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( [( [($2 /?B ,
p
.C13H17NHCl
140 V
( [(
) )-T ( )$(
2 [(%
(# 78-
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34
(# V( 7% /B 7% (# )(

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/ /(
:(i D#)
12.011 g
1.008 g 14.007 g 35.453 g
M = 13
+ 18
+1
+1
mol C
mol H mol N mol Cl
g
= 223.75
224 Da
mol
3B (<) )I C(2 )1T1 )C
224 V (# 78-
-
V2
)B , p - ( 7 ( (; V- (
2 7 .(6.1
.A% )%b
8 .()# /( 154) `# 70 V

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-
2 [(%
:(
(daily dose) ) )$(
140 g
dose =
(1 day)(70 kg) = 9800 g 10 mg
day.kg
.[7] /(0 )6 3 )% )$( Y
:6 " )# 78-
- (2)
1 mol 1 g
= 4.46 10 5 mol C13H17 NHCl

10 mg C13H17 NHCl
224 g 1000 mg
-
$ (
A2 ( .)# /(# " (;
" ) )1 (&)
: lb m lb m -mol R 2 g g-mol R C
78-
2.2 lb m 1 kg 1 lb m -mol
10 mg C13 H17 NHCl
1 kg 10 mg 224 lb m
= 9.82 108 lb m -mol C13 H17 NHCl
(

V2 C /( 13 "#$ C13H17NHCl
V- V (h)
:
(
6
K 13 "#$ V
13 mol C
= 5.80 10 4 mol C
4.46 10 5 mol C13H17 NHCl
1
mol
C
H
NHCl
13 17
35
K(' 12
( # 78-
- .)# " 6 78-
- ()
:#
12.011 g C 1000 mg
5.80 104 mol C
= 6.97 mg C
mol C 1 g
:( %2 $ ) ( )$( 7% 8- $ &b (R)
6.02 1023 molecule

= 2.68 1019 molecules
4.46 10 5 mol C13H17 NHCl
1 mol
Q . (4

)((4 ) ) )$( ( &
)#, "#$ V 7 (D0 ' <% +(C2) )6 0G
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mA
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36
(6 5.1)
n- )# & 5 .)8 )(4 )# ) 7 )8 )# )
: V
2 &
=1
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1.0 g
m water = water V =
(10 mL) = 10 g
mL
10 V 7 )# )( )# ( 10 mg = 0.01g ) )#
2 <6
V 7 n-# )# )#

\% ((M = &( iT1 (;2 G) ('
# )# )
8 .K( )# V ( 7# 5
:n- 7%
wdeprenyl =
10 mg 10 mg 1 g
= 1.0 10 3
10.01 g 10 g 1000 mg
& () &

6 $ )%( & # ) ) & (&)
A- "
9 )# ) V 6 $ 3j5.1 )# K% .()
:78-
37
1 mol 1 g
= 4.46 10 5 mol
ndeprenyl = (10 mg C13H17 NHCl)

224 g 1000 mg
X(,2 /( . 0.556 V nwater 6 $
2 A0 "#$
6 )( n- 7% ( 6 $

2
(# ) )
6 K 7# n- 6 $
: 6 $ "#$ K A6 )
4.46 105 mol

5
x deprenyl =
= 8.02 10
0.556 mol
K H Q
2 6 1 7% & ( )( & (
2 W
t
.T
K %
# DE 6 & 6 )# $ & .K8
) &
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))
-#E#
( wlactose = 0.475
38
V
)#
))
- T
& .( wMg stearate = 0.125 V )# )) -; ( ( wcellulose = 0.375
7 - T )8- ); .)(G ( +(C ), )8% ) &
% -#E# 2 .C36H70MgO4 7 -; ( )8- ); C12H22O11
7B 78-
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(# 78-
-
2 2.1 1
( .[8]
400 000 V
.
224 V C13H17NHCl
:6j5.1 ) (# )# ) "BN :
5 mg
wdeprenyl =
= 0.025
200 mg
& 3
G wi = 1 ) K42 (# )# ) &

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.)%( X(,G )#

)$( )8(! B, ) & " )# & 9 )? Y

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+( )# )C [(% .K r /(
:)4(%6 ) )#
9 ) &(4 +( 9
mdeprenyl = 0.025 (100 g) = 2.5 g
:A0 "#$

mlactose = 47.5 g,
mcellulose = 37.5 g,
mMg stearate = 12.5 g
)8-
-G 6 " 9 3j5.1 ) 8
: ),
1 mol
= 0.0112 mol
ndeprenyl = 2.5 g
224 g
:X(,G 9 6 "#$ )(B H
nlactose = 0.139 mol, ncellulose = 9.38 105 mol, nMg stearate = 0.0212 mol
:V 6# 7#
ntotal = ndeprenyl + nlactose + ncellulose + nMg stearate

= 0.0112 mol + 0.139 mol + 9.38 10 5 mol + 0.0212 mol = 0.171 mol
39
)# K% 7# 6 $ "#$ A6 $ )

9 ) ) &N K(,2
:4j5.1
xdeprenyl =
ndeprenyl
ntotal
0.0112 mol
= 0.0655
0.171 mol
:X(,G # ) & V 1
x lactose = 0.813, x cellulose = 0.000549, x Mg stearate = 0.124
78-
-
G X(,G ) &
K(1 (;2 -##E# ) )
2 <6
.X(,G # )8-
-G
(1 ( 2 -#E##
: K ) & 5

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DE#
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.( B,2 " X-b

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D(
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9 3 6 $ " A )$ )# ) n- M avg 7B 78-
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. M avg = x A M A + xB M B + xC M C + xD M D 0 n-# 7B
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G
2 W4
.(9.1 7% / W
? Q
K( )8 7% 99 )
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- "#$

(
.

40
.
:9.1
(g/mol)

28.0
32.0
44.0
18.0
-

78.6
20.8
0.04
0.5
0.06

N2
O2
CO2
H2O

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& (
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- & :

.
10 mL 7%
# 7% B%
9 " K(< .# ) ) )%( " 6
K 2 h :
:7P # ) ) &N ( ()
xwater = 1 xdeprenyl = 1 8.02 105

.3.1 1 7% (# ) ) b i
M avg = x deprenyl M deprenyl + x water M water
g
g
5
= (8.02 105 ) 224
+ (1 8.02 10 ) 18.0
mol
mol
g
g
= 18.002
18.0
mol
mol
78-
-
K K(C n- 7B 78-
-

2 7B
A
.K( K#

F n-
G () &#
- ( n=N 7 ) )$( & & )8T $( ) D );
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41
7%
9 7# - ( V .7# - ( )6 K' 7T
$ (Fb
:n-
/ 7% /
9 Q )# # 2 n-
C =
m
V
(9 5.1)
kg m3 g cm3 - (# )80

[L3 M] 7# - ( b
(# 7% ('(
)T - ( #, 5 K% . lb m ft 3
.(# 7% (; "
7 - ( 7# - (
" -(b .## 7 - ( K42

/ 7% n A6 $ # 2 n- 7%
9 7 - (
.C -(
:n-

C =
n
V
(10 5.1)
g-mol L g-mol cm3 A )80

[L3 N] 7 - ( b
)C 7 (M R (,N 7) (molarity) # . lb m -mol ft 3
( #
0.1-M 1 "#$ . mol L R /( 7 - (

.
( 7% /
(
0.1 7 (fibronectin)
.n-# 7# - ( &(4 n- 7% / (6 $ 2 )# ) (

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10 7% & (
`# 10

F V A # :
A 7 - ( (&) (g/L R () # 7# - ( (2) &
(#s#
.(mol/L R ()
:
:9j5.1 ) "B 7% (# 7# - ( (2)
C=
mdeprenyl
Vwater
10 mg 1 g 1000 mL
g
= 1
=
L
10 mL 1000 mg 1 L
42
/B ( ) .(

4.46 105 )1
2 # 3.1 1
(&)
:10j5.1 )
C =
ndeprenyl
V water
4.46 105 mol 1000 mL

3 mol
=
= 4.46 10
L
10 mL
1 L
.C13H17NHCl (
4.46 103 M #
-

( [(
) G
(1 (
2 W
t
6 3 )#$ [, B;4 5( C
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2
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$ O(
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# 141.6 V O(
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.( o F ) (% # ( o C ) V8 # 2 H# # (K)
# # 7 6
K
# #
2
7% / 6 7% ) / 7% 6 380 (% #
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b .)# $G 7% K$0 (1 2 V8 #
44
273.15
310.15
373.15
298.15
459.67
32
98.6
212
37
100
77
273.15
25

. :

:1.1
: % $ . !" # !$%& $" $' ()
Doran PM, Bioprocess Engineering principles, London: Academic Press, 1999.
8-%
C )B, ) AC FN KB$ /(( ( # F(b
)B %9(b$ V8 # 7% . /
#' 7B C

#
.7B V B;4 $ 100 )( ? A#' )( %9(b$ 0 )( ? KB$
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# )B, ) 34

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(N
.[9] 10 oC " 76 oC
O( WB "#$ /(( (
:)P 6
)#, T
/(( )(
T (o F) = 1.8 T (o C) + 32
(11 5.1)
T (K ) = T (o C) + 273.15
(12 5.1)
T (o F) = 1.8 T (K) 459.67
(13 5.1)
45
14 o F O( WB "#$ /(( )( "#$2

2 6 Y
. 263K 2
71 -;
C .) -; Q# 7% (1L
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[(% "#$ &( 7 ) -; Q#
(1 .(K )( -;
:7P 0 /$ 71 -;
C & b .71 Q# Q# 2
(14 5.1)
PV = nRT
A6 $ n -; "#$ V - V -;# D#B B;4 P
2
R )86 10.1

4 .)#B A(( )( 7 T 71 -; 1 R
.)8%
.R
:10.1
cal
J
cm3atm
8.314
1.9872
82.057
mol K
mol K
mol K
psi ft 3
L atm
10.731
0.08206
mol K
(lb m -mol) (o R)
standard temperature and
( B;4 /(( )( N K'
%F( ) K , -; +8,

(pressure) (STP)
(
B;4 /(( )( 2 . V B;4 ( 0o C ) 273K $
. V B;4 ( 37o C ) 310 K %
!
$ 78-

G 71 Q#
$ ) -; Q# (
C "#$ T #,k2

7% D( Y ,G .
(
2
8-
(Johannes -% (
% - 4 7 ) 7% / Q# 71 -;
XC 8- &6 -'
,
1 ,2 i van der Waals)
46
8T

2 & 8 < 7%
. 7% ) (' &
.71 -; Q# [(%
B;4 /(( )( $ -;

71 -;
C "#$

( B;4 /(( )( $ .-; & (
$ (< 3B A
& -; & ( ) & d% .K( 22.4 A K- -;

& d% N T% &# 2 8 (B 7% 7 +, 7% 2 .A ( )
. L% )1
K( ) & /((4 )
21)
G (K )8 7% 79)
(
K( K#
[(G "#$
(
1
( 2 71
'(G 1) X(,2 -'
B (12 3 (K )8 7%
7% 95.3)
( 2 71
G 7%
F % O( 2 .(9.1 (<)
( 3 (K )8 7% 1.6)
'(G (K )8 7% 2.7)
( (K )8
) ) 6 [(G "#$ )G 0
G 1 6 .X(,2 -'
/(;
V )8 & Y "#$ .O(

)8 7% 0.13 V
O( -'

2
7%
G
0.21 "#$ [(G -'
.
G
0.0013 "#$ V
)8 9 "#$ V K H -;
K(1
\% V ((' "#$
i x 1v , x 2v ,K , x iv R V(, (B 7% 9 Y ) & -F(N ./$
(, B;4 71 -; +, 7% .(, "#$ v (
9 "#$ C(
:A )9 -;# Pi )8- B;4 5 V -' "#$ V $ 7% P 7#
n
P = P1 + P2 + L + Pn = Pi
(15 5.1)
i =1
:)CT n- 7% -' Pi F(b
Pi = x iv P
(16 5.1)

9
$ B;4 V2 i
9 # 78- B;4
) Y
. )< 7% 7# (, B;4 ) A &(4 V-' n- 7%
47

7.1
V .O( [(G "#$
G
(# )8- B;4 & :
.[(G "#$ V B;4
K( )8 7% 1 O( WB "#$ V B;4
V .K$ [(% 71 -; Q# Q# V
2 [(% :
.0.01 atm O( WB "#$ B;4 V 1 atm [(G "#$ V B;4
:[(G "#$ .)8- B;4 & 16j5.1 ) N
PN 2 = x N 2 ,v P = 0.79 (1 atm) = 0.79 atm
:O( "#$ .[(G "#$ PO2 = 0.21 atm A0 "#$
. PO2 = 0.000013 atm PN2 = x N2 ,v P = 0.027 (0.01 atm) = 0.00027 atm

.
! / V((4
G
, O(
2 W4

)C! W 6 K K( 6 H Q
2 6 O( " [(G
b
G
); [(G (
$ ;6

] / (B & .
B6 /
h "#$
(C 7% O( B

2 & .O( "#$ )8 )C D
.O( [(2 7% ) (

G
K' " , "
$ i .[(G
K(1
s ,2 O(
)%1 K#$ \% )$ $( " 2 7% (
$ i $
:V m / )#
B( /0 ), 7 (density) .
=
m
V
(17 5.1)
%1
K$ . lb m ft 3 g cm3 )80
[L3 M] % )%1 b 2
# .-; %1
K42 ( 2 Y 8 %1
( 2 )# G
K] WB "#$ # B & 8
)%1 C2 AG 16
./( 8 7% ( ) /
)8 4

)# /( 2 & ); 17j5.1 ) &( /$

:7? D% ( 0.0012 g cm3 ) 25o C )( $ A%1
48
1000 g 1 L
2 lb m
m
V = =
= 758 L
0.0012 g 2.2 lb m 1000 cm3
cm3
(18 5.1)
./0 +,
[L3 M 1 ] Y %1 &# % / V 2
. 833.3 cm3 g V 25o C )( $ # 7$

!" 8.1
71 :7P & ( H2 "#$ O( 7% 6 B, $ )%1 & :
'(2 K )8 7% 2.7 )

( K )8 7% 95.32 )
( 2
)
( 2 2 K )8 7% 0.13 )
2 K )8 7% 1.6 )
)8 7% 0.14 R ) ? .K )8 7% 0.03 ) K )8 7% 0.08
)%1 Q
(C .30 g/mol V 7B 78-
- V -;
n-
)
[(G WB "B /(( )( $ 1.22 g/L V 7 [(G "#$
.1 atm V V B;4 $ 15 oC V
B;4
)#, (< "
4, O( [(G "#$
%1
2 " K(< :
T
K 1 K 6
K = .

