PHIE=PHIT-0.157*VCL

Well-1

Well-1

Overview Reservoir Characterization Seismic to Reservoir Property

Geoscientist vs Geostatistician


Geoscientist
Creates a map that is assumed to be correct until additional information becomes available

Geostatistician
Creates an expected value or average map and has a quantitative estimate of its accuracy

INTRODUCTION


Geo clearly links geostatistics to the earth sciences. The application of statistical methods in the earth sciences, particularly in geology. Geostatistics provides a toolbox for the geologist to use in analyzing data and transferring such analysis and interpretation to the task of reservoir forecasting. A tool can never replace data, but it can help build an interpretation and the corresponding numerical model.

Geostatistics

To be applied to quantitatively relate well and seismic data, assess the quality of the resulting map, estimate the probability of success from the available data

Fundamentals of Semivariogram Estimation, Modeling and Usage

Semivariogram is a measure of the rate of change with distance for attributes that vary in space. Semivariogram is required any geostatistical procedure for prediction away from well controls.

4 step procedures for Statistical tools



To quantify the spatial continuity of the well data using Variogram Analysis To find and quantify a relationship between well and seismic data To use what has been learned to grid the well data using the seismic data as a guide via Kriging with external drift To assess the accuracy of the map just made

Overview of geostatistics
   

Variogram Kriging Kriging with external drift Cokriging

The geostatistical method give the methodology for quantitatively determining the spatial characteristics or geologic variables prior to countouring

Geostatistical Method


 

Learn from the data through simple statistical data analysis (mean, variances, min and max values, histogram plot) and variogram analysis. analysis. Find relationship between data sets through crossplot crossplot, , geophysics trying to find relationship between sparse well data and relatively dense seismic data data. . Derived map based on Kriging and Cokriging Assess the accuracy/error/risk of the map step 3. The assessment of risk is perhaps the greatest leap forward that geostatistics provides in solving mapping problems problems. .

Variogram
A Variogram is a graph that is used to express the spatial continuity of a regionalized (mappable) variable. It is a crossplot of the average squared difference of the variable of interest between all data pairs a given distance apart (variance) versus distance apart.

*
Variance *

*
*

* * *
*

* *

Best fit line = Variogram Model

Range

Map distance between data points

Semivariogram model
1.5 Spherical

Semivariogram

Linear 0.5 Exponential

0
0 0.5 Lag 1 1.5

Variogram


The key parameters that describe the variogram are : Nugget effect or the value of the model at zero distance Sill or the variance of the data Range, or the breakover point from the correlated to uncorrelated zone of the variogram

Variogram Analysis


The Nugget is a gauge of measurement uncertainty. uncertainty. If it zero then the data would be honored exactly, the grid values would not honor the well data data. . Variogram analysis can be used to identify and quantity the fact that spatial continuity can be longer in one direction than another (anisotropic) in the control points via directional variograms variograms. . The direction and magnitude of the isotropy/anisotropy can be used in subsequent steps of the geostatistical method

Finding relationship


Find the relationship between seismic (soft data) and well data (hard data). Crossploting of the well variable and the seismic variable at the well location will sometimes lead co-kriging kriging. . to finding usable relationship for co-

Calculated from Data points

*
Sill C1

* *

* *

* * *
Variogram model

Range

Nugget

C2

Distance

Parts of Variogram model. The Nugget quantifies measurement inconsistency and the range is the break point between correlated and uncorrelated data

Well data (Hard data)

Cokriging using well and seismic data. Note the Cross-variogram model in addition to variogram models. Variogram model

Cross variogram model

Cokriging

Cokriged map

Seismic data (Soft data)

Variogram model

Well data (Hard data)

Variogram model

KED Map Kriging with External Drift

Seismic data (Soft data)

Kriging with External Drift (KED) uses well data and its variogram with seismic data

Variance 7000 * 3 km 2 km 1 km * 7400 Point to be kriged 1 2 3 km 7100 *

Variogram model

Kriging vs Cokriging


Kriging is a gridding algorithm that estimates a grid value such that for the parameter of interest, the squared difference between the grid node value and the surrounding control points is consistent Co-kriging looks at not only spatial relationship in the Codata to be gridded (porosity data as a hard data) but also spatial relationship in a second denser data set (Seismic as a soft data)

Kriging


is mathematically achieved by calculating the grid value as a weighted average of the surrounding control points. Kriging takes into account the distance between control points and the grid note to be calculated and how close the control points are to each other (declustering declustering) ) and maintains the spatial relationship given by the variogram model model. . The weights are assigned in such a way as to minimize the variance in the least squares sense, thus eliminating systematic overestimation or underestimation error error. .

Co-kriging


Co-kriging calculates a grid value as a weighted average Coof control and guide points. points. Co-kriging takes into account how far the control and Coguide points are from the grid point to be computed and how close control and guide data Co-kriging also honors spatial relationships found in the Covariogram for the control data and guide data and in the cross variogram between control data and guide data

ABSTRACT: Reservoir characterization in Kaji-Semoga Field, South Sumatra, Indonesia, using seismic inversion and geostatistical approach Tribuanawati, Dyah , P.T. Exspan Sumatera, Jakarta, Indonesia

An integrated reservoir modeling study of the Baturaja Limestone has been conducted using 2-D seismic data from Kaji-Semoga Field, South Sumatra, Indonesia. The work was designed to aid prediction of the lateral extent of the reservoir, to build a porosity model for use in flow simulation and reserve assessment and to evaluate uncertainty in reserve estimation. The method involved study of seismic attributes, followed by geological interpretation and Seismic Inversion modeling using wavelet estimation from a number of wells near the build-up.

Several geo-statistical techniques for integrating well log porosity with quantitative average porosity derived from a constrained sparse spike inversion method were applied in the reservoir modeling. The spatial distribution of porosity in inter-well regions has been estimated based on variogram ranges and azimuth. Continuous petrophysical properties within each facies type were determined by application of kriging and co-kriging mapping simulation methods. Co-kriging was initially tested on a numerically simulated reservoir model and compared with kriging, then a conventional least squares product technique relying only on local correlation between porosity and acoustic impedance was applied.

As compared to kriging, the seismically assisted geo-statistical method detects subtle lateral variations in porosity that cannot be mapped from sparse well data alone. The result of the study shows that if a reservoir is seismically resolved and properly imaged, sparse spike inversion can be used in conjunction with geo-statistical methods to obtain a more complete reservoir description.

AAPG Search and Discovery Article #909132000 AAPG International Conference and Exhibition, Bali, Indonesia

Conclusion


Reservoir scenarios representative of late exploration/appraisal, development and mature field development phases were designed to illustrate the impact of using seismic data as a secondary variable to constrain a reservoir description description. . The integration of secondary data sets, such as Acoustic Impedance from Seismic data can significantly reduce inter inter-well estimation uncertainty. uncertainty. Geostatistical methods are available that provide fundamental framework for quantitative data integration the

Conclusion


The most important benefits of geostatistical methods is the availability to assess uncertainty associated with kriging and cokriging using stochastic methods. methods.

Example and Sample Case

Variogram model to derived sand package

Function Spherical Exponential

Sill 0.4 0.6

X-Range Y-Range Z-Range 400 ft 400 ft 30 ft 2000 ft 2000 ft 30 ft

Rock Fluid Index

Sand probability

Sand probability

Vp/Vs

Paysand probability

Thickness Map

Thickness Map

Thank You