Maths Class - XII

Biyani's Think Tank
Concept based notes
Maths
Class -XII
MS. Versha
Information Technology Biyani Girls College, Jaipur
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Think Tanks Biyani Group of Colleges
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Biyani Shikshan Samiti

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First Edition : 2009
While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.
Leaser Type Setted by : Biyani College Printing Department
Preface
am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of
the students. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is selfexplanatory and adopts the Teach Yourself style. It is based on questionanswer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach. Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the author shall be obliged. I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani, Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work. I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned address. Author
Unit 1 Chapter 1
Relations and functions

Q.1 Let A be set of first ten natural numbers. If R be a relation on A defined by xRy x + 2y = 10 then i. ii. iii. Ans. Here A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 } Relation R is defined as Express R and R -1 as set of ordered pairs Find domain of R and R -1 Find range of R and R -1
xRy x + 2y = 10 10 - x y= 2
Now for x = 1, y =
10 - 1 9 = A 2 2
Hence 1 is not related to any element of A. Similarly use can observe that 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 are also not related to any element of A. Again use observe that When When When When Hence i. R = {(2,4), (4,3), (6,2), (8,1) }
x = 2,y =
x = 4, y =
10 - 2 = 4 A 2R4 2
10 - 4 = 3 A 4R3 2
10- 6 = 2 A 6R2 2 10- 8 x = 8, y = = 1 A 8R1 2 x = 6, y =
and ii.
R -1 = {(4, 2),(3,4),(2,6),(1,8)}
R -1 = {4, 3, 2,1}
Domain of R = {2, 4, 6, 8} Domain of
iii.
Range of R = {4, 3, 2, 1} Range of
R -1 = {2,4,6,8}
Q.2 Prove that the relation R on the set N x N defined by (a, b) R (c, d) c for all (a, b), (c, d) N x N is an equivalence relation.
a+d =b+
Ans. To prove that the given relation is an equivalence relation we have relation to show that it is reflexive, symmetric and transitive. 1) Reflexive Let (a, b) be an arbitary element of N x N. Then, ( a, b) N x N addition on N]
a+ b = b+ a
[by commutativity of
Thus (a, b) R (a, b) for all (a, b) N x N Hence the given relation R is reflexive relation on N x N. 2) Symmetric Let (a. b), (c, d) N x N, Such that (a, b) R (c, d) Since (a, b) R (c, d)
(a, b) R (a, b)
addition on N]
a+d=b+c c+b=d+a
[by commutativity of
(c, d) R (a, b) Thus (a, b) R (c, d) (c, d) R (a, b) for all (a, b), (c, d) N x N .
So R is symmetric relation on N x N 3) Transitive Let (a, b), (c, d) and (e, f) N x N. Such that (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f) Since (a, b) R (c, d)
a + d = b + c (1) And (c, d) R (e, f) c + f = d + e (2)

Adding equation (1) & (2), we get
a+ d + c +f = b+ c + d +e
a + f = b+ e (a, b) R (e, f)
N x N.
Thus (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f)
(a, b) R (e, f) for all (a, b), (c d), (e, f)
So, R is transitive relation on N x N
Hence R being reflexive, symmetric and transitivite is an equivalence relation on N x N. Hence proved. Q. 3 On the set N of natural numbers a relation R is defined as a R b a2-4ab+3b2=0 symmetric not transitivity. Relation defined on N is aRb 1) Reflexivity Let a N
(a, b N) . Prove that R is reflexive but not
Ans. Given set is N = {1, 2, 3,..}
a2-4ab+3b2=0
a, b
N.
a 2 - 4a.a + 3a2 = a2 - 4a2 + 3a 2 = 4a2 - 4a2 =0
(a, a) R v R is reflexive
2) Symmetry - Let a, b
a N.
N such that (a, b) R
(a, b) R a 2 4ab + 3b 2 = 0
b 2 4ba + 3a 2 0 (b, a ) R
Hence (a, b) R but (b, a) R
R because 3 4 3 1 + 3(1) = 9-12+3 =12-12 = 0 But (1, 3) R because = (1) 4(1)(3) + 3(3) = 1 12 + 27 0
Ex. (3, 1)
2 2 2 2
R is not symmetric relation
3) Transitivity Let a, b, c N such that (a, b) R and (b, c)
(a, b) R a 2 4ab + 3b2 = 0

and (b, c)
R b -4bc+3c
2
Then it is not necessary true that a2-4ac+3c2=0
Ex. (9, 3)
because 92 4(9)(3) + 3(3)2
= 81 108 + 27 = 0
and (3, 1)
R because 3
4(3)(1) + 3(1) 2 = 9-12+3 = 0

= 81-36+3
but (9, 1) R because
92 4(9)(1) + 3(1) 2
R is not transitivity. Hence from (1), (2) & (3) it is clear that R is reflexive but not symmetric and transitivity. Q. 4 Let A = {1,2,3} then give examples of relations which are 1) Reflexive, symmetric and transitive 2) Symmetric and transitive but not reflexive 3) Reflexive and transitive but not symmetric 4) Reflexive and symmetric but not transitive Ans. 1) 2)
R1 = {(1,1), (2, 2), (3,3)} is reflexive, symmetric and transitive R2 = {(1,1), (2, 2)} is symmetric and transitive but not reflexive
3) R3 = {(1,1), (1, 2), (1,3), (2, 2), (2,3), (3,3)} is reflexive and transitive but not symmetric 4) R4 = {(1,1), (1, 2), (2,1), (2, 2), (2,3), (3, 2), (3,3)} is reflexive and symmetric but not transitive Q. 5 If a, b, {1, 2, 3, 4}, then check whether the following is function or not
= {(a, b):b=a+1} also find its range.
Ans. Here f = { (1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)}. Here we observe that an element 4 of the given set is not related to any element of the given set. So f is not a function.
Q. 6 If f (x) = Ans.
x3 then find f [ f { f ( x)}] x +1
(x) =
x3 x +1
x 3 3 x 3 3 x 3 2 x 6 x + 3 f ( x) 3 x + 1 Now f { f ( x )} = = = = = = 2x 2 1 x f ( x) + 1 x 3 x 3 + x +1 +1 x +1
Again
x+3 3 x + 3 1 x f [f {f(x)}] = f = 1 x x + 3 +1 1 x = x + 3 3 + 3x 4 x = =x x + 3 +1 x 4
f [ f { f ( x)}] = x
Q. 7 Prove that the function f: R R, f(x) = cos x is many one function? Ans. Given f: R R such that f (x) = cos x many one function: Let a, b R such that f (a) = f (b)
cos a = cos b a = 2n b, n I
f is many one function Into function Let y R (Co domain)
If it is possible let f (x) =y
cos x = y x = cos 1 y
will exist if
1 y 1
then pre image of y does not exist in R (Domain) Hence f is not on to function
When
y R [1,1]
f is in to function
Hence f is many one in to function. Q. 8 If f: R R, f (x) = 2x 3 and g: R R, g(x) = gof = I R Ans. Given functions
x+3 then prove that fog = 2
f : R R , f (x) = 2x-3
g : R R, g ( x ) = x+3 2
gof : R R , so
(gof) (x) = g [f(x)] = g (2x-3) = gof (x) = x Again fog (x) = f [g(x)] =
(2 x 3) + 3 2 x = =x 2 2
.. (1)
= 2 = f -3 2 2
x+3 x+3 = x+ 3 - 3 = x
fog (x) = x (2) and I : R R
R such that IR ( x ) = x , v x R
fog = gof =
.(3)
from (1), (2) & (3) we get,
IR
Hence proved Q. 9 Let f: R R be defined by f (x) = 3x 7. Show that f is invertible and hence find f 1 Ans. A function f is invertible if f is a bijection 1) Injectivity Let x, y R then f(x) = f (y)
3x 7 = 3 y 7 x= y
Thus f (x) = f(y)
x=y for all x, y R. So, f is an injection
2) Surjectivity Let y be an arbitary element of R, then f (x) = y
3x 7 = y y+7 x= 3
Clearly
y+7 R for all y R 3
Thus for all y R, there exists
x=
y+7 R 3
such that
y+7 3 y+7 = 3 7 3 f ( x) = y
f ( x) = f
f is surjection. Hence f : R R
Let f(x) = y
is bijection. Consequently it is invertible
3x 7 = y x=
y+7 3 y+7 f 1 ( y ) = 3
Therefore,
f 1 : R R
is given by
f 1 ( x) =
x+7 3
Chapter 2
Binary Operation
Q. 1. Discuss the commutativity and associativity of the binary operation defined by a * b = ab for all a, b R.
on R
Ans. Commutativity a * b = ab and b*a = ba
We know that multiplication on R is commutative
ab ba for all a, b R = 4 4
a * b = b * a for all a, b R
So * is commutative on R.
Associatively Let a, b, c R then
(a * b) * c
ab (c) = 4 =
abc 16
bc a
.............................................(1)
and a * (b * c) = a *
bc = 4
4=
abc 16
..(2)
From (1) & (2), we observe that a * (b*c) = (a*b) *c Hence * is associative. Q. 2. Let * be a binary operation on set Q {1} defined by a*b = a+ b a b , a, b Q - {1} Find the identity element with respect to * on Q. Also prove that every element of Q {1} is invertible. Ans. Let the identity element e exist in Q {1} w.r.t * on Q - {1}, then a *e = a = e*a for all a Q - {1} for all a Q - {1}
a*e = a a+ e ae =a e (1-a) = 0 e=0
Thus o, is the identity element for * on Q {1}. Let a be an arbitary element of Q {1} and let b be inverse of a, then. a * b = 0 = b *a [0 is identity element]
a * b = 0 a + b ab = 0
b (1 a) = - a
b =
a a 1
a Q {1} a 1 0 a Q {1} a 1
Since a Q {1} , therefore b=
Thus every element of Q {1} is invertible and the inverse of an element a is
a a 1
Q. 3 Let * be an associative binary operation on a set S and a be an invertible element of S then
(a 1 )1 = a
Ans. Let e be the identity element in S for the binary operation * on S, then
a * a 1 = e = a 1 * a
a 1 * a = e = a * a 1
a is inverse of
a 1
Hence proved
a =
(a 1 )1
Chapter 3
Inverse trigonometric functions