-; )( #$ /(( )(
A# V - & (14j5.1 )) 71 -;
C
7B 78-
- "B O( & ( "#$ K$ & .O( "#$ -;
.A%1 & ); Q
2 58 oC V O( WB "#$ 6 B, $ "B /(( )(
2 (
71 -;
K% .0.01 atm V WB $ D#B B;4
2 215.15 K
:A - O( WB "#$

cm3 .atm
1
mol
82.057
)
(
( 215.15 K )
mol.K
nRT
1 L
V =
=
1000 cm3
P
0.01 atm
49
= 1765.5 L 1770 L
:8j5.1 )
O( 7B 78-
- &b
M avg = x CO2 M CO2 + x N2 M N2 + x Ar M Ar + x O2 M O2
+ x CO M CO + x H 2O M H2O + x others M others
= 43.5
g
mol
2 71 78-

-
K &(C O( 78-
-
2 <6
.O( )' ]1
( 2 71
G Q 44 g/mol V V
(
\% 1170 L A - 43.5 g

- O(

2 " K(<
:V A%1
=
m 43.5 g
g
=
= 0.0246
L
V 1770 L
.[(G
/(
,
s ,2 O(
V2
W $6
2 6 AB;4 "#$ A(( )( "#$ -; )%1
2 W
t
$ K )# )#8 2 )# )%1

&# 8
(B 7% K K4
(specific gravity SG) # N ./(( )( 3 T

K #C (; B;4
/ )%1 ) 7 / )$ )1 .)#8 2 )# ) 7% )%1
$ (#
: T 7 ref )( / )%1 "
SG =
ref
(19 5.1)
4o C )( $ 7 )# )#8 # )( / K$0 / (1 2

. 1.000 g cm3 A%1 V V

7% (, 8 0 "#$ 1 # C (, "#$ V
2 -;#

)8 7% 0.8 [(G 7% )B (, ) V .Q "#$ 1 (,
7% 0.03 V (, )
\% O( 7% 2 .)8 7% 4 "
2
K
+I,b 7? 7% h(N 7 ( 7% .Y
B% K )8
50
saturation %$&' W#B

2
7% )< humidity $
W#B
.8 -'
(,r & ( V2 "#$
AB;4 (, "#$ V P AB;4 V T A(( )( V K-'
2 [(%
V 7<$G B;4 30 (, B;4 . Pi * 30 Y(, B;4 Pi 78-
$ 1 "#$ ./(( )( "#$ 8 D% Y]
2 (,#
/(( )( $ B;4 Q $ A#
A\% K0 (,
(relative $ $
(relative saturation -SR) $ %$&' F(b .Q#
:7? D% humidity - HR)
S R = H R = 100
Pi
Pi*
(20 5.1)
(, 78- B;4

2 )8 7% 40 ( V 7 ) )B( 7
)B( N .)# /(( )( $ 7<$G (, B;4
)8 7% 40 V
)( "#$ Pi *
2 " K(< . " )F HB 2 (0 7% /$ )
,
\% ./(( )( "#$ K42 ) )B(
\% /((
6 A\% ( , O(
2 " K(< .(
(, "#$ (C2
)8 7% 0.03 V ) ) 1 (,

2 W
t .
# 6
100 V ) )B() K 30 ) G CG < 7% Y
2 6 O(
.()8 7%
(molal
( $
(molal saturation) (SM) ( %$&' F(b
:7? humidity) (HM)
SM = HM =
Pi
P Pi
(21 5.1)
(, 6 )#@ )B( 7#@ 30 V .)# 7% 7# B;4 P
2
K(B )# -; 6 -; 6 V . -; 6 "#$ )
7 30 F(b .()B( ) 7% ) 6 34 /(, / 6
:7? HP )8 ) )B( SP V8
51
S P = H P = 100
SM
S M*
Pi
P Pi
= 100
Pi *
P Pi *
(22 5.1)
.)8 7% 100 7#@ 30 S M*

2
)
2
B;4 /(( )( $ -; "
q B ( Y
V2

.V-' (B 7%
9 ) ) 2 78- B;4 &

$
9.1
)8 7% 0.3 V (,
) ) "#$ O( V :
. 58 oC V 7 "B AB /(( )( $ )8 7% 100 0 Y
uO( "#$ (, 78- B;4 (2)
(, B;4 V 15 oC V 7 "B [(G WB /(( )( $ (&)
$ [(G WB "#$ (, 78- B;4 . 12.79 mmHg 30
u)8 7% 90 V )B( 15 oC )(
:
)
2 " K(< .0.01 atm V O( "#$ V B;4
2 K (2 (2)
"#$ (, ) )
\% ) )8 A d% -; ) )8
"#$ (, 78- B;4
.()8 7% 0.03) 0.0003 V O(
:O(
PH2O = x H2O,v P = (0.0003)(0.01 atm) = 3 106 atm

:22j5.1 ) &( /$ 7B (&)
52
)8T $ .)# P V B;4 HP Pi * C
:V [(G "#$ 15 oC )( $ 30 (, B;4
2 #
1 atm
PH*2O = 12.79 mmHg
= 0.0168 atm
760 mmHg
:
[(G 7% (, ) ) 78- B;4
PH2O
90
0.0168 atm
(1 atm )
100 1 atm 0.0168 atm
=
= 0.0152 atm
90
0.0168 atm
1+
100 1 atm 0.0168 atm
x H 2O,v =
PH2O
P
0.0152 atm
= 0.0152
1 atm
7% V Q
$ /( 5000
(1 ? C2 O( 7% (, 78- B;4
2 <6
.[(G
(2 X(,2 /(1 $ 7% A8 / 7% O( WB /(( )( 7% (s

.
! C

BT TC O( )< )#; / )8 V(

3.3.5.1
& 7
(1 )1 O( " " [(G
5TC!
K
2 ) )1
O( " G )#B T( BB,
% (<
4 7%
(% "#$ K( K(B, 1 &
( 12 )( )
3- < (*; " VL K# H2(
7(0 B;4 h*( "0T
2 " K(< .X(,G )G 4$G &# 7% X

q 2 i=b C 7% 8
< W .4 7% / /- 3 %1 [, < 7;#b
-
.)
F # /((4 )4(
( )1 (< 7% 42 T4
"#$ .)4, % )1 )C )8 ($ (
/(4 $ X(,G < 7
53
"#$ )1 )1 /C 3 )% ) )$G &# )<
2 " K(< 1
) )$G% 7% )< (B4 )4 )1 XC &
2
[(G
&# " /$! +# "#$ ( C )1 )#F ('
)1 (< 7% / B # .
"# -G 7% 3
.[10 4] 42 ) /( )< 2 )4
" " ) (G

(B 4 ) Q< ) ) 7% Q(, "#$
$
$ ) ? )C (B, , "#$
(% $ K< 7
7 0 ) 6
K 2 Q#$ .O( " ( 12 )4 )1
.Q 4 7% )#B / 4C 12
!
.4 ($ B ( 12 K# H (1E ? ) # Q#$ )? Y 7%
:)P
# 54 )# $ )4 cC
/
-
) )CB
(-;#) B;4
,

r
.B Y 7% A$( ( "#$ B "# 7$0 ( 7 F
)1 /C )B;( / :

$ 9 X
52 )(2 )1
7% )1 /C 3 & 7% .)4 ) / /0 ) /
.&#'G
r
&(4 ( LMt 2 b 7) F / V
"#$
r
:7P "#$ ( Lt 2 Yb V) a 5( m )#
54
r
r
F = ma
(23 5.1)
)# /(# (kg) ('# (g) (; )#

K Y( K%
)
( N = kg.m/s 2 )

/

.(ton)
B
( lb m )
)# /(#
2 <6 .( lbf = 32.174 lbm .ft/s 2 ) )#1 /(# ( dyne = g.cm/s2 )
.
#,
8-%
(;
,
#,
(lbf) )#1 /(# (lbm)
V V) )4(G )1 5( i#1 V 71 5( " 4 I( 34,
.( 3.72 m/s 2 2 0.38 g V2) O( "#$ B ( g = 9.81 m/s 2 = 32.174 ft/s 2
+,0 [(G & 7 Q#
(;2 +,0 O( & 7 /
\%
.A
"#$ H 7 Q#
(;2 O( "#$ +,0 (0 7 /
2 " K(<
A 7 )1 /C V .[(G "#$ A C2 O( "#$ A-
\% [(G
r
r
V) g ( B 5( m A# ( LMt 2 Yb V) W
-
)CT
:)P 7 ( Lt 2 Yb
r
r
W =mg
(24 5.1)
B
$ (F .
$0
(
5( 1 7 )1 /C
-
[(G WB
G 1
- ( B 5( 1
-
6 [(G WB "#$ (,r "

)1
$ 5( (; 6 .K4 (
2 V( <
4 / $ "#$ )6# K2 g c -( b .T#C
:7B(
kg.m 32.174 lbm.ft

s2
s2 =
gc =
1N
1 lb f
1
(25 5.1)
$ X H A2 (

6 ` 7% X(,2 & 7% g c -( b
.(&) D# 7% ) X(,G
?0 A?0
2 24j5.1 ) . ('# A# V [(G "#$ K N,

- &b ./ )# /( A# `# ,2 (,r N, .
9.81 V A-
55
:7? D%
s 2 .lbf
ft
W = mg = 1 lb m 32.174 2
= 1 lbf
s 32.174 lb m .ft
(26 5.1)
)#1 /( V )4(G )1 " 34, / )# /( A#
-
K
) V lbm )# /(# ) )
2 " K(< 7B( < 7% ./
7 )1 )# / 7 "G
. H
2
lbf )1 /(# )

#,
8-%
,
8%
- )#
- /
K( .('#

) )# /(# )#1 /(#
) .)#,
)#
- .1 V gc R ) )
G V( < 7% ?B,
< 7% g R ) ) V gc R ) )
2 " K(<
./- C
2 ( .)1 /C (1?

- )# #

\% 7B(
.)# /(# )1 /(#
# -#
gc

10.1
A# 4% 8( O( [(G "#$ )#1 /(# )

- & :
.()# /( 154) `# 70
:[(G "#$ :
m
kg.m
W = mg = ( 70 kg ) 9.81 2 = 687 2 = 687 N

s
s
1000 g
m 100 cm
W = mg = ( 70 kg )
9.81 2
s 1 m
1 kg
g.cm
= 6.87 107 dyne
2
s
1 lb f
ft
W = mg = (154 lb m ) 32.174 2
s 32.174 lb m .ft
s2
W = 6.87 107
= 154 lbf
V 4 8(

-
2 W
t .gc $ &#B (,G
2 <6
56

7%
2 7 6
2 6 )# /( 154 V A# )#1 /( 154
.)8%
:O( "#$
m
kg m
W = mg = ( 70 kg ) 3.72 2 = 260 2 = 260 N

s
s
7
= 2.60 10 dynes = 58.4 lb f
+, 71 &

$ A$( )( ) )CB & WB "#$ Q#

7% 34
potential energy (EP)
nN .&
B;4) - 34
$ )< )-
2 7B;( 2 71 C
(joule) (J) )80
[L2 Mt 2 ] ) )CB b .(T1 [
(British Thermal Unit)
)B( )(( / (calorie) (cal) /(e(M b

:) m A# ) )CB F .(BTU)
EP = m g z
(27 5.1)
) )CB Y$ F(N 7( o

$ 5( z )1 5( g
2
.K( V ? KB$

11.1
" `# 600 # )84% ) ( # DTB!

1 7 A2 [(% :
&(C 3 u[(G WB " ) () ) CB 7 .KC 545 Y( 5(
WB D% () 5( V2 % 7,( 71 # 34, O( WB
) (
uDTB!

1 7 7 ) )CB H
O(
F(N V 7( V ) (
&( & WB (b 1 7% :
:V DTB!

1 7 ) )CB .K( V ? ) )CB Y$
1m
m
5
E P = m g z = ( 600 kg ) 9.81 2 ( 545 ft )
= 9.78 10 J
s
3.28 ft
&( e$
= 2 ) )CB Q# Y$ ) (#
V O( WB D% 5(6 !
57
:z & 27j5.1 )

z=
EP
=
mg
3.28 ft
9.78 105 J
= 1440 ft
m 1 m
(600 kg ) 3.72
s2
7 ) )CB H ) (# Y$

V O( WB
$ 5(6 3C
"#$ )1 /
G [(G WB
$ 5(6
"#$2 74(G 71 7%

.[(v 7 Q#
(;2 O(
" K(< . T, " ) B;4 (absolute pressure)

K( (b % X(,G ) (;
$ 34
$ 7( B;4
2
B;4 b )# G 8 B;4 B$
K$ .K(;6 KC

.K 2 K#B KB;4 A "Bb
2
% -; B;4 2 .)#B
6 54 ) B;4
D( (relative (gauge) pressure) ()
B;4
)CT 7 B;4 H B;4 HC 2 <
.B B;4
:7 7 B;4 D#B
V B;4 + 7 B;4 = D#B B;4
(28j5.1)
(psig) / 1 "#$ .) 2 )#B 2 "#$ K2 B;4 F(N
pound in 2 absolute (psia) /

2
7% K KB;4 1 pound in 2 guage
7 B;4 70 mmHg V V H2( 7% B;4 .K#B KB;4 1
& "
! 7% 34, [(G "#$ . 830 mmHg Y( K#B KB;4
B;4 h*( "0T )1 i 4 7% . B;4 7% h(* )1 71
. 7% 8 5*- ) /( 7% )8 $ " KL
"#$
! A0 V
\% )B( /(( /0 2 1
& .(%- 12 A(B V
)B( C2 (2
O( 2 [(G
K .
/(( K KB( @8% W G ($ D06
$ )CB D% 7 (heat) .H 12 /(( 0 "#$ )CB
)( V " )$ /(( )( V
K8# D% 7 /(( )( h*(
.% $ )? 2 )< )#, )CB /- /((
.)4, /((
58
. [L2 Mt 3 ] [L2 Mt 2 ] Q& /(( Q /(( b

b .(work)
/(( )( h*( 1 ( V2
$ )CB D% "
) / B;4 I b . [L2 Mt 3 ] [L2 Mt 2 ] W& W
7% 4 ( C $ .T
K $ ] 7 ) (9 X# )#12 7B;(
G )-T Q#
C2 ) ) G 7 /
O( "#$ 2 4
4%2 .Q /( K2 Q9(
2
), %
G [(G "#$ )
)%% )#B / ) [ 7% HB; [(G "#$ Y )( )1 )8 /
"#$ T4 <
$
- &$ # " A- " VL 7% H,(2
.)1 ) 7% (('
7% ,2 4 (

"#$ 7 ($6 [ (, 0C
(1 ) & .(G & " 7%

! ( !

()4 )1
G " (%6 /( 0 HB) O( "#$ (<
)C1 # "#$
# BG
W V(0
B D );
.T 0 Q# G )#B
4.3.5.1

,\ ) (B46 )
7% (< # 2
(0
( 7%
W2 1990 $ 7% .( )B D(B
7% )<
-
-G -M$ ) )B )( 7% )0 /% (0 KC Z(C6
" ) )
) ) ( 3F 8 .(adenosine deaminase)
deoxyribonucleic ()
G + 7( V [) V [ V2
2 [(G ) (ribonucleic acid RNA (() 7( V [ 2 acid DNA
3 B 7% ) )# ) B " i (B (02 .8(
[(G &# [(2 7 )$ + [($2
B( (B46
)(B "#$
2 6 /$ ) )
2 3
.)
. )#, " )T ) /
59
(cystic fibrosis) 7 *# "4( 0 K(C (%

2 ) )#

) [(? X 390b H D
8( 7% 1 B, ( - [(
(' "#$ 7 *# "4( X ) -9(N .
8( 7% # " VL
)8( -(% h!
-T W#

- "#$ <% )80' /C
( W
4 )# ) &#N )B &( 7% ./(4 1( N V 7 )
4 2 G 7% (BN 7# # (BC

4 [( " @,N H(%
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G C 3 "0T )(B Y / $
2 6 .D0N )'
7 *# [( 7 ) )
\% ) Y '(
.H(# 4
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/ (1 2 KT$ (%
2
Y( 7%
.[( [($2 "#$ /(B
,(
8-%
(B

2 +, ) &B Q &#B
(HELIOS Gene Gun) H# -(B 3% : D8(B
K
.(electroporation) K 8( W%
Y "4( ) 7% ) 2 )$ 6 7%

(,r (0 3 B%
(,P

3 H T
K $ &#B 6
2 Q#$ ."4( 3 "

( X(,2 , V

( B2
) Y 7% .Q#1 QL (0 =#b 6 34 7% Z4 Q(, "#$ K(C

.A4( )T D8(B (1 2 7 K ( 6 &B 3 2
)86 C #$ 7 ^
$ )(B $ )(B
$ K(C K,# AB
. &1 -
#

(B
7 - 3B 7% cC
:)P
60
,-
)#, )CB ) ( )CB
( )0

:2.1
.
:
!
Bio-Rad Laboratories
/ /(0 )$(

b - (2.1 0) H# -(B 3%
)%
K( 7 n 2 )#, V2 7% (DNA & RNA)

4 )('
- "#$ B;4
% .(# 2j1 D 2 WB
T, 10j5
4) /(C

4 )#B
; 2 & eb B;4 )4, # )4 3%
. n 7% /(0
3% )% )B "

4 )#B ,!
), (linear momentum)
" !"#
. 7% / ,! ,- "#$
r
( [LMt 1 ] Yb) p 7B, ,- "Bb .)< 2 e
M b ) ( K )*
r
:m A# v A$( &(4 )<
r
r
p = mv
(29 5.1)
.
$0
( ,- )$(
2 <6

" !"# $ 12.1
)$( 3%
h(, DNA R 7#B & eb 7B, ,- & :
r
100 R "#Bb
( 2 V & eb (BC V .)$ 7% 1100i
& )%1 2 . 6 1018 g V )( )# (plasmid) -T

. 19.3 g cm3 V%
)# & .A$( A# )%( 6
K 2 #$ Q( VG 7B, ,- ! :
:/B & )%1 /( 1
61
m gold = gold Vgold = gold
3 3
r
4
3
1 cm
19.3 g 4
11
(1 m ) 4
=
= 8.09 10 g
3
cm
3
10
m
)# "#$ # & eb )# " (-T 100) -T TB )# 4N
:3%
D#B V # )#
m particle = 8.09 1011 g + 100 ( 6 1018 g ) = 8.09 1011 g
.A & eb )# )( )# TB )#

2 <6
:R 3%
D#B & eb ,- "Bb
r
1 kg 1100 i miles 1 hr 1609.34 m
r
r
11
p = mv = ( 8.09 10 g )
hr
1000 g
3600 s 1 mile
r kg.m
= 3.98 1011 i
s
2 " K(< .