Q. 1 Find the principal values of the followings: 1) cos-1
-1 2
(2) sec-1
( 2)
-
3) cosec-1 (1) Ans. (1) Let
(4)
cot -1
-1 3
cos-1
-1 = 2
cos = -1/2
cos = -cos
3 cos = cos - 3 2 cos = cos 3 2 = 3 -1 2 cos-1 = 3 2
Hence principal value of cos-1 (2) Let
-1 is 2
2 3
sec-1 ( - 2 ) =
sec = - 2
sec = -sec 4 sec = sec - 4 3 sec = sec 4 3 = 4 3 sec-1 - 2 = 4
( )
Hence principal value of sec-1(-2) is 3) Let
3 4
cosec
-1
(+ 1 ) =
cosec = +1 cosec = cosec/2 = /2 cosec-1 (1) = /2

Hence principal value of
cosec-1 (1)
is 2
4) Let
cot -1
-1 = 3
cot = -
1 3
cot = -cot 3 cot = cot ( - /3 ) 2 cot = cot 3 2 = 3 -1 2 cot -1 = 3 3

Hence principal value of cot 1
1 2 is 3 3
Q. 2 Prove that
1 a 1 1 1 a = 2b tan + cos1 + tan cos b a b 4 2 4 2
Ans. Let
1 1 a cos = 2 b
a b
4 + + tan
cos 2 =
LHS =
tan
( ) ( )

4
+ tan tan - tan 4 4 = + 1 - tan tan 1 + tan tan 4 4 tan
()
()
1 + tan 1 - tan tan = 1 + 1 - tan 1 + tan 4 2 2 (1 + tan) + (1 - tan) = (1 - tan )(1 + tan )
=
1 + tan 2 + 2 tan + 1 + tan 2 - 2 tan (1 - tan 2 )
1 + tan 2 = 2 2 1 - tan =
2 1 - tan 1 + tan
2 2
2 cos2
2b = RHS a
tanA + tanB 1- tanAtanB tanA - tanB tan(A - B) = 1+ tanAtanB tan(A + B) =

Hence proved.
Q. 3 If sin 1 + sin 1
5 x
12 = 90 then find the value of x x 12 = 90 x
Ans. sin 1 + sin 1
5 x
5 12 sin -1 = 90 - sin -1 x x 5 12 sin -1 = cos -1 x x

-1 -1 sin x + cos x = 90
25 12 cos -1 1 = cos -1 2 x x 125 12 = x2 x
Squaring both sides, we get
1-
25 144 = 2 x2 x 2 x - 25 144 = 2 x2 x 2 x - 25 = 144 x 2 = 169 x = 13
Since x = - 13 does not satisfy given equation . So x = 13 is correct solution. Q. 4 Prove that
cos tan {sin(cot x)} =

1 1
x2 + 1 x2 + 2
Ans. We have
1 sin(cot 1 ( x)) = sin sin 1 1 + x2 1 = 1 + x2

2 1 1 1 + x cos cos cos tan 1 = 1 + x2 2 + x2
1 + x2 = = 2 + x2 2 + x2
Hence proved
1 + x2
Q. 5 If cos 1
x 1 y + cos = then prove that a b
x 2 2 xy y2 + = sin 2 cos 2 2 a ab b
Ans. Given
x y cos 1 + cos 1 = a b
x y x2 y2 = cos-1 - 1- 2 1- 2 = a b a b cos-1x + cos-1y = cos-1 xy + 1- x 2 1- y 2 {
xy x2 y2 - 1- 2 1- 2 = cos ab a b
xy ab
- cos = 1

x2 y 2 1- 2 a2 b
x2 y 2 x2 y 2 x y 2xy 2 cos + cos = 1- + a2b 2 ab a 2 b 2 a 2b 2 x2 2xy y2 cos + 2 = 1- cos2 2a ab b 2 x 2xy y2 cos + 2 = sin2 2a ab b
Hence proved Q. 6 Solve the following equation
2 2
tan-1
Ans. Given
1 1 2 + tan-1 = tan -1 2 1 + 2x 4x + 1 x tan-1
1 1 2 + tan-1 = tan-1 2 1 + 2x 4x +1 x
1 1 + 2 -1 1 + 2x 1 + 4x = tan -2 tan x2 1 1 1- 1 + 2x 1 + 4x x + y tan-1x + tan -1y = tan -1 1- xy
4x + 1 +1 + 2x 2 = 2 (1 + 2x )( 4x +1) -1 x
2 6x + 2 = 2 2 x 1 + 4x + 8x + 2x - 1
2 ( 4x + 3x )
2
2 ( 3x +1)
2 x2
3x 3 + x2 = 8x 2 + 6x 3x 3 - 7x 2 - 6x = 0
2 x 3x - 7x - 6 = 0 2 x 3x - 9x + 2x - 6 = 0
x 3x ( x - 3 ) + 2 ( x - 3 ) = 0 x ( 3x + 2 )( x - 3 ) = 0
x = 0, 3,
-2 3
Practice Problems 1) Find principal values of the followings i) sin 1 2)
1 2
ii) tan 1 3
Solve the following equation
x x sec-1 - sec-1 = sec-1 ( b ) - sec-1 ( a ) a b

3) If tan 1 ( 3 x ) + tan 1 ( 2 x ) =
then find value of x.
4) Solve the following - tan 1 ( x 1) + tan 1 ( x) + tan 1 ( x + 1) = tan 1 ( 3 x ) .
Chapter 2
Determinant
-1 6 -2 Q. 1 Find determinant of A = 2 1 1 4 1 -3
Ans. |A| = (-1)
1 1 2 1 2 1 -6 -2 1 -3 4 -3 4 1
= -1 (-3-1) -6 (-6-4) -2 (2-4) = 4+60+4 |A| = 68

1 2 -1 3 2 1 -2 3 Q. 2 Find determinant of A = 3 1 2 1 1 -1 0 2
1 -2 3 2 0 2 -2 3 2 0 2 1 3 2 1 -2 2 0
Ans. |A| = 1 1
-1
1 -2 3 2 1
1 -1 3 1 1 - 3 3 1 2 1 -1 2 1 -1
= 1{1(4-0) +2(2+1) +3(0+2) {-2{2(4-0) +2(6-1) +3(0-2)}1{2(2+1)-1(6-1) +3(-3-1)}-3{2(0+2)-1(0-2)-2(-3-1)} = 1{4+6+6}-2{8+10-6}-1{6-5-12}-3{4+2+8} = 1{16}-2{12}-1{-11}-3{14} = -39 Q. 3 Check whether the following matrix is singular or not
1 0 2 A= 1 2 3 2 4 6
Ans. A matrix is singular if A =0
1 0 2 A = 1 2 3 = 1[12 - 12]- 0[6 - 6] + 2[4 - 4] = 0 2 4 6
A =0
Hence A is singular matrix. Q. 4 Find the mines and cofactors of elements of the
2 -3 5 determinant 6 0 4 1 5 -7
Ans. We have
M 11 = M M M M M M M 12 13 21 22 23 31 32 = = = = = = = 0 5 6 1 6 1 -3 5 2 1 2 1 -3 0 2 6 2 6 4 = 0 - 20 = -20 -7 4 -7 0 5 = -42 - 4 = -46 = 30 - 0 = 30
5 = 21 - 25 = -4 -7 5 = -14 - 5 = -19 -7 -3 = 10 + 3 = 13 5 5 4 = -12 - 0 = -12
5 = 8 - 30 = -22 4 -3 = 0 + 18 = 18 0
M 33 =
Co- factors
1+1 A = ( -1) .M = (-1)2 (-20) = -20 11 11 1+2 3 A = ( -1) .M = ( -1) (-46) = 46 12 12 1+3 A = ( -1) .M = (-1)4 30 = 30 13 13 2+1 A = ( -1) .M = (-1)3 (-4) = 4 21 21 A = (-1)2+2 .M = (-1)4 (-19) = -19 22 22 2+3 A = (-1) .M = (-1)5 (13) = -13 23 23 A = (-1)3+1 .M = (-1)4 (-12) = -12 31 31 A = (-1)3+2 .M = (-1)5 (-22) = 22 32 32 3+3 A = (-1) .M = (-1)6 18 = 18 33 33
Q. 5 If W is one of the imaginary cubs root of unity, find the value of
1 w w2
w w2 1
w2 1 w
1 w w2 1 w2 1 w w w2
Ans. Given
C C +C +C 1 1 2 3 2 1+ w + w w 2 = w + w + 1 w2 w2 + w + 1 1
gives
w2 1 w
Since 1 + w + w 2 = 0
0 0

w 1

w2 1 w

So = 0 w 2
Now finding its determinant & expending along first column

= 0 w 3 -1 - 0 w 2 -w 2 + 0 w-w4 = 0
Q. 6 Prove that
b c bx + cy = (b 2 - ac) ( ax 2 + 2bxy + cy 2 ) ax + by bx + cy 0 a b c ax + by bx + cy 0 ax + by - ax - by
ax + by
Ans. Let A =
ax + by bx + cy a b
Appling c3 c3 - xc1 - yc2 , we get A=

b c bx + cy - bx - cy ax + by bx + cy 0 - x(ax + by) - y(bx + cy) a b 0 b c 0 2 ax + by bx + cy -(ax + 2bxy + cy 2 )
A=
Now expending along
we get
2 2 2 A = 0 b ( bx + cy ) - c(ax + by) - 0[a(bx + cy) - a(ax + by)] -(ax + 2bxy + cy )[ac - b ] A = - (ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2 )(ac - b 2 ) A = (b2 ac)(ax2 + 2bxy + cy 2 )
Hence proved
Q. 7 Find the area of triangle with vertices at the points (3, 8), (-4, 2) and (5,-1). Ans. Let A (3, 8), B (-4, 2), C (5,-1) are three given vertices of triangle. So the area of ABC is given by
= 1 -4 2
5
8 2
1 1
-1 1
=1 3 {2 + 1} - 8{-4 - 5} + 1{4 - 10}

2 = 1 [ 3 3 + 8 9 + 1 (-6)] 2 = 1 [9 + 72 - 6] 2 = 75 2
Q. 8 If the points (a, 0), (0, b) and (1, 1) are collinear, Prove that a + b = ab Ans. The given points are collinear so
a 0 1 0 b 1 =0 1 1 1 a[b - 1] + 1[0 - b] = 0 ab - a - b = 0 ab = a + b
Hence proved. Q. 9 using determinant find the equation of the line joining the points (1, 2) and (3, 6). Ans. Let P (x, y) be a point on line AB i.e. the points A (1, 2), B (3, 6) and P(x, y) are collinear so
ABP = 0 1 2 1 1 3 6 1=0 2 x y 1
1 2 1 3 6 1 =0 x y 1
1[6 - y]- 2[3 - x] + 1[3y - 6x] = 0 6 - y - 6 + 2x + 3y - 6x = 0 -4x + 2y = 0 y = 2x Which is the required equation of line.
Q. 10 Find the adjoint of the matrix
1 3 3 A= 1 4 3 1 3 4
Ans. First we have to find cofactors

c11 = (-1)1+1 7 = 7 c12 = (-1)1+2 (1) = -1 c13 = (-1)1+3 (-1) = -1 c21 = (-1)2+1 (3) = -3 c22 = (-1)2+2 (1) = 1 c23 = (-1)2+3 (0) = 0 c31 = (-1)3+1 (-3) = -3 c32 = (-1)3+2 (0) = 0 c33 = (-1)3+3 (1) = 1 7 -1 -1 adjA = -3 1 0 -3 0 0 7 -3 -3 adjA = -1 1 0 -1 0 1
T
Q. 11 Find the inverse of matrix A =
2 -1 . 3 4
Ans. A = 8 + 3 = 11 0 So, A is non singular matrix and therefore it is invertible. Now finding co-factors
c11 = (-1)1+1 4 = 4 c12 = (-1)1+2 3 = -3 c21 = (-1)2+1 (-1) = 1 c22 = (-1)2+2 2 = 2
4 adj A = 1 4 adjA = -3
-3 2 1 2
Hence A -1 =
1 .adj(A) A
1 4 1 4/11 = 11 -3 2 -3/11 4/11 1/11 1 = -3/11 2/11 1 3 Q. 12 Find the inverse of A = 1 4 1 3
1/11 2/11
3 -1 3 and verify that A A = I 3 4
Ans. From question No. 10 we find that

7 -3 -3 adj A = -1 1 0 -1 0 1 A = 1[16 - 9]- 3[4 - 3] + 3[4 - 3] = 7 - 3 - 3 = 1 0
So A is invertible Hence
A -1 = 1 adjA A
7 -3 -3 7 -3 -3 1 A = -1 1 0 = -1 1 0 1 -1 0 1 -1 0 1
-1
Now
7 -3 -3 1 3 3 A A= -1 1 0 1 4 3 -1 0 1 1 3 4 7 - 3 - 3 21 - 12 - 9 21 - 9 - 12 -1 A A= -1 + 1 + 0 -3 + 4 + 0 -3 + 3 + 0 -1 + 0 + 1 -3 + 0 + 3 -3 + 0 + 4
-1
1 0 0 A A= 0 1 0 0 0 1 -1 A A = I3
-1
Hence verified Q. 13 Solve the following system of equations by using cramers rule.
x + 2y = 3 4x + 8y = 12
Ans. We have
D= 1 2 = 8-8 = 0 4 8 3 2 = 24 - 24 = 0 12 8 1 3 = 12 - 12 = 0 4 12
D1 = D2 =
Since D, D1 and D2 all are equal to zero so the given system of equations has infinitely many solutions. Let y=k then from equations x+2y=3 x+2k=3 x= 3-2k Hence, x=3-2k, y= k is the solution of the given system of equations, where k is arbitrary real number. Q. 14 solve the following system of equations by cramers rule x 2y = 4 - 3x +5y = -7 Ans. We have
D= 1 -3 -2 5 = 5 - 6 = -1 0
D1 = D2 =
4 -2 = 20 - 14 = 6 -7 5 1 4 = -7 + 12 = 5 -3 -7
So, by Cramers rule, we have