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1000 g
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(laser Doppler velocimeter) V(-# (# H H .G
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1 cm
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min
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kg
s
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References
1.
2.
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National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke. The mucopolysaccharidose :
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24,2005).
Beers MH. and Berkow R., eds. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy. Whitehouse
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Alberts B., Johnson A., Lewis J., et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland
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Federal Energy Regulation Commission. http://www.ferc.gov.
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References
1.
Population Reference Bureau. Population Reference Bureau. 2004. www.prb.org.
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w 2, Pb = 2.37 107
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min
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min
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g
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202
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204
Keeton WT and Gould JL,

Biological Science, 4th ed.
New York: W.W. Norton
and Company, Inc., 1986.
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Reklaitis, Introduction to Material and Energy Balances, 1983; Felder :?
.(and Rousseau, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 2000
14.3

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mg
mg
mg
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mL
mL
mL

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213
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1.0239 g mL 1.056 g mL E 8

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:
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= 1.27 106
1.056 3 = 1267
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min
min
+ .3
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= 706
1.0239
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min
min

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216
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mg
mg
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min
min
min
min
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70
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2
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mg
mg
12.6
= 19.9
min
min
min
217

I
m& 5
,

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!

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&'
1.27 105 mg min :5

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5

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> $ +
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1.27
10
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=
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=
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124.3
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References
1. Lewis R. A compelling need. Scientist 1995, 9:12.
2. DePuy Orthopaedics I. Joint Replacement.com: Restoringths Joy of Motion.
2000.
<http://www.jointreplacement.com/xq/ASP.default/mn.local/pg.header/joint_id.5/n
ewFont.2/joint)nm.Hip/qx/default.htm>. (accessed July 15,2005).
3. Greenwald AS., Boden SD., Goldberg VM., et al. Bone-graft substitutes: Facts,
Fictions, and applications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001, 83-A Suppl 2 Pt 2:98-103.
Cooney DO. Biomedical Engineering Principles: An Introduction to Fluid, Heat,
and Mass Transport Processes. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1976
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tf
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4 -
DN
9 - 4 6 20o C
( & -<
. 37o C # F

347
6 L min *)20o C
$ &

37 o C
$ +,* -,.
6 L min *)

!
" #
.
:12.4
:+
D .1
.!B -04

P :R :' (4)

S :0 2 !B 9< E;T : (')
3
:0 6 20o C
: & -< 1
:[0 .(12.4 :3N)

- 3
*
34 : #;) DN
9 -
:aY #; BC S
- 2
:0 . 37o C
(
.2 5/ -<
: .2
:A
(4)
.
8 :

.
, : =
.< 3
3 * A

.A)B =
4 5 # ; .-
', 0 9 L -< L
. A
%
?0K = #

.
9 <N 6- -0 6-< 3 =R
348
:/ A (')

. 28.84 g mol # -< 9 9
. 0.0012 g cm3 # -< 03
3 ; . 6.7 # 37o C DN -

.(N 3 & -< 1g - (
8 0.041g 0
:A 9
A
(A)
. o C, cal, g, min, mol :A
: 6 L min : :R : :
!4 'Y :!C (I)
g 1000 cm3
g
L
= 7.2
m& 1 = V& = 6
0.0012 3
cm 1L
min
min
' .3
A= : ; 6 A=R K AT :A= (4)
:3 * 3 2B= B
dm sys
j
dt
+ E k ,i + H i ) m& j (E P , j + E k , j + H j )
m& m&
i
m& i (E P ,i
i
sys
dE
dt
:' (')
* A
% :" = F4 6
8 :

4 X
B
:9 [3 ; 6
, : = F4 63
3
:5/ 3 * 2B= B
Q& = 0
H& +
-< A= 4 3 9 A= 3 3 6:B @ 5/ (
2
:-
n&1, air n&3, air = 0

m& 2, H 2 O m& 3, H 2 O = 0
:M 2 E
: -< :R 'Y
349
n&1,air = n&3,air =
V&
M
- 0.041 g :
L 0.012 g 1000 cm3
6.0
min cm3
L
= 0.25 mol
=
g
min
28.84
mol
o
37 C -
DN -< 4 5/ (
2
E

- 3 :R ' 3 6& -< 1.0 g :3
:(4 3 :R
g H 2O
g H 2O
g H 2O
7.2
m& 3, H 2 O = 0.041
= 0.295
min
min
g air
H

20o C
H warm

37 o C
H vap

37 o C

:13.4

.
37o C

: 2
#

% ;

&K
37o C -
(') 6 37o C 5 20o C & -< (4)
:#

% :R # .(13.4 :3N)
H& = H& warm + H& Vap
:F . H
= 494 J mol 4 6.4 :0
?3;
warm
mol
J
J
H& warm = n&3, air H warm = 0.25

494
= 124
min
mol
min
o
H vap
$ 3

.7.4 :0 37 C -
$ 'Y *
:; . 577 cal g # 37o C
J
cal 4.184 J
g
H& vap = m& 3, H 2 O H vap = 0.295

577
= 712
min
g cal
min
< * 9 : 3 ;_
:

350
Q& = H& = H&
warm
J
J
J
+ H& vap = 124
+ 712
= 836
min
min
min
.4
P # . 836 J min !B -04

P :R # :' (4)
$ @

P # . 124 J min

# -
$ @

P 4 2= . 712 J min -
.-< 5 &
" L; :04
'3
N L
* !B -04 8B * @* / : $8 (')
8
.(Guyton and Hall, 2000)

&2
@
'3
6 288 k cal day 4 200 cal min 8 (

8 b3 836 J min
:R 18`16 :0
N @8 : D8 * H;
3 A)B :" 9)
" * #4 6C ')8=
3 '8 #93
" 9< C NC 5 2B @
.
C -C

9.4

XB -
X
F/ :* K?Y 6F9 :* @ 5/ (
2 :
30o C

@ 10.0 L min 9)

:R ' .F

5/ )
( ?) & .14.4 :3N
<3 : 37o C 5
6 1.0 cal (g oC) # 0 @

4 X
. 0.50 kW :R 2
.(
# :B - @ 4 6 1.0 g mL # F03 4
351

1.0

:14.4
.()
Q&
:
D .1
. 37 oC 5 30 oC @ 10.0 L min @9) :R ' (4)
F E
@ : .@ 9< 14.4 :3N
<2 : (')
.2 5/

: &Y . 10.0 L min :R
: .2
:A
(4)
L :0 A AB" 7 ; 6( 9 - A
.( 37 oC # 2 E

-

/ #4) E

.

5 C p

@ =
.0 @ 03
.
$ =
.< 8B

.
8 : 2
.< 3
3 * A
%
.A)B =
352
.
4 A 5/ = :/ A (')
:A 9
A
V (A)
.:

: T1
.- : E

: T2
. o C, cal, g, min :A
:R : 3 6 1.0 g mL # @ 03 4 X
5/ (
2 :!C (I)
!4 5 :" 1
@ 10.0 L min
:
. 10.0 kg min #

' .3
2B 7 6: A= A 4 5/ (
2 :A= (4)
: :) ) B 3 * 3
m& i m& j =
i
dm sya
dt
dETsys
& + W&
&
&
m
E
E
H
m
E
E
H
Q
(
+
+
)
(
+
+
)
+
=
i i P,i K ,i i j j P, j K , j j nonflow dt
:' (')
6
8 : 2 4 B=

4
5/ (
2
:!c : E
@ 3 =R 3
kg
m& 1 = m& 2 = 10.0
min
3 * A
4 5/ 6
8 : 2 4 5/ (
2
:)
8 * 9 :T 6< 3

*
% 4 =/ 63
* < E
: #
4 >
d "
" = .( E

: efR C (
B" # 3

::

:3
m& 1H 1 m& 2 H 2 + Q& + W&nonflow = 0

:E
: #
g O
353
m& 1H 1 = m& 1C p (T1 Tref )

m& 2 H 2 = m& 2C p (T2 Tref )
8h4 * H ref 4 2= .

Tref / I
9 * X .(
B" # F4 X
B C
:S
m& 1C p (T1 Tref ) m& 2C p (T2 Tref ) + Q& + W&nonflow = 0

:>" 8 3 6 m& 1 = m& 2 4 5/ (
2
m& 1C p (T1 T2 ) + Q& + W&nonflow = 0

5/ &Y FC ( 0.5 kW = 500 J s )
, : * /
:ST 8 X .2
10.0
kg
cal
g o
o
1.0 o 1000 (30 C 37 C)
min g C
kg
J 0.239 cal 60s
+ Q& + 500
=0
s
J
min
cal
Q& = 62800
min
.4
o
30 C @ 10.0 L min 2 5/ R8

:R :' (4)
. 63 kcal min # 37 oC 5
.) = 6
<3 @ 9) * @2 K : $8 (')
.S ' :8 * -
/ '"
.<3 4 : 4

5 A B A= 8 =0
R
B 2 5 * 2B
" "
5/ (
2 .:

A</ < =
8 : B)
.23 2
T 6

: @

0 m2 3 </ &T . T1 <

m1 3 L F4 X

' . C p 3

. T2 <

354
3 4 ( 2 Y 3 4 :R 6( m 1 + m2 ) ( 3
.2 A
<
:
:9T
(E
i
P ,i
+ E K ,i +H i ) (E P , j + E K , j +H j ) + Q +W nonflow
(5 6.4)
= ETsys,f ETsys,0
* A
4 : 4

8 : 2
:5/ 3
3
H H
i
= H = 0
(6 6.4)
:M3 m1 3 #

% '3Y
H 1 = m1C p (T1 T ref )
(7 6.4)
: m2 3 O .

Tref / I
H 2 = m 2C p (T 2 T ref )
(8 6.4)
:( m1 + m2 ) 3 #

% 3
H 3 = (m1 + m 2 )C p (T 3 T ref )
(9 6.4)
4 X
. 3

#

% T3 H 3 / I
3
% 3 6"C 3 L # 3

:#

H = H 1 + H 2 H 3 = 0
(10 6.4)
:5/ H; :9T
m1 T1 + m 2 T 2 = (m1 + m 2 )T 3
(11 6.4)
: T3

3 <
T3 =
m1 T1 + m 2 T 2
m1 + m 2
(12 6.4)
2 5/ 3

( (3
T3 3 4 (
!
.12`6.4 11`6.4 8

A
: ' .<3 D (
( 25 oC )

- 100 g D :K 6:0 : 5
355
- 110 g 2 3 3 .-/ ( 4 oC )

N - 10 g D

S9

3 4 (
! . 23 oC F

# #;
3 @</
34 A;

5/ '
*4 3 4 6"C

.2
- + )
- "- -! , ( 7.4
+
; :" 6
3 3
3 * A
% 3 6< A= X
:8 D* 4 PB
A
3 4
A; 3 )
( 0

8
2 .2 3 * @3
= 6
8 .
3 2
B " :9 3 6;_ .3
3 * A
% 0 3
:" 3 * 2B (17`3.4)
(10`3.4)
(1 7.4)
&
&
m& i (E P ,i + E K ,i + H i ) m& j (E P , j + E K , j + H j ) + Q + W nonflow = 0

i
(2 7.4)
m
i
(E P ,i + E K ,i + H i ) m j (E P , j + E K , j + H j ) + Q +W nonflow = 0
j
:/ I
E P = g h
(3 7.4)
1
E K = v 2
2
(4 7.4)
.
v 6
_ 5/ PB
= h 680 P
A0 g
4 4

A
% ' #

A
% :" =
:5/ 2`7.4 1`7.4 :9T 63 A)B :" = 62

m&
i
(E P ,i + E K ,i ) m& j (E P , j + E K , j ) + Q& + W&nonflow = 0

j
356
(5 7.4)
m
i
(E P ,i + E K ,i ) m j (E P , j + E K , j ) + Q +W nonflow = 0
(6 7.4)
. : @ (4

6
3 E
: 03 4 A
% A3 4 6(
3 : 3 ;/
:" @ X
B .2`7.4 1`7.4 (- M E
3
: * A
%
(7 7.4)
m&
i
P
P
(E P ,i + E K ,i + i ) m& j (E P , j + E K , j + j ) + Q& + W&nonflow = 0
i
j
j
(8 7.4)
(E
i
P ,i
+ E K ,i +
Pj
Pi
) (E P , j + E K , j + ) + Q +W nonflow = 0
i
j
j

10.4
H; 9 .-
<3 5/ L
- *
<3 A :V :
: A0= 4 #
@B ?;T N A
8 A
A 3 .(
03 :*4 3 (
34 A
3 34 0)
C
A=)N 5 4

<4 #
4 5 5 4
<3
#;
< -C #;W 4 3 <4 A H; '0 4 4
, .-
<3
. F 5
E
. 1.0 m s

<3 *
(
< 4 X

- ;7 6(

8 0 m s 5 F
XB
3
5 >B 6
3 *
8 6 9 m # !4
; 3 6 2.8 m3 s :R
_ FB
4 : *N &" >" :Y) i(
2
.(

R8Y .
<3
8 4 = 190 kW =/ ?Y = 6 H;
.H 3 #; 2C 4 0C *
8 5/ <VT B *

> = 'C j
[3 i
<3 H;

357
. 100 # K

v 1 = 1.0 m s

V&1 = 2.8 m3 s
h = 9m

v2 =0

:15.4
.
:R 1.0 m s

* 2 - : :
15.4 :3N .
: 2 - E
. 2.8 m3 s #
= <* 4 6L3= <4
8 2 4 X
B .2
(:) * ' .2
#

:8 :" = F4 6
R
.
5/ / 6- 3
3 * A
% (
2 3
:# : 3 :R
3
m& 1 = 2.8
m3
cm g 1kg
kg
= 2800
100
1 3
s
m cm 1000g
s
:5/ 5`7.4 :9T 6K O

A
= 5 -Q
m& 1 ( E P ,1 + E K ,1 ) m& 2 ( E P , 2 + E K , 2 ) + W& nonflow = 0
:3 80 *

% #
m
m
E P ,1 E P , 2 = g (h1 h2 ) = 9.81 2 (9.0 m 0) = 88.3 2

s
s
:3
*
% # .
B" #
PB
= 4
* 4 2=
2
358
1
E K ,1 E K , 2 = (v12 v22 ) =
2
1 m
m2
1.0 0 = 0.5 2
2
s
s
.

:!" # $% m& 1 = m& 2
. () '

$ %&
! "#

&')( + &# . ) /- * +! &,
: /& 0 190 kW
=
190 kW
(100) = 76%
248 kW
"# 89: .3 4 $ 56 72 + 123 0
123 "# ;< &, / - %=-6 + 4(-: 1! 4&
! + % 8) 7 > . "# "! 7 +9#
7 72 -# &# ;6 52 ! + 4( - 3 "($
.3 "# >( ? 3
? - 190 kW @AB - / + 76 ; +, )'3
D7 + 5
! +E . 248 kW C
./- % 5
! + /
(Bernoulli) + ! 4F7.4
2 ! (92 ) 7
-
8) !B + (b9F11.6 !) 6 )2 + D !G
:4 2 (39 $) $ - ) /
(9 7.4)
P P
m& (E P , i E P , j ) + m& (E K , i E K , j ) + m& i j + W&shaft f& = 0
i j
359
7F7.4 ! ! L&, 8) .4 2 ! +,
f&
# K
.( ) M $ 7 '

$ 2) -( . %
! ?7 + & +3 06 > # - P ! , O
N )

"($ D)7 !G + ! . + + E( - /'
Q6 $ + / R3 / 3 - + D7
+ # 5- - 4& "# 89: .9' / -
4 ;G U
S 4 T .7
+ &3E + ! + . ( ( - / D
+ D7
+
2 ! U 2 V
D W T6 @! (7F7.4 !) (3 + % - )
+ % )
2 ! ! .-'-
+ % !G + ! !
+
7 "($ ? 0 >
.7
.>2 06 "($ )( E 4( + ! !
& " # $ % 8.4

/ %'$2 ? $2 @ %'$2 %& 0 D$# ;<
"# 6 %'$2 +2 .(3
+ % "#
8Y!: .%6 - X D6 ? G %'$2 + D6
5S7 .$2 D %'$2 %6( / /- + 2
.- / Z 5 $2 D "# D)3 6# D

$"%& "#

!
."% "+ #& " (
, -+ *( ' ()

1.8.4
, H r $2( ; V (heat of reaction) *& .
9 D 6 $ $2 - ) (7 D + ; V
@ + !6 4(-B " $2 * 7 %'$2 - $2 G
360
= %=S: + (standard heat of reaction) H ro "( *& . .D6
9 D 6 $ @ %'$2 $ $2 D +, 6
$2 D H r $2 D "!B .D$ 1 atm 25o C , ! !6
.+ Q "($ D$ H o !
r
1! 9 D 6 $ +/ $2 "# %'$2 T93
@( ; V 2 H r ;
V ; .@
:%'$2
H r = (n p H p ) (n r H r )
p
(1 8.4)
% $ D9 Q) >$ 6 $2 + P % $ , n # K
"# p P .Q6( +$ ; V , H (
+ D6
U + Q "($ 0B / %'$2 "#
.$2 "# r @
Q "($ +$ ; V % "($ ; [ %! 1F8.4 !
.(
0( .D( DP D( ) - "($ / %'$2 8)
4( %'$2 (endothermic)
D
(exothermic)
$2 ? .@ D
D # ; .%'$2 =' 4( @ ?
.7 $2 D D( P $2 + \ D( DP
.7 6 $2 D D( ] $2 4(- V3
.(! @ %'$2 06 ! $2 D 0
= $2 +
. c C D( ( g C =( s C 0()( l C /( =
:/ ;&
a A(l ) + b B(l ) p P(l ) + q Q(l )
(2-8.4)
$2 ^_ .$2 +, a, b, p, q 6 Q P '$2 B A # K

"($ W'' 3 )2 T6) = $2 ! + 0X = $ , 0X
$2 B
b A
a 1 .($2 %'$2( 7$ P
361
+ $2 D ! 0B .Q

q P
p '
$2
+
:+[ 2F8.4 = $2 )3 /
H r (l ) = (n p H p ) (n r H r ) = pH P + qH Q aH A bH B (3 8.4)
p
7 . a $2 _ "($ 7 H r (l ) 7 A $2 D ;
.@ $2 ; $2 D 0 - P
F8.4 ! + .@ %'$2 "($ $2 D ! 7 !
+ Q $2 &# ./ + D6 @ %'$2 T6 2
:;=
a A(l ) + b B(l ) p P(l ) + q Q(g )
(4 8.4)
. 2F8.4 4F8.4 ! + ; V
! & .
Q7 "($ ! ! )3 , ; V
; . H r (l ) C 2F8.4 ! + $2 D "!B .$2 D $2
:+[ $2 $2 D
4aA(l ) + 4bB(l ) 4 pP(l ) + 4qQ(l )
(5 8.4)
$ * 0 &, . 4H r (l ) ; 2F8.4 ! + $2 !