x= D1 6 = = -6 D -1 D 5 y = 2 = = -5 D -1
x= -6, y= -5 is required solution. Q. 15 Solve the following system of equations 2x+3y+4z=0 x+ y+ z = 0 2x-y+3z=0
Ans. We have
2 3 4 D= 1 1 1 2 -1 3 = 2(3 + 1) - 3(3 - 2) + 4(-1 - 2) = 8 - 3 - 12 D = -7 0
So, the given system of equations has only the trivial solutions i.e x=0, y=0, z=0
Q. 16 Solve the following homogeneous system of equations x+y-2z=0..............................................................(1) 2x+y-3z=0...(2) 5x+4y-9z=0.(3) Ans. We have,
1 1 -2 D = 2 1 -3 5 4 -9 = 1(-9 + 12) - 1(-18 + 15) - 2(8 - 5) = 3+3-6 D=0
So, the system of equations has infinitely many solutions. Consider eq. (1) & (2). Put z=k in equations(1) and (2), we get x+y =2k 2x+y=3k Solving these equations by cramers rule
D=
1 1 = 1 - 2 = -1 2 1 2k 1 = 2k - 3k = -k 3k 1 1 2k = 3k - 4k = -k 2 3k
D1 = D2 =
x =
D1 -k = =k D -1 D -k y= 2 = =k D -1
x=k, y=k and z=k gives the solution for each value of k. Q. 17 Use matrix method to solve the following system of equations 5x 7y =2 7x 5y =3 Ans. The given system of equations can be written as
5 -7 x 2 7 -5 y = 3
Or A x = B, where
5 -7 x 2 A= , X , B = y 3 7 -5
So, the solution is given by X = A -1B . So the find A -1 we have to find co factors
C11 = (-1)1+1 (-5) = -5 C12 = (-1)1+2 (7) = -7 C21 = (-1)2+1 (-7) = 7 C22 = (-1)2+2 (5) = 5 -5 -7 -5 7 adj A = = 7 5 -7 5 A = -25 + 49 = 24
T
A -1 =
1 1 -5 7 adj(A) = A 24 -7 5
X = A -1B
1 -5 7 2 24 -7 5 3 1 -10 + 21 1 11 X= = 24 -14 + 15 24 1 11/24 X= 1/24 11 1 Hence x = and y= 24 24 X=
Q. 18 Show that the following system of equations is consistent 2x y + 3z = 5 3x + 2y z = 7 4x + 5y 5z =9 Ans. The given of equation can be written as
2 -1 3 x 5 3 2 -1 y = 7 4 5 -5 9 z
A X =B
2 -1 3 x 5 Where A = 3 2 -1 , X = y , B = 7 4 5 -5 z 9 2 -1 3 Now A = 3 2 -1 4 5 -5
= 2[-10 + 5] + 1[-15 + 4] + 3[15 - 8] = -10 - 11 + 21 = 0
So A is singular. So the given system of equation is either inconsistent on consistent with infinitely many solutions according as (adj A) B 0 or (adj A) B= 0 respectively.
c11 = (-1)1+1 (-10 + 5) = -5 c12 = (-1)1+2 (-15 + 4) = 11 c13 = (-1)1+3 (15 - 8) = 7 c 21 = (-1)2+1 (5 - 15) = 10 c 22 = (-1)2+2 (-10 - 12) = -22 c 23 = (-1)2+3 (10 + 4) = -14 c 31 = (-1)3+1 (1 - 6) = -5 c 32 = (-1)3+2 (-2 - 9) = 11 c 33 = (-1)3+3 (4 + 3) = 7 7 -5 10 -5 -5 11 adj A = 10 -22 -14 = 11 -22 11 -5 11 7 -7 -14 7 -5 10 5 5 ( adj A) (B) = 11 -22 11 7 7 -14 7 9 -25 + 70 - 45 0 = 55 - 154 + 99 = 0 35 - 98 + 63 0 (adj A) (B) = 0
Thus AX=B has infinitely many solutions and the given system of equation is consistent.
Unit III Chapter 1
Continuity and Differentiability

1. Check the continuity of the function f(x) at the origin : x f ( x) = ; x 0 x 1; x = 0
Ans. We have to show that the given function is continuous at x= 0, so LHL lim f ( x) = lim f (0 h) x0 h0 = lim f (h) h0 h h = 1 = lim = lim h0 (h) ho h LHL = 1 RHL lim f ( x) = lim f (0 + h) h0 x0+ = lim f (h) h0 h h = lim = lim = 1 h0 (h) ho h RHL = 1 Now f(0) = 1 Since LHL RHL, so the function f(x) is not continuous at the origin. 2. Test the continuity of the function at x= 0 sin x + cos x, when x 0 f ( x) = x 2, when x = 0 Ans. LHL
lim f ( x) = lim f (0 h) x0 h0 = lim f (h) h0 sin(h) = lim + cos(h) h0 (h) sin(h) = lim + lim cos(h) h0 h h0 = 1+1 = 2 LHL = 2
RHL
lim f ( x) = lim f (0 + h) h0 x0+
3.
Sin(h) = lim + cos(h) h0 (h) Sin(h) = lim + lim Cos(h) h0 h h0 = 1+1 = 2 RHL = 2 And f(0) = 2 Since f(0) = LHL = RHL So the given function f(x) is continuous. Find the values of a and b for which the following function is continuous at x = 1. 2 x + a when x > 1 f ( x) = b when x = 1 5 x 2 when x < 1
Ans. Since the function f(x) is continuous at x = 1. So f (1) = f (1 0) f (1) = lim f (1 h) ho = lim 5(1 h) 2 h0 b = lim 5 5h 2 h0 b = lim 3 5h h0 b=3 And f(1+0) = f(1-0) = lim f (1 + h) = lim f (1 h) h0 h0 = lim 2(1 + h) + a = lim 5(1 h) 2 ho h0 = 2+a = 3 a =1 Hence a = 1, b = 3 1 e x 1 , x0 4. Show that the function f ( x) = 1 e x +1 0 , x = 0 discontinuous at x =0
is
Ans. LHL
RHL
1 h 1 = lim f (h) = lim h0 h0 e1 h + 1 1 e 1 h 1 = lim h0 1 e 1 h +1 1 1 e h 1 0 1 = 1 = lim = 0 +1 h0 1 e1 h + 1 e
lim f ( x) = lim f (0 h) x0 h0
Since LHL RHL So that function f(x) is discontinuous at x = 0. 5. Show that f(x) = (x) is not differentiate at x = 0.
= lim f (0 + h) = lim f (h) h0 h0 1 1 e h 1 1 e1 h 1 0 = lim = lim = =1 1 1+ 0 h0 1 h0 e h +1 1 + e1 h
lim f ( x) x0+
Ans. LHD = lim
f ( x) f (0) x0 x0
f (0 h) f (0) 0h0 f (h) f (0) lim ( h) h0 h 0 h lim = lim h0 (h) h0 h -1 f ( x) f (0) lim x0 RHD x0+ lim h0
f (0 + h) f (0) h f (h) f (0) = lim h h0 h0 h = lim = lim = 1 h0 h h0 h Since LHD RHD so that is not differentiable at x = 0.
= lim h0
6. Check the differentiate of the following function at x= 2 1 + sin x when 0 x < 2 f ( x) = 2 2 + x when x 2 2 Ans. When x= 2
f 2h f 2 LHD = lim h0 h 2 2 f 2h f 2 = lim h h0 2 2
f ( x) = f 2 = 2 + 2 2 f 2 =2
( )
( )
( (
) ( ) ) ( ) ) ( )
= lim h0
= lim h0
1 + sin
1 + cos
2 h
h 2 2
2sin 2 h 2 1 cos(h) = lim = lim h h h0 h0 2 sin h 2 . h = 1 .(1)2 .0 = 0 = lim h h0 2 2 2
( )
( ) ( )
RHD = lim h0
f 2+h f 2
+h
2
) ( )
2
2 + +h 2 2 2 = lim
h0
x = 2
7.
h2 = lim = lim h = 0 h0 h h0 Since LHD = RHD, so the given of f(x) is differentiable at
If f(2) = 4 and f ' (2) = 1 , then find lim x2 xf ( x) 2 f ( x) Ans. We have lim x2 x2 xf (2) 2 f ( x) = lim x2 x2 xf (2) 2 f (2) + 2 f (2) 2 f ( x) = lim x2 ( x 2) ( x 2) f (2) 2 f ( x ) f ( 2) = lim ( x 2) x2 ( x 2 ) f (2) f ( x) f (2) 2 lim = lim x2 ( x 2) x2 ( x 2) = f (2) 2 f ' (2)
xf (2) 2 f ( x) x2
= 4 2 1 = 4 2 =2
8.
f ( x) f (2) f '(2) = lim x2 x2
Differentiate the function f(x) = e sin x by first principle. d f ( x + h) f ( x ) f ( x) = lim Ans. = dx h h0 d esin( x+h) esin x = f ( x ) = lim dx h ho
esin( x+h)sin x 1 = esin x lim h h0 sin( x+h)sin x 1 e sin( x + h) sin x sin x =e lim h h0 sin( x + h) sin x
sin( x+h)sin x 1 sin( x + h) sin x e sin x =e lim lim h h0 sin( x + h) sin x h0
2sin h 2 cos x + h 2 e y 1 sin x =e lim lim y0 2 h2 y h0