.% T 7 = $2 + P %
.+/- %'$2 $ * ! $2 D 6 T9

! (Hess)

&# `Q,A 7 7 . &'( )*+ +# ),#$
% " #$

;! ; V U V3 %'$2 ; 6 0 ! +()* $2
Q
` ,A !: .V3* %'$2( %( ; 6 0 ; $2(
; V 0 . T , +$ ; V * ) 7
-( $ 9 D 6 $ ($2
$ +$
($2 5
2.8.4 T7 @!: . 9 ; V( V3 % 0 ;9
D 6 $ ($2
3.8.4 T7 @! ! 9 D 6 $
.!
362

2.8.4
# . D D ! ! $2 D 0
+, 0X (standard heat of formation H o ) )

f
9 D 6 $ 0X 7 +$ ; V
.( H of "!: .> S )! (D$ 1 atm 25o C ) !6
.(N
N 2 ; ) ! + >($ 7 )! ! 0X $2
C(s) N 2 (g) O 2 (g) +, / %'$2 + !/P )! %S
.2) ! + , )! L&- ! D ; . H 2 (g)
:[ !( 7 CO(NH 2 ) 2 , (*
1
C(s) + 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g) + N 2 (g) CO(NH 2 ) 2 (s)
2
(6 8.4)
2 ! D ; 1F8.4 ! + ! 7 !
$

%
CO(NH 2 ) 2 @(
+$
;
V
.2) ; )! 4( ! D . (C, H 2 , O 2 , N 2 ) %'$2(
, 7.R ( + "! $2 5G CO(NH ) C H o
f
2 2

.D( P $2 H of 0 . 533 kJ mol ;
12 &, 5 Q "($ 0 $2
. $2
W9 $2 % X ! D ! $2 D 0B
:5,
H ro = ( p H fo , p ) ( r H fo ,r )
p
(7 8.4)
D +, H of %'$2 r @ p $2 _ , # K

! D ;9 7 L&, W .!
.@ $2
363
:9 $2 ! X&

a A(l ) + b B(l ) p P(l ) + q Q(l )
(8 8.4)
.$2 +, a, b, p, q 6 , Q P '$2 , B A # K

:2(3 ! * % X( ! % $2 D , 0B
H ro = ( p H fo , p ) ( r H fo ,r )
p
= p H fo ,p + q H fo ,Q aH fo ,A b H fo ,b
(9 8.4)
% 6 %6 .8.R 7.R 7( + ! % O/
Felder RM and ) / - 0 + % X !

Rousseau RW, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes,2000; Perry
.(RH and Green D, Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 6th ed., 1984.
.% Q7 ! % X 1! D Q
-.(
#$
11.4 "
.?93 % ( T "# DS6 D V=!B :)/
+ +/9 0 %9! S .1* "($ D 5- +/9 0
:+/9 0( ! $2 D 0 .6 =( "# ?
6 CO 2 ( g ) + 6 H 2O(l ) C6 H12O6 ( s ) + 6 O 2 ( g )
%'$2( ! % ! ! $2 D 0B :
:@
H ro = ( p H fo , p ) ( r H fo ,r )
p
= 1H fo ,C6 H12O6 + 6H fo ,O2 6H fo ,CO2 6H fo ,H2O

.2(3 Q6a % "($ 8.R 7.R 7( 4.4 6 ;
kJ
kJ
kJ
kJ
H ro = 1 1274
+ 6(0) 6 394
6 286
= 2810
mol
mol
mol
mol
364
"# 6 >* Q &, D( ) +/9 0 ($ &
.(! & ?9
.
:4.4
(kJ/mol) H of

394
CO 2 ( g )

-286
H 2 O(l )
-1274
C 6 H12 O 6 ( s )

O 2 ( g )

+, (standard heat of combustion H co )

#
6* D 7 +$ ; V
+ 12: .(D$ 1 atm 25o C ) !6 9 D 6 $ @ %'$2
CO 2 ( g ) "# G $2 + ! D b6: 57
% N 2 ( g ) "# G 6 H 2O(l ) "# G 6-
. "($ ($ + P % X ; . SO 2 ( g ) "# G
% 6* 6- 6 )$ G + % X
@ O 2 ( g ) C ! % . D 5 - %
.2) ; SO 2 ( g ) N 2 ( g ) H 2O(l ) CO 2 ( g ) V3*
: C8 H10O 2 N 4 / , (*
C8 H10 O 2 N 4 (s ) +
19
O 2 ( g ) 8 CO 2 ( g ) + 5 H 2 O(l ) + 2 N 2 ( g )
2
(10 8.4)
; V 2 ! D ; 1F8.4 ! 7 W
% .(/) $2 (6 ? +) @( +$
.2) ; 6 = / ? + = !
+, 9.R ( + "! $2 5G C H O N H o
8
P $2 H
o
c
10
"#

. 4247 kJ mol ;
$2 "# / > T93 "($ 0 $2

.D(
. 6* $2 _ 06 &, 5
365
+ H ro ! $2 D 0 ! D 5 !
7 3M +, (! L&, .' ( @ %'$2 9 + %'$2
:Q
` ,A
H ro = ( r H co,r ) ( p H co, p )
r
(11 8.4)
@ )3 ; V 5 c D $2 D 0
K % $2 D 0 $ 8(3 &, .%'$2( + 4(
.@ )3 4( %'$2 )3 ; V 5 c
D 57 6 .! D 5 "($ 9.R 7.R 7( ;
Lide DR, CRC ) / - 0 + % X !
Handbook of chemistry and Physics,2002; Felder RM and Rousseau RW,
Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes,2000; Perry RH and Green D,
Perry's Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 6th ed., 1984; Doran PM,
.(Bioprocess Engineering Principles, 1995.

12.4
; 0 % % .% ? % +, * 1* :
+* 1 =X2 .* 1* Q 1! d 56 +
+- 5=d (glycine) ( +* 1 "# (serine)
"#
C3H 7 O3 N
G
.(serene hydroxymethyl-transferase)

:+[ CH 2O - C 2 H 5O 2 N (
C3H 7 O3 N(c) C 2 H 5O 2 N(c) + CH 2O( g )

&- ! $2 D 0 .$2 &, + ( ) ( 6
.=X2 $2
:! D ! $2 D 0B :
H o = ( H o ) ( H o )
r
c ,r
c,p
H ro = H co,C3H7O3 N H co,C2 H5O2 N H co,CH2O
366
.
:5.4
H c0 ( kJ mol)
F1448
F973
F571

C3 H 7 O3 N(c)
C 2 H 5 O 2 N(c) (
CH 2 O(g) -
:! $2 D 0B 5.4 6 + D! 57 !

H ro = 1448
kJ
kJ
kJ
kJ
973
571
= 96
mol
mol
mol
mol
) $2 6 - "#

.96 kJ/mol ! $2 D ;
%'$2 .- DP D( ) %'$2 '
%=d S- .D(
(adenosine triphosphate ATP) =A* %2 +' D( )
) "# (adenosine diphosphate ADP) =A* %2 + O )
H o C D) 57 9 %=d D=X2 %'$2 5
! 8) .3M /
r
.(3.8.4T7
)
6 $ $2 $2 T 7 D %'$2 $
D "! - " $2 ) (D$ 1 atm 25o C ) ! 9 D
:)
$ H r $2
H r = H ro =
ns
H ro
s
(12 8.4)
$2 _ s +

+ T9 ;& s Q6 % $ , ns # K
+ %! %&
]3 + .! $2 D +, H o s Q6(
r
: H& r

-63 -(3
n&
H& r = H& ro = s H ro
(13 8.4)
s
H r C 7 # .

+ Q6( + G! , n&s # K
T6 % , R $2 G! X& .0( 3 Q6 $ (7 H&
r
367
57 8) .(8.3 T7

) ($2
+ % X Q6*

13F8.4 12F8.4 ! %!9: 7 .-2 2) L&- H& r H r C
% + ) %'$2 D$ %& 5
"($ -! > # $2 - )
.>2
( "# ( % 10 +
12.4 T6
: H r $2 D 0B . 1 atm 25o C $ -
H r =
ns
10 mol
kJ
H ro =
96
= 960 kJ
s
1 mol
(14 8.4)
! ,' -9 - 6 + 5

]3 +
"# - $2 ) $2 T %'$2 7 "($ ;
.3.8.4 T7 W9 +- -

3.8.4
( 1 atm 25o C $ ; ) ! 8
9 D$ %'$2 )
$ .(d D 6) - 07 37o C D 6 $ 0(* + )
25o C $ ; V % "($ % 6 ;
D 6 $ ! D + H r $2 D 0 6 06 & . 1 atm
.9# % ?6# ! 9
%3 T6 + % W6 ;
+$ ; V X&
:+9
H = H k
(15 8.4)
"($ D3 06 .+9 + D3 5 , k # K
+ . D 6 9 + ! 8
$ / '
$2
/ 06 ! D %6 $ / %'$2 - ) + 5
]3
% T , ; V "#
./ Q6 D$
.( +(!2 +9 $ +( ; V
368
a A +b B
T oC
B A

B A
p P +q Q
T oC
H r (T )

H1
a A +b B
T oC
H3
H 2 = H r0

p P +q Q
T oC
B A Q P

B A Q P

.

:16.4
:Q P 6 B A X + $2 + V3 D

a A(l ) + b B(l ) p P(l ) + q Q(l )
(16 8.4)
D 0 .! T D 6 $ ) $2 &, [ 1
+ , $2( +9 ! T 6 $ H r (T ) $2
%'$2 S \3 +, +9 + "* D3 .16.4 P
0 &/ 25o C $ $2 ) +, D3 . 25o C "# T oC 6
D ! D % H ro ! $2 D
0: . T oC " 25o C X3 %6 G D3 + .!
?=6 ! T D 6 $ D ! 7 ; V
:+9
H r (T ) = H 1 + H 2 + H 3
(17 8.4)

H ro H 2 D + , H 3 H1 # K
+ /
H 3 H1 0B . 25o C
V ! 7 %! %! .2.5.4 T7 + ,P
. H& (T ) ;
r
.! 9 D 6 $ ) $2 +9 ?P# 06
8
7 , D$ H1 ; "* D3 + ; V
9 ) ! > "# 92 > ;!
3 atm '
369

! H1
.( 1 atm
)*# % +, %
&' ."# $ %
3 .1

'
2 -/ 1

' -/ $ 0&
$
:1
' ' 4
5# 0 14&
!
H = m s C P ,s (T ) dT
s
T2
T1
H = n s C P ,s (T ) dT
s
T2
T1
(18 8.4)
:6
(19 8.4)
1
1' 5; C p (T ) s 8,4 < && ; ns s 8,4 1%9 5; ms 7

;&, 0
6& 5 0 14& 5; T1 0 14& 1' 9 6 9
5
9 1 0
! > .0
;&, 5=, 5 0 14& 5; T2
.
! ?% @4> 0 14& 5#
! @A
8,4

! C
" 9
1

' 0 14& 0 14& -$ &" B'
1&,= "
5# . 0 &" 1," 1%= 6 0
9 9 6 1 0
0& (1" 1E, 5# H 3 H1 6) 1 0
! 9 1

&, H
,
.1 14 =, 0& 9 =, F9G 1
0 1," 0& 0
!H 1 0
! 9 =, " 6 37o C 14&
9 7
1

1
*

9
J, A 5 $ ?3 ,K
I,6
2 .
&
1 5# .=, 0 F9G 1 B2 1 0
!
5# 0
!H
! 7& C& 0

!H 0& 0 9 C
J,L
.(12.4 K /,) 1
*
J4
9
H .B
" !A 1%" 1&' 1A, !A &, 0 9
3 .( 1 atm ) I, " 6 4 !A &, 1

1&,= "
C/' 5# $
.!A
! 1
A# 9 3; 5# ME,> <

13.4
C4 5# (< 6) 8, N,K6 ( C6 H12O6 ) J9%! 0 :
370
:8, +, $ 1

O 1&' -H . ,L
C6 H12 O6 (s ) + 6 O 2 ( g ) 6 CO 2 ( g ) + 6 H 2 O(l )
6 % 0#
49 < 1 J9
%! B& <
B 6 )#
.6.4 &4 5# 0&4 1%H 3 1
1' C
.9

.
:6.4
C p [J (mol o C)]

C 6 H12 O 6 ( s )
O 2 ( g )

CO 2 ( g )

H 2 O(l )
225.9
29.3
36.47
75.4
B PE,, 3 1

' 37o C 5 ,L C4 0 14&
:
(2) 25o C 37o C $ &
(1) :1
O A
.B
A#
17.4 9E =/
. 37o C 25o C +, 1*#& (3) +,
9 H
.-H
C6 H12O6 , 6O 2
37 o C
6CO 2 , 6 H 2O
H r (T )
37 o C

H1
C 6 H12 O 6 , O 2
H3
CO 2 , H 2 O
C6 H12O6 , 6O 2
25 o C
H2= H

0
r
p6CO
P +2q, 6QH 2O
T25o oCC

.
:17.4
:19Q8.4 1&' 1 0

! ',
H = n s C P ,s (T ) dT = n sC P ,s (T 2 T1 )
s
T2
T1
371
:
1

J
o
o
H 1 = 1mol 225.9
(25 C 37 C)
o
mol C
o
o
+6 mol 29.3
(25 C 37 C) = 4820 J
o
mol C
:
3 %
!$
! "#
J
o
o
H 3 = 6 mol 36.47
(37 C 25 C)
o
mol C
o
o
+6 mol 75.4
(37 C 25 C) = 8050 J
o
mol C
( ) * ( +! ,( - ./0 &

'(
.3 , (
:9.3 '( 2 ,2 '( (
H ro =
1 mol
kJ
ns o nC 6 H12 O 6 o
H r =
H c , C 6 H12 O 6 =
2805
= 2805 kJ
1
mol
s
C 6 H12 O 6
:,7! ./0 ( * ( & 2 ,$4$ 5 6

H r (37o C) = H1 + H ro + H 3 = 4.82 kJ 2805 kJ 8.05 kJ = 2800 kJ

37o C !/
9
( . ./0 ( &-8
H r - H ro
&$ < H 3 H1
4
&
7( . 2800 kJ ;
,+> H 3 H1 5+7 , ( ( =)
& 7( . H ro &;
.+>? , 2 ,; +;
.. @( ./0 ./0 .$ 9 , ! 54/0 5! ' .$
12D8.4 ,2 #- . H r (T ) * (
?
>
-C ';( 6 -8 A! B
.1 54/0 . + ! .)(
./0 ( * ( 52
./0 ( @2E (
.F ! .)( +
5( ,2
:,<
372
H ro =
f s ns o
H r
s
(20 8.4)
C s (./0 J+ E H! , ! ) s H! ! .)( C f s

8 G(
H o ,7! , 9 s H! 5 / C n s H! ./0 .L$
r
) @2 ' 52 9 .2

( 6; B @/ .,2 ./0 ( C
:,F42 ( M( .2
H& ro =
f s n&s o
H r
s
(21 8.4)
D8.4 20D8.4
2
.,7! s H! ' .2 C n&s
8 G(
: ./0 ! .)(
#- .; 4
& /0 s H!
!/
(< 21
n i , s n j ,s
fs =
(22 8.4)
n i ,s
:
fs =
n&i ,s n& j ,s
n&i ,s
(23 8.4)
.3 .
j i
8 G(
:
2 ( , !/ .N .<( - ./0 7!
1 A(l ) + 3 B(l ) 1 P(l ) + 2 Q(l )
(24 8.4)
& ./0 A
. 100
O .
! C Q P
4/0 C B A
8 G(
./0 (
O .Q
. 200 P
. 100
B
. 300 9
.$ 9 , ! 5
B A
@8 &7! .100 kJ/mol H o ,2
r
) (

! B A )(
? . @( ./0
./0
P .((

!
(
& H ro * ( 12D8.4 ,2 .2
D8.4 ,2 @2 ./0 H ro ( M( ) * (
:B A
! 24
A:
H ro =
f s n s o 1.0 (100 mol)

kJ
100
H r =
= 10 000 kJ
s
mol
1
373
(25 8.4)
B:
H ro =
f s n s o 1.0 (300 mol)

kJ
100
H r =
= 10 000 kJ
s
mol
3
(26 8.4)
.