Where y= sin (x + h) sin x and when h 0 ,y 0 sin h e y 1 d 2 lim cos x + h sin x f ( x) = e lim = lim h0 2 h dx y y0 h0 2 d = ( f ( x) ) = esin x (1) (1) cos x dx = esin x cos x
( ) ( )
( )
Hence 9.
d sin x e = esin x cos x . dx
Differentiate the following function w.r.t. x f ( x ) = sin x2 + 1
Ans. Let y = sin x2 + 1 putting u = x2 + 1 , we get y= sin u and

u = x2 + 1
dy dy = cos u and = 2x du du dy dy du Now = dx du dx = cos(u ) 2 x = 2 x cos x 2 + 1

Hence
d sin x 2 + 1 = 2 x cos x2 + 1 dx
{ (
)}
10.
Differentiate log sin x 2 w. r .t x

Ans. Let y = log sin x 2 , putting u = sin x 2 and v = x2 y = log u, u = sin v and v = x 2
dy 1 du dv = , = cos v and = 2x du u dv dx dy dy du dv Now = dx du dv dx dy 1 = cos v 2 x dx u dy 1 = cos v 2 x dx sin v dy = cot v 2 x dx dy = 2 x cot x2 dx d Hence logsin x2 = 2 x cot x2 dx
11.
Differentiate y = tan 1
1+ x 1 x w. r. t. x + x + x 1 1
Ans. Put x = cos = = cos1 x 1 + cos 1 cos So y = tan 1 1 + cos + 1 cos

1 y = tan
2 cos 2 sin 2 2 2 cos + 2 sin 2 2
( ) ( )
( )
2 cos 2 2sin 2 2 2 y = tan 1 2 + 2sin 2 2 cos 2 2 1 tan 2 y = tan 1 1 + tan 2
( ) ( )
y = tan 1 tan 2 4
y=
2 1 y = cos 1 x 4 2
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
dy 1 1 1 = 1 = 0 dx 2 1 x2 2 1 x2 dy 1 1 = dx 2 1 x2
12. Differentiate sec1
1 1 ,0 < x < 2 2 2x 1
Ans. Putting x = cos , we get 1 y = sec1 2cos2 1

1 y = cos1 2cos2 1 sec1 = cos1 x x y = cos1 ( cos 2 )
y = 2 y = 2cos1 x dy 2 = dx 1 x2
Differentiate y = x3 sin x w. r. t. x. Ans. y = x3 sin x dy d d 3 = x3 ( sin x ) + sin x x dx dx dx dy = x3 cos x + sin x 3x 2 dx dy = x3 cos x + 3x 2 sin x dx 14. Differentiate y = x sin x log x w. r. t. x. 13.
( )
Ans. y = x sin x log x dy d d d = x sin x ( log x ) + x log x ( sin x ) + sin x log x ( x ) dx dx dx dx 1 dy dx = x sin x x + x log x ( cos x ) + sin x log x (1) dy = sin x + x log x cos x + sin x log x dx ex 15. Differentiate 1 + sin x x e Ans. Let y = 1 + sin x d x x d dy (1 + sin x ) dx ( e ) e dx (1 + sin x ) = 2 dx (1 + sin x ) x x dy (1 + sin x ) e e ( 0 + cos x ) = 2 dx (1 + sin x ) x dy e (1 + sin x cos x ) = 2 dx (1 + sin x ) 16. Differentiate y = Log x + a 2 + x2 w. r. t. x.
dy d 1 = x + a2 + x2 dx x + a 2 + x 2 dx dy 1 1 d 2 a + x2 = 1 + dx 2 2 dx x + a2 + x2 2 a +x dy 1 1 2 x = 1 + dx x + a 2 + x 2 2 a 2 + x2 dy x 1 = 1 + dx x + a 2 + x 2 2 2 a +x
Ans. Let y = Log x + a 2 + x2
dy = dx
x Differentiate ( sin x ) w. r. t. x. x Ans. Let y = ( sin x ) . Taking log both sides. log y = x log (sin x). Differentiating both sides w. r. t. x 1 dy d d = x ( log ( sin x ) ) + logsin x ( x ) y dx dx dx 1 dy 1 = x cos x + log sin x (1) sin x y dx 1 dy = x cot x + logsin x y dx dy = y x + cot x + loge sin x dx x dy = ( sin x ) x cot x + logsin x dx
17. 18.
1 x + a2 + x2 dy 1 = dx a2 + x2
2 2 a + x + x 2 2 a +x
1 t 2 dy , when x = sin 1 2t , y = cos1 Find dx 1+ t 2 1+ t 2
Ans. Let t = tan 2 tan x = sin 1 = sin 1 ( sin 2 ) 2 1 + tan x = 2 dx =2 d 1 tan 2 1 y = cos 1 + tan 2
y = cos1 ( cos 2 )
y = 2 dy dy d 2 = = =1 dx dx d 2 dy =1 dx 19. If x = at 2 and y = 2at then find dy dx Ans. Since x = at 2 and y = 2at dy dx = 2at , = 2a dt dt dy dy dt = dx dx dt dy 2a = dx 2at dy 1 = dx t 20. Differentiate cos1 x w. r. t. 1 x Ans. y = cos1 x
dy 1 1 = dx 1 x 2 x z = 1 x dz 1 = dx 2 1 x dy ( dy dx ) 1 1 = = 2 1 x dz ( dz dx ) 1 x 2 x dy 1 = x dz 21. Differentiate x x w. r. t. loge x Ans. y= x x and z= loge x Taking log Log y = x log x Now differentiating both sides
1 dy 1 = x + log x (1) y dx x 1 dy = 1 + log x y dx dy = y (1 + log x ) dx dy x = x (1 + log x ) dx dz 1 = dx x dy ( dy dx ) = dz ( dz dx ) x dy x (1 + log x ) = dz 1x dy = x x x (1 + loge x ) dz dy = x x+1 loge ( ex ) dx 22. Find (dy/dx) if i) x y = y x
ii) y = x + x + x +
i) Given x y = y x Taking log both sides, we get y log x = x log y e e Now differentiating both sides w. r. t. x.
dy 1 dy 1 y + loge x = x + loge y(1) y dx x dx y dy x dy + loge x = + loge y x dx y dx y dy x loge y = loge x x dx y y dy x loge y = dx x log x e y dy y ( y x loge y ) = dx x ( x y loge x )
ii) Let y = x + x + x +
y = x+ y
Squaring both sides, we get y 2 = x + y Now differentiating both sides w. r. t. x dy dy 2 y = 1+ dx dx dy ( 2 y 1) = 1 dx dy 1 = dx 2 y 1 dy 23. Find ifax2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 dx Ans. Given ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 Differentiating w. r. t. we get:dy dy dy = 2ax + 2hy (1) + 2hx + 2by + 2 g + 2 f +0=0 dx dx dx dy = 2ax + 2hy + 2 g + ( 2hx + 2by + 2 f ) = 0 dx dy = 2 ( hx + by + f ) = 2 ( ax + hy + g ) dx dy ( ax + by + g ) = dx ( hx + by + f ) d2y 24. If y = A sin x + B cos x, prove that + y=0 d 2x Ans. Given y = A sin x + B cos x. Differentiating both sides w. r. t. x dy dx = A cos x B sin x Again differentiating w. r. t. x
d2y d = ( A cos x B sin x ) dx 2 dx d2y = A sin x B cos x 2 dx d2y = ( A sin x + B cos x ) 2 dx d2y = y dx 2 d2y + y=0 dx 2 Hence proved.
25. If y = sin 1 x , then show that 1 x2
d2y dy x =0 dx dx 2
Ans. Given y = sin 1 x dy 1 = dx 1 x2 dy 1 x2 =1 dx dy d 1 x2 = 0 dx dx d 2 y dy d 1 x2 + 1 x2 = 0 dx 2 dx dx