H ro
@8 &7!
P

& 50
B
. 150 9 5/0 F A
. 100

P O
,2 @2 ./0 &;
2 ( , !/ Q
. 100
Q 8 .24D8.4
. A
,N
& 50 J!C ./0 Q ( C B ./0 ,Q
A ; ,( S-C .100 kJ/mol H ro ,2 ./0 (

R2
:P +! . ! .)(
- ./0 .$ 9
! B
A: fA =
B: f B =
n i ,A n j ,A
n i ,A
n i ,B n j ,B
n i ,B
100 mol 50 mol

= 0.5
100 mol
150 mol 0 mol

= 1.0
150 mol
(27 8.4)
(28 8.4)
* ( !F % A 0! C ./0

/ 6! H ro ( M( )
8
:B H! 6 A H! @/
A:
H ro =
f s n s o 0.5(100 mol)
kJ
100
H r =
= 5000 kJ
s
mol
1
(29 8.4)
B:
H ro =
f s n s o 1.0 (150 mol)

kJ
100
H r =
= 5000 kJ
s
mol
3
(30 8.4)
R<! ,( S-C ./0

/ 6! ( M( )
7(
R<! ,!$ ,( T! ;
2 -C .,; ,( ) ,F
.@ ,( T! ;
@( ./0 ./0 .$ * ! * ! 54/0
!/
; .2 @8 S! * -N!( ., ( ( 5) * ( * .
2 T! 54/0 5 .2 , .2 5 ,

,((<
.19D8.4 18D8.4
374

14.4
:H0! %!$ 37o C !/ ./0 ( * ( M 13.4 .$ .2 :
C6 H12 O6 (s ) + 6 O 2 ( g ) 6 CO 2 ( g ) + 6 H 2 O(l )
. 0.2
./0

5 9
&(
&
O
.6.4 . 2 ,< 5- ,( 52 6F ../0 RF 2 @;

: ! .)(
& * (! ./0 . 6/ @8 &7! :
f C 6 H12 O 6 =
ni , C 6 H12 O 6 n j , C 6 H12 O 6
ni , C 6 H12 O 6
1 mol 0.2 mol

= 0.8
1 mol
.R ./0 .2 * ( * ./0 %!$ H! .

J+ E 5 / * (
:! * ( ! .2
R=
ni , s f s (1mol)(0.8)
=
= 0.8 mol
s
(1)
:./0 2 ;
;

n j ,O2 = n i ,O2 + O2 R = 9 mol + ( 6) 0.8 mol = 4.2 mol
3 %

!$
.
. 4.8 ./0 ,<(

.,7!
C 6 H 12 O 6 , 9 O 2
H r
at 37 o C

C 6 H 12 O 6 , O 2
o
at 25 C
H 3
H 1
C 6 H 12 O 6 , 9 O 2
CO 2 , H 2 O, C 6 H 12 O 6 , O 2
H 2 = H ro

at 37 o C
CO 2 , H 2 O, C 6 H 12 O 6 , O 2
CO 2 , H 2 O, C 6 H 12 O 6 , O 2
o
at 25 C

:18.4

.
!
B .(18.4 .>) 13.4 .$ .2 !
.2 ! .
3 37o C @( 25o C
"# E
* 54/0 ON
375
: 198.4

H = n s C P ,s (T ) dT = (n sC P ,s (T 2 T1 )) = (T 2 T1 ) n sC P ,s
s
T2
T1
(
) '
# $ %& !
"
:
+

, 1
# %& *
J
J
H 1 = (25o C 37oC) 1 mol 225.9

+ 9 mol 29.3
= 5.88 kJ
o
o
mol C
mol C

. %!/) ! # 3
# %& * (
)
:(
+

,) ,2 %3
(0
J
J
H 3 = (37o C 25oC) 4.8 mol 36.47

+ 4.8 mol 75.4
o
o
mol C
mol C
J
J
+ 0.2 mol 225.9

+ 4.2 mol 29.3
= 8.46 kJ
o
o
mol C
mol C
:9.5 4, %& +

, 4 ! ' H 2
H ro =
f s ns o f C6H12O6 nC6H12O6 o
0.8 (1 mol)
H r =
H c ,C6H12O6 =
(2805 kJ) = 2244 kJ
s
1
C6H12O6
:7 89/
# ;)
H r (37o C) = H 1 + H ro + H 3 = 5.88 kJ 2244 kJ + 8.46 kJ = 2240 kJ
< . 2240 kJ *
37o C !2 +

,, %>+ 4 ? $2 '7<=
$2 A& '@

" 73&
. 2800 kJ *
+

,, $ 4 9 H r .
!2 *.) $ 4 ? %& ! $@. ( f C6 H12O6 = 0.8 !2 *.) %>+ 4 ?
H r D< !
. H ro 7 / C. H 3 H1 . 7). B? .( f C 6 H12 O 6 = 1.0
.
H ro
376
'& . 9.4

!E
F,2 *

B! H r $2 8.4 3 %& !,
',2
B! 2 * (
%& %, F,2 3
.,2
3
B! G# %&
.,2 ;B! F,2 , @ B! 4
173.4 $+#H '
! @ %& & $C ? %
:F= 103.4 ,)
m H m
i
m& H m&
i
H j + Q +W nonflow = 0
(1 9.4)
H j + Q& + W&nonflow = 0
(2 9.4)
$I
. * (
JI K '92 & $C % ;B! G# %&
:@9 * (

H r = m i H i m j H j
(3 9.4)
H& r = m& i H i m& j H j
(4 9.4)
F %2
! * (
, , 3 & F= !! ( #.
< .5 #
$# 3 4
$ D<
'29.4
19.4
:%L $M 29.4
19.4
H r + Q +W nonflow = 0
H& r + Q& + W&nonflow = 0
(5 9.4)
(6 9.4)

$2 ! '
2 !) . H& r
H r 3,
.

% 4> !!N 7,2
.,2 ;B!, H& r
H r 8.4 3 %& !,
D, ',2 ;B! %& %2
! * (
8.4 3 %& "!.
.69.4
59.4 %& <> %

15.4
*< 11.4 $/ %& J
C
D< 7 / 32. $2
" %>
) :
377
: .
+

,P F= E

> 0

. %!/ ! & <#O
6 CO 2 ( g ) + 6 H 2O(l ) C6 H12O 6 ( s ) + 6 O 2 ( g )
0%) $2 %& $ H
.;,B
0%) :,C! ,2 %>
) JO
Q. %& % 0M %&

$&

, !
= R 0
) !

&
%/9/ :@ %S
N
<"
.(thylakoid membrane of chloroplast)$&

,
%>!/ ! !
!
&
(adenosine triphosphate ATP) +
!T
&
J)H
.(nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH) (
!

II %& $
I %& $

!

" #
: .

:19.4
Keeton WT and Gould JL, Biological Science, 4th ed., New York: WW
Norton, 1986

(adenosine diphosphate ADP) +
!
& %!/ F=
& 2

*< ';,B $2 %&
.NADPH U
NADP+ U
. VK
'ATP U
U
& 2
+A @ I '$&

, Q ) R ! %& $C
NADPH U 2= *.) NADPH U O

(ADP F= ATP U $
*.) ATP
% 0M F= ;,B $2 NADP+ U
ADP U K ;/ .(NADP+ F=
.(19.4 $M)
378
.+

, %&
4, ,B 92 %& E @ $
" 3 @ I <= .12 NADPH
18 ATP +

, 0*+ , '?
7 =
3 $ 3

" 'ATP U
2
+= 30.5 kJ/mol
WNADP+ F= NADPH U
$
O
!

@ = *.) %>
) $2 0!/. I ? ! . X &
+

,P 0*+ 5!= 2 ! @
<
'3& !
Y R $ H
.( 1 atm
25o C ) J
B !2 $C $2 . X & .(,
;2
. 3 %&
B! . X & !!. '
B! ! ! 2 <= :
C $
. ?
! @ A& '
B! D
:
B! , @ B!
m H m
i
H j + Q +W nonflow = 0
%& S
I 2 X
!! <
'%>
) 0!/.
B! %& $2 $C
:59.4 F,2 $C! 39.4
H r + Q +W nonflow = 0
:ZC [<" $+#H ' $ ? ! . !) & F= 7 B!
H r +W nonflow = 0
! %>
) 0!/. +

, 5!Y $2 . 11.4 $/ <
(0

. %!/) ,2,
$ 2810 kJ/mol

0*+ C# H ro .

&. 2 $ ! .(
+

,) !
. 4.66 1021 kJ *
& B !2 +

,
.
ATP U
& 2
+= 2 ;!
B! %& @ K
P
3 ! 4& @ $ = <= '4& P 9
7 2 'NADPH U
+=
+

,
:7 /9/ 92 ) ( #. 3 %& )
\
!
" $ . F= 7 B!
.( H r %& NADPH U .
'ATP U

+

,P 0*+ 5!Y 18 ADP F= 18 ATP $
+! $ !! '@
:(30.5 kJ *.) ATP
$
$
%& @ $
379

kJ
1mol
22
W ATP = 30.5
(18 molecules ) =9.1210 kJ
23
mol 6.0210 Molecules
NADP+ 0*+ 12 F= NADPH 0*+ 12 $

B!, FK *< $ K
:NADPH U G# #^

ATP U G# ] F= 4& P $ $C
H r +W nonflow = H r +W ATP +W NADPH = 0

W NADPH = H r W ATP = 4.661021kJ 9.121022 kJ
= 3.751021kJ
6.021023 molecules
1
kJ
W NADPH = 3.751021kJ
=188
mol
mol
12 molecules
_ K
NADP+ U F= NADPH U $

'ADP U F= ATP U $
$
G $2 N ,2 <"
B!, &
@
.@, 7 E 9
7 2
.+

, RT!K *< ,
' [<" %& .
B! 0 B
, 3
92 %& # .
F= $# $> , *< D< .
B! 5 # 0 # * (

# 7` 7). ) .
B! 2 * (
< .
B!
2= '* (
%& #, ; Y %&
.!
:%L 69.4
H& r H& v + Q& + W&nonflow = 0
(7 9.4)
: = $ K
# $I
" H& v = 8
H& v = m& H v
(8 9.4)
:
.
H& v = n& H v
(8 9.4)
.?

. , Q . F,2 2
! # %" H v = 8

16.4
(citric
, X
" )
%& I
% X . :
7B& C
; F= J)K
.%>
Q! %& ;
"
'( C6 H8O7 ) acid)
380
! $

, X RS!K 2!C %&
.!
!
: 30o C !2 $
$2 %& (Aspergillus niger)

C6 H12 O6 (s ) + a NH 3 ( g ) + b O 2 ( g ) c CH1.79 N 0.2 O0.5 (s )
+ d CO 2 ( g ) + e H 2 O(l ) + f C6 H8O7 (s )

, X != *

. RQ = 0.45 $2 <" %& Q! ! *

4 ?
. CH1.79 N 0.2 O0.5 U ,# , FH
.0.7 +

, $
D9
.7.4 $
%& %> $2 %& M C#
!
4& $I *

'2 %& a, 20 +

, 4& $I *
'$# %&
$
*

.2 %& a, 7.5 4& $I *

'2 %& a, 0.4

B! F= 2
. @ @ F= %! ,# J)K
.0.91 +

,, % !
3) , E@ .$2 2 ;! *< 0 bMK2 #
.
, 15 " 3

.(Doran PM, Bioprocess Engineering Principles, 1995.
.
:7.4
H co (kJ mol)

2805
C6 H12 O6 (s )
382.6
NH3 ( g )

CH1.79 N 0.2 O0.5 (s )
552
C6 H8 O7 (s )

1962
:
.1
.

()
.(20.4 #
)
!"

:
()
$, .2
:) & (.)
381
.5+ 0!Y

.,

. 30o C !2 / *
$2
.7 J $2 F= $#
. 3 %&
B!
W&nonflow

!"#
.
:20.4
.
! @ %& /
:&)= ! ()
o
.(5.5 4,) 2430.7 kJ kg *

30 C !2 H v 0 #
:

+

()
382
.kg, kJ, hr, mol :

.7 . (2 %& a, 20) +

, 4& $I $ :Q (8)
kg
20
m& in,C6 H12O6
mol
hr
n&in,C6 H12O6 =
=
=111
M C6 H12O6
hr
g 1kg
180
mol 1000 g
:O G! %& F :$2 (5)
C6 H12 O6 (s ) + a NH 3 ( g ) + b O 2 ( g ) c CH1.79 N 0.2 O0.5 (s )
+ d CO 2 ( g ) + e H 2 O(l ) + f C6 H8O7 (s )
:$2 !+
$. C! !+

6 + c + d + 6 f = 0
:

a + 0.2 c = 0
:
!
12 3 a + 1.79 c + 2 e + 8 f = 0
:

6 2 b + 0.50 c + 2 d + e + 7 f = 0
d
0.45 =
b
0.70 = f
:
:RQ Q! !
:!Y
$ .$" #
? Q# !
'7,2
, f . F= 7 B!
: ;@ ' #^ R! *.

. 9
a = 0.196
b = 1.82
c = 0.979
d = 0.821
e = 2.62
:!+

C6 H12 O6 (s ) + 0.196 NH 3 ( g ) + 1.82 O 2 ( g ) 0.979 CH1.79 N 0.2O0.5 (s )

+ 0.821CO 2 ( g ) + 2.62 H 2 O(l ) + 0.7 C6 H8O7 (s )
.3
,) C $ ! ' %"
4& ?I . F= 7 B! :?
(.)
:@ B!

sys
dE
i m& i (E P ,i + E K ,i + H i ) j m& j (E P , j + E K , j + H j ) + Q& + W&nonflow = dtT
383
: ()
%&
?
.; ` J< ! <
' 3 %&
B!
$+#H '<>! . c# / ."
J<H <
'
! @
:79.4 F= ,) @ B!
H& r H& v + Q& + W&nonflow = 0
! < '
B! += $I
" L !,2
Q& = H& r + H& v W&nonflow
: $.
$2 118.4 ?

7
. $ ! ' H& r

:7.4 $
%& 4 $
H ro = ( r H co,r ) ( p H co, p )
r
= (1) H
o
c ,C6 H12 O6
+ (0.196) H co,NH3 (0.979) H co,CH1.79O0.50 N0.20
(0.7) H co,C6 H8O7

kJ
kJ
= (1) 2805
+(0.196) 382.6
mol
mol
kJ
kJ
(0.979) 552
(0.7) 1962
mol
mol
kJ
= 966
mol
*
CO 2
H 2 O 4 ? %!
O 2 U 4 ? . <
D, $! < .$2 ! 3 ,

=
.7 C
X
30o C !2 H& r * (
$I !
Y
: \
)
C
+

,
f C H O n&C H O
f n&
H& r (30o C) H& ro = s s H ro = 6 12 6 6 12 6 H ro
s
C6 H12O6
mol
0.91111
kJ
kJ
hr
=
966
= 97 600
mol
hr
1
%& 0
$I F= ' H& r # $I 5!

384
F= !

$# .! # 0+ 3 ! ;/ '$2
:+

, $ $2 $I ! < 'X>& &
$2
mol
n&in,C6H12O6 f C6 H12O6 111 hr (0.91)
mol
R=
=
=101
hr
C6 H12O6
( 1)
:0, %
5!Y $ L ! $2 $ $
mol
mol
n&out,H2O = n&in,H2O + H2O R = 0 + (2.62)101
= 265
hr
hr
:R! 0 bMK2 #
1
1
mol
kJ
g kg
H& v = n&out, H2O H v = 265
2430.7 18
10
10
hr
kg mol 1000 g
kJ
= 1160
hr
:
, 15 %" %! ,# $# 2

. @ =
kJ 3600 s
kJ
W&nonflow = 15 kW=15
=54 000
s hr
hr
: Q& $I *

Q& = H& r + H v W&nonflow

kJ
kJ
kJ
kJ
+1160 54 000 = 150 000
hr
hr
hr
hr
3& . B? .
B! 5 # . F= M <"
' Q& @
= 97 600
.$2 ! 3 C 0 c# 2 ;! @

! .4
F,2 B, 150 000 kJ/hr $I $2 += :
(.)
. 30o C !2 $2
*. ' (
, X 5!Y *.) %> $2,
H& r = :4c3 ()
,# $9#
B! F= J)H @ /
' , M! $2 =
+Y
) /
. % < '4 , %!
385
%! ,# ,# @ dT ! $

3

.
B!
. ! $2
(! 10.4
:
,) , @ B! % <
m&
i
(E P ,i + E K ,i + H i ) m& j (E P , j + E K , j + H j ) + Q&
j
sys
dE
+ W&nonflow = T
dt
m
i
(1 10.4)
(E P ,i + E K ,i + H i ) m j (E P , j + E K , j + H j )
j
+Q +W nonflow = ETsys,f ETsys,0
(2 10.4)
%& ' @ = .