dy 1 2 2x = 0 1 x + 2 dx 2 dx 2 1 x d 2 y dy x =0 1 x2 2 dx 2 dx 1 x d2y dy x 1 x2 =0 dx dx 2
d2y
Hence proved.
26.
Discuss the applicability of Rolles theorem for the following function on the indicated interval f ( x ) = e x sin x ,
V x [0, ]
Ans. i) Given function is a product of two continuous function e x and sin x. Hence f(x) is continuous for every value of x. Hence f(x) is continuous in [0, ] interval. ii) f ' ( x ) = e x sin x + e x cos x f '( x) = e x (sin x + cos x) Which is defined for every value of x in the interval (0, ). Hence f (x) is differentiable in this interval. iii) f (0) = 0 = f ( ). Hence the function satisfies all the three conditions of Rolles theorem. Now f '( x) = 0 cos x + sin x = 0 cos x = sin x tan x = 1
x = x=
3 4 3 Clearly ( 0, ) , e x 0 4
}
3 for which f (c) 4
Hence the interval ( 0, ) contains one point c = =0. Hence the Rolles Theorem is verified. Verify Rolles Theorem for the function f ( x) = x( x 3)2 ,0 x 3 . We have, f ( x) = x( x 3)2 f ( x) = x( x2 6 x + 9) f ( x) = x3 6 x2 + 9 x
27. Ans.
We know that a polynomial function is every where differentiable and so continuous also. So f (x) is continuous in [0, 3] and differentiable in (0, 3). Also f (0) = 0 = f (3). Thus, all the conditions of Rolles theorem are satisfied. Now we have to show that there exist c (0,3) , Such that f (c) =0 We have f ( x) = x3 6 x2 + 9 x f '( x) = 3x2 12 x + 9 f '( x) = 0 3x 2 12 x + 9 = 0 3x 2 3x 9 x + 9 = 0 3x( x 1) 9 ( x 1) = 0 ( x 1)( 3x 9 ) = 0 x = 1,3 Thus c = 1 (0,3) such that f (c) = 0. Hence rolles theorem is verified.
28. Verify Lagranges mean values theorem for the following function on the indicated intervals f ( x) = loge xV x [1,2] Ans. Since f ( x) = loge x is differentiable and so continuous for all x>0. So f (x) is continuous on [1,2] and differentiable on (1,2). Thus both the conditions of langranges mean value Theorem is satisfied. Hence there exist some c (1,2 ) such that :
f (2) f (1) 2 1 f ( x) = loge x 1 f '( x) = x f (2) = loge 2, f (1) = loge 1 = 0 f (2) f (1) f '( x) = 2 1 1 loge 2 0 = x 1 1 = loge 2 x 1 x= = log e 2 loge 2 f '(c) = Now2 < e < 4 log 2 < log e < log 4 2 2 2 e 1 < log 2 < 2
29.
c = log e (1,2 ) 2 f (2) f (1) f '(c ) = 2 1 Hence Lagranges mean value theorem is verified. Check the validity of Lagrange mean value theorem for the following function f ( x) = x , V x [1,1]
Ans. We know that f ( x) = x is continuous every where. Hence the function f ( x) = x is also continuous in [-1, 1] interval. But f ( x) = x is not differentiable at x = 0. Hence the function f ( x) = x is not differentiable in interval (1,1 ). Hence the interval [-1,1] does not satisfy Lagrange mean value theorem for the given function f ( x) = x
Chapter 2
Application of Derivatives
1. The distance travelled by a particle in t second moving along a straight line is given by s = t 3 + 6t 2 + 5t + 6 . Find velocity and
acceleration at t= 5 second. Ans. Given s = t 3 + 6t 2 + 5t + 6
ds dt v = 3t 2 + 12t + 5 Velocity at t =5 second v = 3(5)2 + 12(5) + 5 Velocity v = v = 140m / sec. Now acceleration a = a=
=
dv dt
dv dt
2.
d 2 3t + 12t + 5 dt a = 6t + 12 Acceleration at t = 5 sec. a= 6(5)+12 =30+12 = 42 m/sec2. If a particle is moving along a straight line according to the formula s = t 3 6t 2 15t . Then find the time interval for which
velocity is ve and acceleration is positive. Ans. Given s = t 3 6t 2 15t
ds = 3t 2 12t 15 dt dv And acceleration a = dt a = 6t 12 Now v < 0 and a > 0 Velocity v =
3t 2 12t 15 < 0 and 6t 12 > 0 3 t 2 4t 5 < 0 and 6(t 2) > 0 t 2 4t 5 < 0 and
(t 2) > 0
( t 5) ( t + 1) < 0 and ( t 2 ) > 0 1 < t < 5 and t > 2 2<t <5 Hence after 2 second and before 5 second velocity will be negative and acceleration will be positive.
3. Find the points on curve x2 + y 2 2 x 3 = 0 where tangent is
i) Parallel to x axis ii) Perpendicular to x axis iii) Makes equal angle with both axes Ans. Given curve is x2 + y 2 2 x 3 = 0 _________________(1)
Differentiating with respect to x we get dy 2x + 2 y 2 = 0 dx dy x + y =1 dx dy 1 x = _______________(2) dx y i) Tangent is parallel to x axis dy = tan 0 = 0 dx 1 x =0 y x =1 Substituting x = 1 in equation (1) 1+ y2 2 3 = 0
y2 = 4 y = 2 Hence required points are (1,2) and (1, -2). ii) Tangent is perpendicular to x - axis
dy = tan 90o dx = So from equation (2) 1 x 1 == y 0 y=0 Substituting y = 0 in equation (1) = x2 + 0 2 x 3 = 0 = x2 2 x 3 = 0 = ( x 3)( x + 1) = 0 = x = 1,3 Hence required points are (-1, 0) and (3, 0). iii) Making equal angle with both axes dy = tan 45o = 1 dx From equation (2) 1 x = =1 y y = 1 x Substituting y = (1 x) in equation (1) 2 = x2 + (1 x ) 2 x + 3 = 0
= x2 + 1 + x2 2 x 2 x 3 = 0 = 2 x2 4 x 2 = 0
) Hence required points are (1 +

4.
= x2 2 x 1 = 0
x = 1 2, y = 1 1 2 = m 2
2 , 2 and 1 2, 2
Find tangent and normal of the curve
( a cos , b sin ) .
x2 y 2 + =1 Ans. Given curve a 2 b2 Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
x2 y 2 + = 1 , on 2 2 a b
2 x 2 y dy + =0 a 2 b2 dx dy xb2 = dx ya 2 =
dy a cos b 2 b cos ( ) = = a cos , b sin dx a sin 2 b sin a
1
dy dx ( a cos ,b sin )
a sin b cos
Hence equation of tangent at ( a cos , b sin ) is b cos = y b sin = ( x a cos ) a sin = ay sin ab sin 2 = bx cos + ab cos2 = bx cos + ay sin = ab cos2 + sin 2
bx cos + ay sin = ab Equation of normal at ( a cos , b sin ) a sin = y b sin = ( x a cos ) b cos = by cos b2 sin cos = ax sin + a 2 sin cos
= ax sin by cos = a 2 b2 sin cos ax sec by cos ec = a 2 b2

5.
A balloon, which always remain spherical has a variable 3 diameter ( 2 x + 3) . Determine the rate of change of volume with 2 respect to x. 3 Ans. Diameter of balloon = ( 2 x + 3) 2 3 Radius = ( 2 x + 3) 4 4 Volume of a sphere (V) = = r 3 3
4 3 = ( 2 x + 3) 3 4 3 9 V= ( 2 x + 3) 16
Rate of change of volume 2 dv 27 2 x + 3) = ( dx 8

6.
2 dv 9 = 3 ( 2 x + 3) 2 dx 16
A stone is dropped in to a quite lake and waves move in a circle at a speed of 3.5 cm/sec. At the instant when the radius of the circular wave is 7.5 cm, how fast is the enclosed area increasing? Ans. Let r be the radius and A be the area of the circular wave at any time t then dr = 3.5cm / sec. A = r 2 and dt dA dr = 2r dt dt dA dr = 2 r dt dt dA = 2 r ( 3.5) dt dA = 7 r dt dA = 7 ( 7.5) dt = 52.5 cm2 / sec. 7. Sand is pouring from a pipe at the rate of 12cm3 / sec. The falling sand forms a cone on the ground in such a way that the height of the cone is always one sixth of the radius of the base. How fast is the height of the sand cone increasing when the height is 4 cm? Ans. Let r be the radius, h be the height and v be the volume of the sand cone at any time t. Then.
1 V = r 2h 3 1 V = 36h2 h 3 V = 12 h3
dV dh = 36 h2 dt dt dh 12 = 36 h2 dt 1 dh = dt 3 h2 1 1 dh = = dt h=4 3 ( 4 )2 48
Thus, the height of the sand cone is increasing at the rate of 1 cm / sec. 48
8. Find all the points of local maxima and minima of the function f ( x ) = x3 6 x 2 + 9 x 8
dy Ans. Given y = f ( x ) = x3 6 x 2 + 9 x 8 . Then = 3x 2 12 x + 9 dx dy For maxima and minima =0 dx 3x2 12 x + 9 = 0 x2 4 x + 3 = 0
x2 3x x + 3 = 0 x ( x 3) 1( x 3) = 0 ( x 1)( x 3) = 0 x = 1,3 Now we have to check that whether these points are the points of maxima or minima. So
d2y = 6 x 12 dx 2
d2y = 6 (1) 12 = 6 < 0 dx 2 x=1
Hence at x = 1 the given function has maximum value and the value is 3 2 f ( x ) = (1) 6 (1) + 9 (1) 8 f ( x ) = 1 6 + 9 8 f ( x ) = 4
d2y Now = 6 ( 3) 12 ) dx 2 x=3
d2y = 18 12 dx 2 x=3 d2y =6>0 dx 2 x=3
Hence the function has minimum value at x = 3. The minimum value of the function at x = 3 is 3 2 f ( x ) = ( 3 ) 6 ( 3) + 9 ( 3) 8 f f
9. Ans.
( x ) = 27 54 + 27 8 ( x ) = 8
2 Find the maxima and minima of the function f ( x ) = ( x 1) e x . 2 Given y = ( x 1) e x 2 dy = 2 ( x 1) e x + ( x 1) e x dx dy For maxima and minima =0 dx
2 x 2 + x 2 2 x + 1 ex = 0 x 2 1 ex = 0
2 2 ( x 1) + ( x 1) e x = 0
e x 0, x2 1 = 0
x = 1 d2y 2 Now = 2e x + 2 ( x 1) e x + 2 ( x 1) e x + ( x 1) e x dx 2 d2y 2 = e x 2 + 4 ( x 1) + ( x 1) dx 2 Now for x= 1 d2y = e' 2 + 4 0 + 0 dx 2 x=1 d2y = 2e < 0 dx 2 x=1 Hence the value of the function is minimum at x = 1 and the minimum value is 2 f ( x ) = (1 1) e1 = 0 Now for x = -1 d2y = e1 2 + 4 ( 2 ) + 4 dx 2 x=1 d2y = e1 2 8 + 4 dx 2 x=1 d2y 2 = <0 e dx 2 x=1 Hence the value of the function is maximum at x = -1. The maximum value is 2 4 = ( 1 1) e1 = 4e1 = e
1 1 that the maximum value of e e x x 1 Ans. Let y = Taking log both sides. x 1 Log y = x log x log y = x log x Log z = z(let) Here the maximum or minimum value of will also be maximum or minimum value of z so dz 1 = x log x dx x dz = (1 + log x ) dx And maxima or minima dz =0 dx (1 + log x ) = 0 x = e1
10.
Prove
x=
1 e
Now 1 d 2z = 2 x d x
d2y 1 = = e < 0 d 2x 1 1e x=
Hence the function has maximum value at x =

1 And maximum value is e e Hence proved.
1 e
Chapter 3
Integrals
1. Integrate the following
dx
Ans.
dx
sin 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x .dx cos2 x dx = + sin 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x cos2 x 1 1 = dx + dx 2 2 cos x sin x
sin 2 x cos2 x sin 2 x + cos2 x dx
2.
= sec2 xdx + cos ec2 xdx = tan x cot x + c dx Integrate 2 e x + e x
Ans.
dx dx = 2 2 e x + e x ( e x + e x ) 4 2 1 dx = 4 cosh 2 x 1 = sec h2 xdx 4 e x + e x = cosh x 2 1 = tanh x + c 4
3.
Integrate the following (I)
sin x dx x
II)
cos ( log x ) dx x
Ans. i)
sin x dx _________________ (1) x Let x = t 1 = dx = dt 2 x 1 dx = 2dt x