B! %& , @ ! $N/
.
I ?
' E ;B!
.$> $ 8 E ;B!, ) & 2 <" %& X !
', @ B! ,) C, CC# %O %&
=
/ . X ! . C %& M ) & )
!. ?=
m& + $ '< . ! %, 4& $I 7
5 #

B! %& 7
$#

B! 2
! @ . X K ' . m& j
m& i + $

B! . ) [<" 2 ;!
'5+
B! . X !

e .,
'$/ $ F,2
.5 # %& % D,

$/
/
';"? \
)
E, ' ;B! %&
.T j *

B!
.+ I . '
B!
.
B! %& > 92

$
C ;2 ( # ) &? )
' .), !

?. %2
! * (

2
! ,# @
( C p ) $ . < ./

B!
. X K
;+9 H %2
! * (
*
$ ) / ) !2
386
( C v ) / ; !2 $ *

.(175.4 ) >&
: U 2
! ,# @ * $ )
T2
U = C v (T ) dT
(3 10.4)
T1
!
./ ; !2 !/ %" T 2
F
%" T1 = 8
:U 2
! ,# @ ZC ' C *. '/ C (T )

v
U = C v (T T ref )
(4 10.4)
. %" T ref

';"? \
)
%" T = 8
7 & %" U 2
! ,# @ . B?
T !2 2
! ,# @ 9
.0 *
!. X ! % !2 2
! ,# @ F= !
:F= 110.4 $+#H ') &? [<" $
sys
dE
m& H i m& H j + Q& + W&nonflow = T
dt
(5 10.4)
$ $# * (

5 # * (
4 I
:

. 92

;2 3&

& i = mC
& p (T i T ref )
mH
& j = mC
& p (T j T ref ) = mC
& p (T T ref )
mH
(6 10.4)
(7 10.4)
:
< .5 #

B! $ %" T = 8
& i mH
& j = mC
& p (T i T )
mH
(8 10.4)
(410.4 ) 2

! ,# @ ) $C ,# @ 2 X

:
B! %& , @, %!+ 4M RH! ' m sys
B! %&

,
dETsys dU sys d
dT
=
= (m sysC v (T T ref )) = m sysC v
dt
dt
dt
dt
(9 10.4)
.(/ ! C *

T ref 4M) + / C v
m sys
!2 D<
387
? )
B! 2 , @ $
* (
4 & 2 X

:RH! (910.4
810.4
510.4
dT
& p (T i T ) + Q& + W&nonflow = m sysC v
(10 10.4)
mC
dt
%& T '7<= .+, 1010.4 %& T . B?
'%>? J B &

.;"? \
)
!+ )
B!
. [<" ,
:%"
B!,
mC p (T i T ) + Q +W nonflow = m sysC v (T f T 0 )
(11 10.4)
' >9

B! $ .
B!
2
3! , %" m = 8
.7
2 ' mC p (T i T ) '
B!
% @ 3

' C v = C p R '+ %&
. C p = C v
',C ;
$>
%&
7.5
3.51.5 49 %& .%/ + /
" R = 8
.8.5

17.4
F= 9
7 2 J)K 9#
9.4 $/ %& ; # ,2 %& B! :
;
F,2 %& *
02
. X & .(21.4 $M)
B!
B %&
. 70 kcal min $I ; >& t = 0 B, %& . # .
' 30o C !2

B! 2 4& 30o C a, ; . '# $M
%&
02
%& '; +9 . 10.0 L min $I ! 5 #
. 37o C F= $C '5 #
388
2
10
10
37o C

30o C

Q&
.(
)
:21.4
:
.1
o
. 37 C F= ; $
C
+9 (.)
! 5 #
+ F= ; $# .; # + 21.4 $M :# ()
.
B! F= J)H
'3@ %& M2 $I
$, .2
:) & (.)
.5+ 02

. 1.0 cal (g o C) *
! $ @
/ "
' C p = C v
389
.4& P $2
?
. 1.0 g cm3 *

/ ; &/
.$2
.

. c#
?
.$ %& \)
.
! @ %&
?
.&)= !
? ()
:

+

()
.$# $/ / :T1
.+ $#
5 # $/ E :T 2
. L, min, cal ,kg ,o C :

4& $ $ !! < ' 1.0 g cm3 *
; &/ . !) & :Q (8)
. 10.0 kg min Q F,2 $
C, 10.0 L min *
$# %& ;
.3
B! ? $ ! < '
4& ?I %" : (.)
:@
,, ,)
m& i m& j =
i
dm sys
dt
sys
dE
i m& i (E P ,i + E K ,i + H i ) j m& j (E P , j + E K , j + H j ) + Q& + W&nonflow = dtT
: ()
, , !
B!
'
%& 92

;2 !) &

5 #
$# %& ; , 4& ?I
. 3 %&

:Q

m& 1 = m& 2 = m& = 10.0
390
kg
min
; , F3 < '7/ F3 02

$# ;
' 3 %&
B! ,
. 1.0 kg !2 / + $#
! @ 1010.4 3 P %& @ !+
4E!
.7
+
'
B! %& $2 / Q
' ?
FK 4& P $ ;! 2 ;! %&)Y $+#?
:U +
& p (T 1 T ) + Q& = mC v
mC
10.0
dT
dt
kg 1000 g
cal
cal
o
1.0 o (30 C T) +70 000

min 1kg g C
min
1000 g
cal dT
=1.0 kg
1.0 o
1kg g C dt
370
kcal
kcal
kcal dT
10 T
= 1 o
o
min
min C
C dt
) F %>? J B $ ! ' 37o C F= $

C
, +9
T F,2 $
C, 3 $!
( t = 0 B, %& 30o C *

:+, C

dT
37o C
o
30 C
370
kcal
o
C
kcal
kcal
10 T
min
min o C
= dt
0
kcal
o
C ln 370 kcal 10 T kcal
kcal
min
min o C
10
min o C
1
37o C
30o C
=t
? < . ln(0) ? ! $ ?

3 . !. P .
) 37o C F= $C . + )
; . 2 7,2 .(8.4 $
) 37o C 3& 7 @
.
3@ $@. $9# 37o C 7 @ ZC
391

:8.4
( o C )

36.0
36.5
36.9
36.95
36.995
36.9995
36.9999995
36.999999999
36.9999999999
(min)
0.195
0.264
0.425
0.494
0.724
0.955
1.645
2.267
2.497
! .4
!. P . 37o C F= $C % >!? F= ; 5 :
(.)
.
3@ $9# 37o C 7 @ ; ZC 7,2
$ !
.
< $3 4@ 0 = 7 C :4c3 ()
$3 37o C F 30o C ;
# +9 .
a, ; I
+ !
B! . F= 7 B!
.
3@ 2 7 /
. 37o C F # $
. F= 5 J
!A& ' 30o C

B! %& @ B! 4 #^ $/
" !Y ; %& 93 ? =
&
; 9# %& > 92 & \

" 93 ?
.
$I ? 93 ? $I 2 2 IK
.

, @

basal

.> 92 0!/. E
B3 0!/. ; %& @ $ H *< $I

" (metabolic rate BMR)
.
7 I3 (/
!

<) Q!
, % 93 ? $I 22.4 $M B
; *

.(;, 7B! $/ <") ; Z ,
,
B!) 2; 1.8
! (72 30 [ 2
, 150 ,
; 170
) *2 G#M
2 %&
, 67 *
% 93 ? $ . %! <"
.(2.8 4,
.;
%&
, 1600
!
.
\
! *O ;3 ,
. %& 9
7 7
Q! %)3 7 ! !. P
392
93 ? $I

.@ '

Q!

,# M! P 'M!
%& J CH % @ ;@ X 9.4 $

'$C % M! F,2 %
.M! X

( )

:22.4 "

:
.
Guyton AC and Hall
JE, Textbook of Medical
Physiology, Philadelphia:
Saunders,2000.

()

.*) 70 !" # $ %"& % '($ :9.4
)
(

65
77

100

105

118

!
140
"# $% & %
200
( %
'+ * 4.16) ' '(
500

570
( %
'+ * 8.48) -
650
( %
'+ * 8.48)
.! '(
1100
/! !&0
Guyton AC and Hall JE, Textbook of Medical Physiology, Philadelphia: 1 2!

Saunders,2000
393
.** $ +, -/0 12 :10.4

(kcal g) H r

4.1
4
!3*
9.3
13!
4.5
4
Guyton AC and :1 2!

*
Hall JE, Textbook of Medical
Saunders,2000

18.4

150 170 19
:
+) 35 *!
&
'() # $!% . 1730 kcal day
!"
*!
.(#223.4 0) /
-0 +) 320 , - +) 71 ,
!
./
! - /
-0 5! /6 10.4 4
+

;%<
=
!
&! > - ,'(9 (- 8 '7 :1
?4 /

!6 @!
8
> D &% 20 8B C!6
+4 A
# $!% :2
,4 &% +- AF! *D5 6! > # $!% .+
6 8
% &E !"
&! !0 - . D &% 100 ! '50 <6
- 8B >
6! #
?
&%
;!0
&% & '#

4 '*% ( !
'*% D
# $!% :3
( # $!% . ! 6 4 8 G56 4 6 H < ( .'*5
6 4
- .6 IA! 8 >
) /6<# J4% /!
# $!% ?% &E !" ! 6
! A
4
. 0.86 kcal (kg o C) !
6 4
394

:23.4

.

:
:&-
0 > G56
*5! 9
< :1
sys
dE
i E&T ,i j E&T , j + Q& + W& = dtT
( ,4 &
!6 K;! <6
" L
6 G (- 6 -
B 8 B
/% &E !" &% %< > *!! .! 6 &% ;# $!5
6) &!" /% (
+ O5! '# > /%)
M4
N
!AF!% , E&T ,BMR P /5 (- 0 =4 , J (- &% .(
+ !" '# D*
:8B
E&
T ,i
E&T , j = 0
j
E&T , food E&T , BMR E&T , other = 0

- E&T ,BMR ,'(9 * G 8B > A - E&T ,food B L
6
&% G ;%<! &! > - E&T ,other ,!" &% %< >
R# &% > S!6 8 '7 G 8B A > 6Q
.
!
6 E
:( -
! /
-0) '(9
E&T , food = m& carb H r , carb + m& fat H r , fat + m& prot H r , prot
395
= 320
g
kcal
g
kcal
4.1
+71
9.3
day
g
day
g
+53
g
kcal
kcal
4.5
= 2210
day
g
day
0
( > 6 . 2210 kcal day &% %!
0 > !

*5! > G56
!!
,4 A @! %<
#

:;

$T
kcal
kcal
kcal
E&T , other = E&T , food E&T , BMR = 2210
1730
= 480
day
day
day
. 480 kcal day

!
6 U V%! > B #
8 D &% 20 P
! > @<
+
!
, G (- &% :2
6 AW < # X%!
) G &% 4
" .&E !"
# $!%
5 ( .4 > ; ,
0
!0
9!! .(223.4 0)
:
!Y
*5! > G56 !
9! G
sys
dE
E&T ,in E&T ,out = T
dt

1.2

:23.4

.

'(9 * G 8B A >

X5 4 &% > 0!

&% 6 .SAE > @< 4# &E !" A ; ;4A
396
K;! 8B +G .'(9 X

+

6
0 2210 (AJ! G # 1 6
0
,&E !" &% ;%<
&! K! D &% 20 !
%*B >

: G > CA 6
kcal
kcal
E&T ,out = 1.2E&T , BMR = 1.2 1730
= 2080
day
day
: G &% > 0!

,+(B
dETsys
kcal
kcal
kcal
= E&T , in E&T , out = 2210
2080
= 130
day
day
day
dt
AQ
(- > # $!5Q
, 130 kcal day G &% > 0!
0
, D &% 100 ! - 8B >
6! # $!% . - 0 8
:
!0

kcal
g
day
=14
kcal
day
9.3
g
130
.; &%
!0
0.9 !!0 ! , (-

: 23.4

.!"
.(/223.4 0) '*5 &%

'# # !
"
# $!5 :3
CA! # &E !" &% 4 ;%<
&! > 0
" ,
D*5 !( Z!
!" 6! 6 4
@ ( 46 B (B ,
6 D
8B
:&!Y0
0 > G56 [<! ,!
) 6 (- &% .4 VA! &E
397
sys
dE
E&T , BMR = T
dt
:;!6 4 ]
9! ! G > &% ]
9! # 9210.4 \0(!
dETsys
dT
= mC v
dt
dt
&% > 0! - &E !" . C p = C v , < 6 &%
: G
sys
T
dE
dt
1730
dT
dt
1 kg
kcal 1 day
kcal dT
0.86
= 150 lb m
day 24 hr
kg o C dt
2.2 lb m
72.1
72.1
= E&T , BMR = mC p
2hr
0
72.1
kcal
kcal dT
= 58.6 o
hr
C dt
kcal
dt =
hr
T
37o C
58.6
kcal
dT
o
C
kcal
kcal
(2 hr 0) = (58.6 T 2170 o C) o
hr
C
T = 39.5o C = 103o F
. 39.5o C
D*5 ( Z!
! '*5 D 4 6 4 [<!

06 0 /> /5
! /*! &!
E >
-5 <5 (- &% !
6 ;* 6 &% > > .6 S!6 8B %*B ,
A

<A 8 G56" X
!
5
0
.+*
# X%! X%!
)
S!6 #
A > ! (- )
<
5
0 ,
]!
0 >
.6
0
!> &% G6 /]
9! = ,! 6 /( 6!5 G
<!
;5< 6 S!6 /]
9! 6
5
0 > ./]
9! K! ,
06
398
+G IA! D 6 > ./5! 9* 6 4 /]

9! !
6 /" !
5
0
6! > ,+
A# .6 S!6 &% /]
9! 8B =*A!
.
9! G &% /
9!
! G &% 0!! # 0

0 > # 11.4 4 V0^Q

&! 4 G .
) # O! # G 6
M4
N
+# ;5< !0 (- &%
0 > > . 4# SAE <5 IA!
.(6 <5)
0
0
> &% (5 <5)
D;0 > &% G >
X! ,+<6 G56" /" 8 < !0 (- !- # 8B +G
&!H L
6 SAE ;
-5 4 .K

! =
*
0 8B
Kyle BG, ) SA# !0 &% & K

! > free energy 6! >
Chemical and Process Thermodynamics, 3d ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1999; engel YA and Boles MA, Thermodynamics: An
.(Engineering Approach, 3d ed., Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1998.
.

:11.4

% #$ "
+
!

&' ()

&'
*
.
References
1.
2.
3.
Zubay G. Biochemistry, 2d ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co, 1988.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heat Illnesses and Death. July 23, 2003.
<www.cdc.gov/communication/tips/heat.htm>. (accessed January 6, 2005).
Bromley LA, Desaussure VA, Clipp JC, and Wright JS. Heat capacities of sea water
solutions at salinities of 1 to 12% and temperatures of 2 to 80C. J Chem Eng Data 1967,
12:202-6.
399
/0
4
! 0 # ;*
. 6 4
!
XD 1.4
,
15 &% (4Q4)
_ < / T M /
;;5 /4 '; 6
. `! 8B 37 =4
4 # $!% ._< 8
6 /4 +
4 +\ $!%
8F! ;# ,
> &% _< / ! (- &% 6
. o X 4
/4 T o F
/
;;5 6 4 ! > CA! (#)
.T o X
_ <
. 1.87 J (g o F) ! 4 6 4

6 # $!% ()
? J (g o X) P 4 6 4
6 : > ,+# ;5< ,
6 8F! (/)
J
C p o = 1.85 + 0.000234 T o F
g F
&F! o X P 6 4 !!
6 CA!
&% b a
!

T6 ,SA# / . J (g X) P
6
o
:
!Y
J
C p o = a + bT o X
g X
o
98.6 F
6 6 ,(/) '4 &% K4 6< \
!! &0 (L)
?K!6 &!4
! &% S9 - .
!4
! >
! 0 !

A > /0 (B . 2.4 atm
X 9* 8B
40E
/*Aa# 2.4
, %
4 6 8B 5700 J mol ! 310 K

?;5
4 6 K! 8B +
40U & 6 S!6 +!
1.0 8B +!
2.5
6 &% 9 46 I\! L
6 O0 8B @
*a# 3.4
(B G 8B ;!%*B 8B C!6! &! 6 - . ! 6 4
400
# & 9 # $!% ?

4 9* +!
2.5 8B 46 B &% /)
. 1.0 atm
&D!" 9*
b > 4.4
8Q
H
% 0! .B
! _! 8B A
! KV05
&0
B ; /
!Q
./> K! 6 4 8 G56

<! 4
( , 37o C
/
H
D!"
0 \Q
5 B # ,
6 4 5
&%

! .+
0
E K;! 8!6
K!Q
/
!
- ,O0
) <6
( 5! ,1:10 `! B
! _! 8B A
!
: > =!
8E !
dC A
= kC A
dt
t ,A
!
0! - C A ,( k = 0.01 s 1 ) 5! / - k B L
6
. .
E D &% 99 K;!" 6 (#)
.(#) &% 6 '# 4b! B
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Biochemistry 1992, 31:10610-15.
.

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DY +< C5'9 $ 0 ! 1

E .$
$ 0 & 9
. F9 = -
!* K9

+H A X A - < 5
.

<

< JD
.
, &
@ - ,H + & .
V- 17H C& .@
7 & "
F9 9 Q
+H
"
F9 1< 5
.9 @
%7M
F9 :7 %7M
.$A N9 &
, & @ 7 9 $ 7
& 9 $U749 F7 ,HA ' $A ! 7M
& K9) 7 9 $ -4 ' ! 7 < & . ,
.7 9 $ !
?D , $ !D .3.5 ! & , & =7 *
=
$ , $ %>7 !- . ,
.@

1.3.5
:2\4.2 9 ' X 6
F7M
(1 3.5)
.$ -H + M & $A 9 $A =>
:-H $A & q 7 q + 9 $
437

()
:4.5
.
+ ,k
q + , j + q + ,gen q + ,cons = q +sys,f q +sys,0
:9 (2 3.5)
q , j + q ,gen q ,cons = q sys,f q sys,0
:7 (3 3.5)
,k
5 ! , +< 7

9 #
,k
< O
, 9D 7

9 #
, j
C*
=b79
`
, & Z 7

9 # q ,gen =b79
` 5 !
# q sys,f , & 7 7
9 # q ,cons
# q sys,0 ' & , & 9 9
7
+< j k > .' & , & 9 7
9
& $>H ! - %>7 !- .?D !D
. [ tI ] 7 & 4
. ,

X6 . $A" + M & $A ' H (- =>
:@
q& W 1 56 i ! , +<
q&
+ ,k
q&
k
q&+ , j + q&+ ,gen q&+ ,cons
dq +sys
=
dt
:9 (4 3.5)
q&, j + q& ,gen q& ,cons
dq sys
=
dt
:7 (5 3.5)
,k
438
! , +< ( 5

) 7
9 !" #
q&
,k
< O
9D ( 5
) 7
9 !" #
q&
, j
=b79
` 5
& 7
9 !" # q& ,gen =b79
` 5 ! ,
dq sys dt , & 7
9 %>7 !" # q& ,cons ,
56 &

& . , & 9
7 = !" #
3- => E 1I @ => ! & !" 12 3" 4
,H4 6 K $>H H- %>7 5" < . %>7
, & 7
9 & &[ Q( = Q / 4 . q& '
+< 9 * @ 9 = Q . = !"
7 & 4

.27 ! ! &A 3, !* JD
$
. [ I]
, & , & F7 $A ' (- =>
! H ' F .-H
:A A
q&
tf
t0
+, k
dt
tf
t0
q&
j
tf
tf
t0
t0
q&+ ,consdt =
q&
tf
t0
, k
tf
+, j
tf
t0
dt
tf
t0
q&
q& ,consdt =
tf
t0
t0
dq +sys
dt
dt
, j
dt + q&+ ,gendt
dt +
tf
t0
dq sys
dt
dt
:9 (6 3.5)

q& ,gendt
:7
(7 3.5)
& 4

.A , &# t f A , &# t 0 < O
.[tI] 7

2.3.5
& 7 1 @ 9 2 q - 3" M
: ,
439
q = q+ q
(8 3.5)
:- [ H 9 Z 6#
q q
k
+ q gen q cons = q fsys q 0sys
:- (9 3.5)
i k i j + q&gen q&cons =
k
dq sys
dt
:- (10 3.5)
,`>M = . & , & ,H Q7 -D &# - <

7H %7
/ 7
9
& - ( A 6 .
! "#$ %
.$ ? ' C
Q ,
H , & . ,H ,H 1 & !"2
+ 5
K9) G6# ' ."(
& K9
.* + , &
A< .%>7
K9
@ !H
%H
@ K9e 1 +
+ 5
7 9 $ ' $A .
3- ,HA ! 7 6 * - ,
A< %>7
.-
< 6< 9\3.5 &< 7 - %>7
< = Z
- ! 9 7 , & Z 7 9 $
F 9
:@H- , & Z
q gen = q + ,gen q ,gen = 0
(11 3.5)
! 9 7 , & 7 7 9 $

F 9
:@
@H- , & 7 -
q cons = q + ,cons q ,cons = 0
(12 3.5)
:- 9\3.5 V- %6 + Cf
440
q q
k
= q fsys q 0sys
:- (13 3.5)
& + 13\3.5 ] .?D ! !* j !D ! !* k < O
.
'(
!" I 6 .@
,H - !" I ,H - <
+ 17H C& .7 $ !" 5 7 , & 9 $
:7 9 $ %>7 &g"
q&gen = q&+ ,gen q& ,gen = 0
(14 3.5)
q&cons = q&+ ,cons q&,cons = 0
(15 3.5)
:- ,HA H V- 6
ik i j =
k
dq sys
dt
(16 3.5)
:- ,HA V-
tf
t0
i k dt
k
tf
t0
i j dt =
j
tf
t0
dq sys
dt
dt
(17 3.5)

+< @, . !"
# + D) ! 7M
D $ H + - I %7M
X A -
. , 9D

4.5
!H . P
* K
3 M .V- K & N 7( !
' $A J9 6 4 -H & . &
' / 7 N 6# & . ' ,H
I + M & $ $
+< @, .
!7 3- 6# ! & ! 7M A ' 9 (-
.# 6
! D $A" ?D !D $ !* .4.5 ! & , & ,
441
?D , +< !D . 9 D , +< $

, & X . ,
# ! =4
. DY P +< %7
. ,
& >7 # ' FX
$A" > ' H (- . ,
: &#
d
&
& +
&
&
in
out
gen
cons =
dt
(1 4.5)
sys
dE
k E& E ,k j E& E , j + G&elec W&elec = dtE
b79
` ! , +< D !" #
(2 4.5)
E&
E ,k
< O
b79
` ! , 9D !" #
E&
E,j
%>7 !" #
W&
elec
, & !" #
G&
elec
. , & = !" # dE Esys dt , &
4 # L2 Mt 3 # 4 .?D !D + A j k >
.17H
7A
!4) ! + , ?D , +< !D
!" 3" 4 .(&7( & 9 F 6#
) %6 F !- 12 E& E
:[ (- 2\4.5 6 (4\2.5
i k v k i jv j + G&elec W&elec =
k
dE Esys
dt
(3 4.5)
. ' H (- &# G6#

.JD
+< (- ! # %>7 K -
+< !/ & %6 *
$'9 * Z
/ @D V- + C D7 . # DY !* .
442
! " @ @Z H / . +< !" H
. +<
!/ '9 &# $9 K & ! 7M & 9 '
K) HD 7 9 ' 32 . +<
9 7 &- J< N . & @ (>
@ *
X 1 9 K & F E & JD) N 9
K . & +< Z 5T . &
.$ H K +B74 '9 7 6#
.>
@ *
+< @
%7M

! @
. +< !/
>
@ * & %
& ! + # +<
. = & - &# (resistance)
= !"
Q( &[ !" = Q / 4
!* < $ = h 9 5 . , &
.27 ! !9
& 3,
$H*
$ 7 3 M < $'9 & 'D
& & ! &
'D .(inductor) N (capacitor)
A
@ & =, & .&7( ! & 'D

& 'D $ P 9 E E , & 5 7
$'9 G6# i ' * . E E ,L N E E ,C $H*
.8.5 N & H,
, , & >7 # F7
: ' (- ! 7M ' -H
i v
tf
t0
tf
t0
W&elecdt =
443
dt
tf
t0
tf
t0
i v
j
dE Esys
dt
dt
dt +
tf
t0
G&
dt
elec
(4 4.5)
G6# 4 .A , &# t f A , &# t 0 < O
. L2 Mt 2 #

!" 5.5
6< .$ ! & - ,H H (- $ =#

:+< 16\3.5 $'MD 7 & , $
i i
k
=0
:-
(1 5.5)
3 M .?D $ +< j ! !D $ +< k ! < O
+< $ N9 P 9
+ ] 56 3 1\5.5
& 5
& $ = A . % ( & $ P 9 5 7
F9
- $ + 3 6
.!
& &# (node) ! , 3" M 3
* $'9 @
- .*

- &
+< D $ M . N $H* $ $ %>7)
P 9 5 7 .?D ( & % M & !D

JD
$ .@H- 9D +< D $ N9 59
!"
& A
@ 7 $A *
@ 3 Q 4 . # $
.- $ !
$ *>* " *

- *>* & & 1
* .(
\5.5 !) ?D &g7 !D %7 " >
@ * j6MD .*

! 7
& 7 & = 1 6# . !D # ( 7
& P 9 5 7
F9 .(F\5.5 !) +< P"H 5 C
U&g" P 9 5 7 @ ( i A ) !D %7 ( i C i B ) ?D &g7
.( m& D ) !D & !" ( m& F m& E ) ?D 5 &
444
: 5.5

.

:5.5

:6.5

% ! "#$
.
& '(
!"

' 3.5 % &
! 7 . & - %>7

, 6.5 ! , :(
. & 3- ?D7A 3
.(%>7) 5
) ) - & & , :%)
:SM 3 . i 4 i 3 ?D i 2 i 1 !D
i i
k
=0
i1 + i 2 i 3 i 4 = 0
.7 ?D 5

9 !D 5`
,A
&77 !- !- .@H

@77 :HD - !-
+ - $
g 6I &* - 3 ! ) - 3 !- -
- .&[ - # 1< F#6
% 56 I 1
*>* 7.5 ! , .@ @77 - I & -
@77 - %>7) + 3 < .@77 - %>7
.7.5 ! & i 1 = i 2 = i 3 6 .%>7) N9 & 7H &#
+<
445
! "#$ )#) :7.5

.%$$
.% ! "#$ )#) :8.5
B
A
N"9 =* - +< F#6

"'9 I @H !- & - &
- 4 3 2 %>7) I 8.5 ! & .JD

P & *
.1 ! D[ 7 !- *>* %>7) G6# >
@
,A .@H
& P"H
+< @H - %>7) + 3
& i 1 = i 2 + i 3 + i 4 8.5 ! & & .@H %>7) !- &
4 3 2 P H & $ < 5
.B & i 2 + i 3 + i 4 = i 5 A
$ *>* P H & 5 7 P"H 6< .5 1 7 & !
.1 %7 & 1 O* P H % & 1

.@
#- 7 3- - !- +< <
. P
9 + (open circuit)
5
(4 ! 9H U79
` . 9 K !* $7 C9< & H $ ! 7M
. 7 (closed circuit) & N7
G6# . n 3 +
n + $ 6<
=, 3" M $ ! & .@D 7 n 1 * n W
$A R & .@
, JD)
A< ! =,
% + , $ 6I .- 9 !D
%7 &
9.5 ! . , ?D !D $ '
9
.X A
@ *
*) . 7 $> + 5 $ K '9
N-M
$"74 $'9 HD P ) =- & 9
7 $> &# [
. 0 K $

446

.,-
& / *+ :9.5
.

4.5
& .C B A O>* %>7
7 (
\10.5 ! , :!"
i 4 = 16 i 3 > . i 1 = 6.0 A, i 2 = 2.5 A, i 7 = 1.0 A : $

. 9 $ N9 $#9 / . G6# & X
FM (F\10.5 !) - 9 2 A
@
, 3" M :!
G9
E .7 5 2 1 %>7e (3 ) - ,HA H
6 V- .B ?D
@ RH 6 3 E 5 %7 &
:F \10.5 !
i1 + i 2 i 5 i 7 = 0
E .(? O $\10.5 !) O>* ! 3 &
5
! @ @#9 RH 6 E 6 4 7 & &`#9
.C ?D 6 %7

A ?D 4 %7
RH
:SM 3
i1 + i 2 i 3 i 4 = 0
:A
i4 + i6 i5 = 0
:B
i3 i6 i7 = 0
:C
447

:10.5

! " # $ % &! $ :10.5
A
$ &! $ :'10.5
B
& *+ :
10.5
C
& *+ :10.5
$A O>*
A< .$A N
5
$A O>* [ @6<
O>* $A ?D7M
5
"
) @D 7
.$D)
i 4 = 16 i 3 > i 2 i 1 A ! 7
: i 3 F7
i 1 + i 2 i 3 i 4 = 6.0 A+2.5 A i 3 16 i 3 = 0
448
17 i 3 = 8.5 A
i 3 = 0.5 A
: i 4 = 16 i 3 > i 4 F7 i 3 F7
i 4 = 16 i 3 = 8.0 A
?D 1< 5
V- 4 %7 & G 56 1#9
& 6# 9 i 4 < <
9 K G9A & 4 %7
>
@ -
.B +< A
. i 4 = 8.0 A
@ 9 ) C !Z [

i 5 ) 9 B
& ( i 6 ) @ A
& = R .@7 C # & 3 ! 7 .( i 6
:!#9 F7 @7 #7
i 3 i 6 i 7 = 0.5 A i 6 1.0 A = 0
i 6 = 0.5 A
?D 1< 5
G @HD 6 %7 1 6 7 i 6 <
.C +* (%>7

) - 7 ( S 56 4.5 !* 6MD :
!9
P 4 %7
E 7H ,
\11.5 ! , .(C
$#9 / . i 1 = 6.0 A, i 2 = 2.5 A, i 7 = 1.0 A : [ $ . H
. 9 $
449
.
:11.5
B A ! "# : 11.5

.

& 5
A 6 B A H & PA 3 :
/ F\11.5 ! . 9 E 4 %7 2 $ .4 %7
.( 6#
. 3 ! ! =7 4.5 !* &
.7 !* & # & 9 $ 7H $#9A @
# RH
i1 + i 2 i 3 = 0
:A
i6 i5 = 0
:B
i3 i6 i7 = 0
:C
:SM A & $ R
i 1 + i 2 i 3 = 6.0 A+2.5 A i 3 = 0
i 3 = 8.5 A
:SM C & i 3 R
i 3 i 6 i 7 = 8.5 A i 6 1.0 A = 0
i 6 = 7.5 A
7H G9A
F9 6 @77 A - 6 5 7
.B ?D 5 %7 & i 5 = i 6 = 7.5 A 5
450

6.5
.@ $ $#9 $/4 & 12.5 ! & & , :
. 9 $ N9 F7 %6 3 >
@ 7 $A 77 F
@ @ 7 ?DM $'9 &# * N *>* G6# & 9
N $ P 9 5 7 .(6.5 N ,) H , N
:
[
$

.$
7

A .%>7) %7 & !#

. i R = 4 A, i 5 = 6 A, i 3 = 4 A, i 1 = 4 A
Nilsson JW and Riedel : 7) 7 N O D ' & !- 9
.(SA, Electric Circuits, 2001
.
:12.5
:D C B A + 3 "4 :
i 2 + i 5 i1 i 4 = 0
:A
i1 i 2 i 3 + i P + iQ = 0
:B
i 3 + i 4 + i R iQ = 0
:C
i R i P i 5 = 0
:D
1

A< .@D 7 $A G6# $A O>* <
: N $ P 9 + Cf JD
i P + iQ + i R = 9 A
:N
!'DM 27 ] & $ C B A $A N ! 7
:+< 7 $A
i P + iQ = 5 A
i2 i4 = 2A
451
:N
:A
i 2 + i P + i Q = 0
:B
i 4 iQ = 0
:C
G6# ! => .$ F7 6 $A N

!#9
[
$A G6# !* .N) $A H- F> ! 7 7
r r
: Ax = y ! H- X7
1 1 0 0 i P 5
0 0 1 1 i 2
Q =
1 1 1 0 i 2 0

0 1 0 1 i 4 0
r
:[ $ @ x P F7 F> ! 7
>> A = [1 1 0 0; 0 0 1 1; 1 1 1 0; 0 1 0 1];
>> y=[5; 2; 0; 0];

>> x = A\ y
R ! k . i P = 2 A, i Q = 3A, i 2 = 5 A, i 4 = 3A : # F 9

.-) $A & = G6#

!" 6.5
@>D . H 3 # $ ! & ! 74 DY *
: ' H 3 ?D7
3
sys
dE
(1 6.5)
" 7 &# (loop) .(13.5 !) ( 7 !"D
17H N # C N .@77 - - 9
, 3" M . *
- 5
& 7 6# A . &
7 , G6# !9
. , 5
A O ! 6
:+< 1\6.5 !'DM ?D !D 9 A &
(2 6.5)
G&elec W&elec = 0
452
5 7 , & !"
+ G6# ]
. H 3 4 G6# .7 & !"
=* $6 7 H 3 A
@
?D7 3.6.5 N &
$6 7 =, >
?D7M
6#
/
. ?D !D $

:13.5

.