From eg. (1)
I = 2 sin tdt = 2 ( cos t ) + c = 2cos t + c
= 2cos ( x ) + c
i) Let I =
Let log x = t
cos(log x) dx (1) x
From (1)
1 dx = dt x
I = cos t.dt = sin t + c = sin ( log x ) + c sin x cos xdx a cos2 x + b sin 2 x
4.
Integrate the following
Ans. Let I =
sin x cos xdx a cos2 x + b sin 2 x Let = a cos2 x + b sin 2 x = t = ( 2a cos x sin x + 2b sin x cos x ) .dx = dt = 2 ( b a ) sin x cos xdx = dt dt sin x cos xdx = 2(b a) dt I = 2(b a).t 1 = log t + c 2(b a) 1 I= log a cos2 x + b sin 2 x + c 2(b a)
5.
1 4 + 5sin x dx
Ans. Let I =
1 dx 4 + 5sin x
x 2 tan 2 Since sin x = x 1 + tan 2 2 dx I = 2 tan x 2 4 + 5 2 1 + tan x 2 dx 1 + tan 2 x 2 = 4 + 4 tan 2 x 2 + 10 tan x 2 sec2 x 2 dx 1 = 4 1 + tan 2 x + 5 tan x 2 2 2 x Let tan = t 2 1 x = sec2 dx = dt 2 2 1 2dt I = 4 1+ t 2 + 5 t 2
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ))
( ))
( )
1 dt = 2 t2 + 5 t +1 2 1 dt = 2 t 2 + 5 t + 5 t + 25 25 + 1 4 4 16 16 1 dt = 2 t + 5 2 2 9 16 ( ) ( )
5 3 t + 4 4 1 1 log = +C 2 3 5 3 2 t + 4 + 4 4 t + 1 1 2 = log +C t+2 3 1 2t + 1 = log +C 3 2t + 4 2 tan x + 1 1 2 = log +C 3 2 tan x 2 + 4
( ) ( )
sin x dx 1 + sin x sin x Ans. Let I = dx 1 + sin x (1 + sin x ) 1dx = 1 + sin x (1 + sin x ) 1 = dx 1 + sin x 1 + sin x 1 = 1 + sin x 1 + sin x
6. Integrate
2 x x = (1 + sin x ) = cos + sin 2 2 1 x x I = cos dx + sin dx x x 2 2 cos + sin 2 2
x 1 x x cos ec I = 2sin 2cos + dx 2 2 2 4 2 x x 1 x I = 2 2log tan sin cos + +c 2 2 2 8 4 x x x I = 2 sin cos 2 log tan + + c 2 2 8 4 7. Integrate x 2 sin xdx Ans. Here x 2 is taken as first function and sin x as second function (according to ILATE) Now let I = x 2 sin xdx
Integrating by parts
I = x2 { sin xdx}
( x ) sin xdx dx dx
I = x2 cos x 2 x ( cos x ) dx I = x2 cos x + 2 x cos xdx I = x2 cos x + 2 x cos xdx

d dx
( x ) . cos xdx dx

I = x2 cos x + 2 x sin x sin xdx I = x2 cos x + 2 x sin x + 2cos x + c

8.
Integrate log x + x 2 + 1 dx Ans. Let I = log x + x 2 + 1 dx d I = log x + x2 + 1 1.dx log x + x2 + 1 dx dx dx
1 2x xdx I = log x + x2 + 1 x 1 + 2 2 x + x +1 2 x +1 I = x log x + x 2 + 1
1 x+
x2 + 1
x2 + 1 + x xdx x2 + 1
I = x log x + x2 + 1

x dx (1) 2 x +1
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I = 1
x dx 2 x +1
3x 2 2 ( x 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2) A A A A 3x 2 2 + 3 + 4 Ans. Let = 1 + 2 2 ( x 1) ( x + 1)( x + 2) ( x 1) ( x 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )

9. Solve
From (1) & (2) I = x log x + x 2 + 1 x2 + 1 + c
x2 + 1 = t 2 2 xdx = 2tdt tdt xdx = t t dt I = =t +c 1 t I = x 2 + 1 + c (2) 1
2 2 3x 2 = A ( x 1)( x + 1)( x + 2 ) + A ( x + 1)( x + 2 ) + A ( x 1) ( x + 2 ) + A ( x 1) ( x + 1) 1 2 3 4

Putting x= 1
Putting x = -1
3 (1) 2 = A (1 + 1)(1 + 2 ) 2 1= 6A 2 A = 16 2 2 3 ( 1) 2 = A ( 1 1) ( 1 + 2 ) 3 5 = A ( 4 )(1) 3 5 A = 3 4
Putting x = -2
2 3 ( 2 ) 2 = A ( 2 1) ( 2 + 1) 4 8 = A ( 9 )( 1) 4 8 A = 4 9 2 = A ( 1)(1)( 2 ) + A (1)( 2 ) + A (1)( 2 ) + A (1)(1) 1 2 3 4 2 = 2 A + 2 A + 2 A + A 1 2 3 4 5 8 1 2 = 2 A + 2 + 2 + 1 6 4 9 1 5 8 2 = 2 A + + 1 3 2 9 1 5 8 2 2A = + + 1 3 2 9 1 6 45 + 16 + 36 2A = 1 18 13 2A = 1 18 13 A = 1 36 3x 2 13 1 5 8 = + + 2 36 ( x 1) 6 x 1 2 4 ( x + 1) 9 ( x + 2 ) x 1 x + 1 x + 2

Putting x= 0
) (
)(
13 1 1 5 8 log ( x 1) + log ( x + 1) + log ( x + 2 ) 36 6 ( x 1) 4 9 13 1 5 8 = log ( x 1) log ( x + 1) + log ( x + 2 ) 36 6 ( x 1) 4 9 ( x 1)( x 2 )( x 3) dx 10. Evaluate ( x 4 ) ( x 5) ( x 6 ) ( x 1)( x 2 )( x 3) = 1 + A + B + C (1) Ans. Let ( x 4 ) ( x 5) ( x 6 ) ( x 4 ) ( x 5) ( x 6 ) =
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) = ( x 4) ( x 5) ( x 6) + A( x 5) ( x 6) + B ( x 4)( x 6) + C ( x 4) ( x 5)

Putting x = 4 (3) (2) (1) = A (-1) (-2) 6 = 2A A=3
Then
Putting x = 5 (4) (3) (2) = B (1) (-1) -24 = B Putting x = 6 (5) (4) (3) = C (2) (1) 60 = 2C = C = 30 From (1)
( x 1)( x 2)( x 3) = 1 + 3 24 + 30 x 4 x 5 x6 ( x 4 ) ( x 5) ( x 6 ) ( x 1)( x 2 )( x 3) dx dx dx x 4 x 5 x 6 dx = 1.dx + 3 x 4 24 x 5 + 30 x 6 )( ( )( ) = x + 3log ( x 4 ) 24log ( x 5) + 30log ( x 6 ) + C
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Biyani's Think Tank

Concept based notes

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Think Tanks Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti

First Edition : 2009

Leaser Type Setted by : Biyani College Printing Department

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am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of

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Relations and functions

10- 6 = 2 A 6R2 2 10- 8 x = 8, y = = 1 A 8R1 2 x = 6, y =

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Domain of R = {2, 4, 6, 8} Domain of

Range of R = {4, 3, 2, 1} Range of

a + d = b + c (1) And (c, d) R (e, f) c + f = d + e (2)

Thus (a, b) R (c, d) and (c, d) R (e, f)

(a, b) R (e, f) for all (a, b), (c d), (e, f)

So, R is transitive relation on N x N

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(a, b N) . Prove that R is reflexive but not

Ans. Given set is N = {1, 2, 3,..}

a 2 - 4a.a + 3a2 = a2 - 4a2 + 3a 2 = 4a2 - 4a2 =0

N such that (a, b) R

Hence (a, b) R but (b, a) R

R is not symmetric relation

3) Transitivity Let a, b, c N such that (a, b) R and (b, c)

(a, b) R a 2 4ab + 3b2 = 0

Then it is not necessary true that a2-4ac+3c2=0

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because 92 4(9)(3) + 3(3)2

4(3)(1) + 3(1) 2 = 9-12+3 = 0

but (9, 1) R because

= {(a, b):b=a+1} also find its range.

x3 then find f [ f { f ( x)}] x +1

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x+3 then prove that fog = 2

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from (1), (2) & (3) we get,

x=y for all x, y R. So, f is an injection

2) Surjectivity Let y be an arbitary element of R, then f (x) = y

y+7 R for all y R 3

Thus for all y R, there exists

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is bijection. Consequently it is invertible

Ans. Commutativity a * b = ab and b*a = ba

We know that multiplication on R is commutative

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Associatively Let a, b, c R then

a*e = a a+ e ae =a e (1-a) = 0 e=0

Since a Q {1} , therefore b=

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Thus every element of Q {1} is invertible and the inverse of an element a is

Inverse trigonometric functions

3) cosec-1 (1) Ans. (1) Let

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3 cos = cos - 3 2 cos = cos 3 2 = 3 -1 2 cos-1 = 3 2

Hence principal value of cos-1 (2) Let

Hence principal value of sec-1(-2) is 3) Let

cosec = +1 cosec = cosec/2 = /2 cosec-1 (1) = /2

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cot = -cot 3 cot = cot ( - /3 ) 2 cot = cot 3 2 = 3 -1 2 cot -1 = 3 3