1.6.5
& F9 Q( X 6< @H .& &# H
X6
B & & B N +< A N D %Q
.9 ( vB v A > 0 ) H $ A & 56 %6
) < F74 & R) !* 9 5 H
- &g + " H Q !* !7 + . H
N 1
A< .- %6 & H @ &
!Z* ] - H
X6
= . & -
!
.R)
9 - 3 H

:14.5
%& "#$ !

.
7 0 ! 7M .14.5 ! & - & + " H Q( & !"2
+ A 9 0 ! 7M HD H 3 + A $ 0 &
453
3 +< (1 W 1< ) F7 3 . H 3
6# .- 6# & !" ' - 6# (2 W 1< ) F9
:- & G& !" + !*
elec
G&
elec
= i 2v 2 i 1v 1
(3 6.5)
>
@
X6 .?D !D # v 2 v 1 ?D !D # i 2 i 1 < O
. 9 (2
1) &g H # v 2 v 1
3\6.5 !'D 6 i 2 5 7 i 1
= 3 ! 7
:V-
G&
elec
= i 1 (v 2 v 1 ) = i 1v b
(4 6.5)
- .- & " H # v b < O
]) $ H N *
." !" - Z @9
.$Z (piezoelectric) (
N 1 " + , & - #
<
?6M . & H N '
\15.5 ! , . ,
. 7 * Z 56 * H N @E (D)
, N @" @ $* + ?DM '9 #

& &* N + * @9 F -
V
l - . " H
N Z . 0 $/ 9 7 N G6# 1
A<
N Z ." 56 ='> 1
(-
, .1 + X H F !- 5 7 !"
. & N ' F\15.5 !
454
:15.5

.

. : 15.5
:16.5
vR
i 3, v 3
i 4, v 4

.
!"

:

2.6.5
3 .16.5 ! & - H Q( & ,
] - 6# (4 W 1< ) F7 3 +< (3 W 1< ) F9
:1 W&elec !"
W&elec = i 4v 4 i 3v 3
(5 6.5)
:+< G6# !'D 6 i 4 5 7 i 3

3 1
+ W&elec = i 3 (v 3 v 4 ) = i 3v R
(6 6.5)
- 6# .- & + H # v R < O
@>7 - *
< ." !" - %7 @9
.(resistance) # $ 0 &
.7 R N9 5M
%7M H *
$ 0
. ! + " & %7M .
E - ) & (\) RHD +< (+) &
&# 5 =, & . R ' 17.5 ! , .(passive) !
. L2 Mt 3 I 2 # # 4 V A L 56 (ohm ) = )
455
.
:17.5
! 7 N (resistivity ) N F7

& -D &#
,A .& 7 +<
: > G6# " 4 . -D &#
l
R=
(7 6.5)
A
G6# $# .& 7 &# A ! # l < O
@E .JD
+ "M
%>7) & A
@
>
." 0 =, &
5 7 % 7 (18.5 !) @77 @ - $ %7
:$ % = P 9
R eq = R1 + R 2 + L + R n
(8 6.5)

R eq 3- .@77 - $ # n < O

V . ! & $ N9 ! H L & ! H R eff
< .0 $ =
@77 - $
. ! ' L @77
:[ > (19.5 !) @H - $ ZM
1
1
1
1
=
+
+L +
R eq R1 R 2
Rn
(9 6.5)
I $7 Z H
+< @,
N 7 ' L @H < . & (-
(-
@
$ !'D $ $> 7 Q 4 . &
.$ ! $
=#
+< H 77
. * + " H > 20.5 ! ,
:(Ohm's law)

D > G6# +7
456
v =i R
(10 6.5)
=
! 74 . # i R + " H # v < O
. $ !7 ! H 3 & N @E
.
:18.5
.
:19.5
:20.5

=
. !"

3.6.5
' ! 7 5) H 3 ?D7
N 32 & 18.5 ! & " +< 4 .- ,H
< .v B v A H "4 @77 - (v batt )
O , 3" M . %7 Z -
& ,
+< @, .# 5
N O
:+< 2\4.5 ' !'DM 7
(11 6.5)
G&elec W&elec = 0
iv batt iv A iv B = 0
457
(12 6.5)
6 ! + $*

3 =
%6 +< 34
:+< !'D
v batt v A v B = 0
(13 6.5)

G6# !*
:&[ ! H 3 F4 @ .! " #$ #% &'
elements
=0
(14 6.5)
loop
& ( 7 &# (loop) @< - + H # !* v elements < O
n H 3 & 4 n $6 & .
. @D 7 n 1
I HD H 3 +< 9 I H 3 +< 4 @4
< 6D & H 3 & Z
# H .7
6< !* !7 + . +< 1 ?D 56 - 3
& !- E + F7 1 +< F9 1 - & @
3 6< .- %6 + " H n F9
6# N9 F9 & !- E + - F9 3 +< F7
3 +< F7 3 H 3 .-
& F7 3 +< F9 3 Z & - & F9
. %7 & -
" "" *+
, 7.5 ()
O>* N 32 & 21.5 ! & " & , :-"
! 7 .v B = 120 V, R1 = 20 , R 3 = 10 , i = 3A : [ $ .$
. R 2 F7 3
458

:21.5

.
F G9 59

@ RH H 3 :(%
:&# G6 H 3 . & 7
elements
= v B v R1 + v R 2 v R 3 = 0
loop
9 < &2 7 F G9 ! 7 1
,A

. & N9M Z - 6# B 4 6 R 2 v B -
.7 R 3 R1
=
! 7 . ! + *
3 =
$ $ = - Z $ H 1 R
. R 2 F7
v B iR1 + iR 2 iR 3 = 120 V (3A)(20) + (3A)R 2 (3A)(10) = 0

R 2 = 10
A I E - &# $
+< @, .=
10 R 2 5 7
6 30 V 5 7 1
94 iR 2 F74 .7 ! Z
R 2 W 7 $-

21.5 ! & R 2 7 6< . R 2 %7
H K & F7 F9 7
& 7 C < . +10
. R 2 & + 7 K 56
=9 2D # =
3 & & 7 2D -
<
3
=
= .$ !- = $A %-M .$0
! G9 HD $ H $6 % $ H $6 -
.(-
CD) ! 9 + %7 H 3
459
& H 3 +< !'DM '
"
=7 @H - - + 5 & $ $> & . $6
! + ' .(>
@ *
\22.5 !) $
+< 77) !'DM %6 N .?D !D * $ G6#
.7 & , $ 6< H 3
2
1
3

:22.5
.

A
B
1
1
: 22.5
.
C
D
5 O , $74 .

\22.5 ! & 1 6MD !* !7 +
H (- F .(F\22.5 !) 1 C'9 +
:(3\4.5 ) '
sys
dE
k i k v k j i jv j + G&elec W&elec = dtE
(15 6.5)
R 2 G9 F#6 56 i 2 +< A & i B PH G6# &
& Z . , ?D R 3 G9 F#6 56 i 3
i Bv 1 " R 2 R1 %7 . i Bv B 5 7 !" ,
460
. R 2 R1 + H # v 2 v 1 < O i 2v 2
v out .D D A , ?D

C & v in R 3 i 3 ! B &
D i 3v out !" , ( . R 3 i 3
. = 1 & 9 A 6 7 & , . i 3v in !"
:SM 15\6.5 & = % R
i 3v in i 3v out + i Bv B i Bv 1 i 2v 2 = 0
(16 6.5)
i 3 (v out v in ) + i Bv B i Bv 1 i 2v 2 = 0
(17 6.5)
R 3 R 2
+< @, . R 3 + H # (v out v in ) < O
:5 7 17H # ! + H I @H -
v out v in = v 2
(18 6.5)
:17\6.5 V- 6 .(# + P>> 8.5 !* ,)
i Bv B i Bv 1 (i 2 + i 3 )v 2 = 0
(19 6.5)
:SM A + 3
iB i2 i3 = 0
(20 6.5)
:SM D)
i Bv B i Bv 1 i B v 2 = 0
(21 6.5)
:6 @H- 5 7 A i B
v B v 1 v 2 = 0
(22 6.5)
+ 17H
.1 & H 3 G6# /
+< ' H !'DM @6< .
\22.5 ! & 3 2
.7 & , $ 6< 5
& H 3

8.5
" &# . NH
\23.5 ! & " +7 :
N' # /H R( . N N @77 @H @ -
> / & ! + " H F7 .*

- +
. 5
461
G6# & =7 .# A O , = :
, G6# + H 3 F\23.5 ! & " #
:7 $6
v B v R1 = 0
:1
v B v R 2 = 0
:2
# V . R 2 R1 ! + " # v B < O
17H # @H - + H # < @6< .v B = v R1 = v R 2

. , N
:=
! 7 5 F7
v B = i 1R 1 = i 2 R 2
@, .($\23.5 !) R eq R 2 R1 7A
: F7 9\6.5 ! 7 @H -
+<
1
1
1 R1 + R 2
=
+
=
R eq R1 R 2
R 1R 2
R eq =
R 1R 2
R1 + R 2
56 17H # i B 56

3 =
6
462
.
:23.5
: 23.5

1

2
.

! "# :

23.5
.(% ! )'23.5 $%&
. 9 & 7 F G9 & 59
RA
: H 3
elements
= v B v R = 0
loop
v B = v R = i B R eq =
R 1R 2
iB
R1 + R 2
F7 7 + " H
=
! 7
: 5
i1 =
vB
R2
iB
=
R1 R1 + R 2
i2 =
vB
R1
iB
=
R 2 R1 + R 2
6 @ (-

R1 (R1 + R 2 ) R 2 (R1 + R 2 ) > <
463
D G6# NH H !* 6# , . !
P !
. 9 Z =- % >
Z A @E .@
$ ! @ H 3 & ! 7
* 3 7 !* !7 + . !#9 F7 $A G
! 7 @D 7 $A Z & $ # H 9 $
.$ < 3 ! 74 6 . H 3
.@D 7 < $A Z
@
=

9.5
.
\24.5 ! & " & H ! F7 :
:
N9 .1
. H ! F7 (
)
$#9 $/4 $ O>* N F\24.5 ! , :D (F)
.$ % - , .@ $
! .2
.7 &
R (
)
A ! 7 :$ ' $( .< $ 9 A :< $ (F)
. V
464
*+!%
:24.5
! ! - !,! !
.- /# !,!

*% 0 123 : 24.5
.0 0 4#

:
24.5
0
.0
F7 .3
+ Cf .7 JD
Z - * G6# & : (
)
?D !D =
, , =7
' H (- ! 7
6
$'MD 7 & , $ 6< 1
"
A< .3\4.5
: H 3 +<
elements
=0
loop
& N9 7 7 & , 2 A @
+< 18\3.5 ,H H (- !'D 6 7
: 3
i i
k
=0
:=
! 7 H
v = iR
465
:F7 (F)
6 7 & , &# & !
: ! H 3
v B v 1 v 2 = 0
:1
v B v 1 v 3 = 0
:2
v 2 v 3 = 0
:3
F7 * % !#9 *>* $A O>* * 2 # ! )
K 6 2 1 S7M
3
A< .$ H
E [ + 27 ! 9 6# .@D 7 J 7 #
' + ! - =
3 ! 7 6 .3
.!#9 F7 $A
F\24.5 ! @ @ " $#9 ! 7
:($\24.5 !) A & 3
i1 i 2 i 3 = 0
$A + ! - .@D 7 $A O>* !#9 7 [
:=
! 7
v 3 = i 3R 3
v 2 = i 2R 2
v 1 = i 1R 1
$ $ !* & 7 !#9 F7 $A $7 9
E . H- (- F> $A G6# ! ! 7 .
< 17H 3 & 9 = O < F9 1
:&2 = R $A V- . 7
vB v1 v2 = 0
v1 + v2 = vB = 10 V
v1 + v3 = vB = 10 V
vB v1 v3 = 0
i1 = i2 + i3
i1 i2 + i3 = 0
v1 = i1 R1
v1 i1 R1 = v1 i1 (5) = 0
v2 = i2 R2
v2 i2 R2 = v2 i2 (7) = 0
v3 = i3 R3
v3 i3 R3 = v3 i3 (3) = 0
r r
: Ax = y [ H- X7 $A G6# !*
466
1
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0 0 0 0 v 1 10

1 0 0 0 v 2 10
0 1 1 1 v 3 0
=
0 5
0 0 i 1 0
0 0 7 0 i 2 0

1 0
0 3 i 3 0
r
:[ $ @ x F7 F> ! 7
>> A = [110000;101000;000111;100 500;0100 70; 00100 3];

>> y = [10;10;0;0;0;0];
>> x = A \ y
:&# 9
x = 7.04
2.96
2.96
1.41
0.42
0.99
9 .4
:&# $ $ + $ H :F 9 (
)
. i 3 = 0.99 A i 2 = 0.42 A i 1 = 1.41A v 2 = 2.96 V v 1 = 7.04 V
S G6#
@D 7 -) $7 $A & R T :k (F)
.-
467
< . +< 77 H $ !'D &# 9.5 !* !
:9\6.5 F7M @H - R 3 R 2
1
1
1
1
1
=
+
=
+
R eq23 R 2 R 3 7 3
R eq23 = 2.1
:O>* $ R eq 6 . R eq 23 N @77 - R1
R eq = R1 + R eq 23 = 5 + 2.1 = 7.1
: =

! 7
iB =
vB
10 V
=
= 1.41A
R eq 7.1
G6# 1.41A @

5 7 R1 i 1 I 3 + Cf
.7 ! N
: R1 + H 5 7 =
+ Cf
v 1 = i 1R1 = (1.41A) (5)=7.04 V

3 1 & H 3 ! 7 .7 ! N %
.=
7 # F74 =* . R 3 R 2 + H F7

4.6.5
& @
1 . $ F $ R
+ F
N .=79 V7 +< (- C'9 !- 1 9 97)
!97 6# +7 . 6 Z $ !97 - 3) 9

' $ ! + $ H & 4 56 F )
.(electrocardiogram ECG)
Z .1 1
]D & F
7

& - F =D HD ! ]D $ F C D
468
NQ ( 7) &9 $9 (arrhythmias) =,A = &gD
pericarditis or F

2 F) F F F & E
= $ (cardiac arrest) 7 (myocarditis
.F ! =, & $ '

F C D '9 F) 3 M
*>* 3) + N @
56 (
\25.5 !) (Einthoven's triangle)
g H K O (J7 7 J7 P6 + P6)
6 !- & F ! =74 O* K T !* . ! `
!- .(F\25.5 !) F & ! 7 @ J7 7 J7 +
.F C $< !97 56 F C D '9 +< %7 7 F !
I K K !* !7 + .D '9 N ( F) ? ' ! /
.+ P6 J7 P6 ` g H 5 7 X7

1
A< $ %>7) , $7 G6#
V
l -
+ P6) ( Y O* / & F) @7 #" & =#H
K $ + 5 (+ P6 J7 7 J7 P6
F G9 & ! %Q . H 3 6
: H @ # !* II K
& & III I 7 !Z* 7
elements
= v I + v III v II = 0
(23 6.5)
loop
' , 5
& 1
+ ] # H 3 Y SM
23\6.5 FM .@ 7 5
6< O* F7
:D) H A v II
v I + v III = v II
469
(24 6.5)
I
vI
.
:25.5
:
III
v III
II
Guyton AC and Hall JE.

Textbook of medical
physiology. Philadelphia
Sounders, 2000.
III
I

:25.5

. !"
II
III

#! "$ :26.5
I
.% &'

III
II
470
!Z* 56 (cardiac vector)

F C D ! 7
.F ! ) &*>* @ Z , 5
& &7 F F7 ! '
7 5
&g $** F7 7 F74
(26.5 !) & P
.$ Ho "4 A
@ @#9 % @ 1 +< @, .*>* K
6) F7 ! ' : ! ' @ = 7 ! ! 7
1Q9 !* HD $ 3
G9> .7
C D F9 +< $ G6# ! 7 .7) ) 19 7 F
.R F ! * F N7 F
v II v I
A< =4 6< , 5
& & P
v I 60o W v II 3 ( 0o ) &) + v I N @4 .! 7A #
.7 F G9 v I 120o W v III 3 7 F G9
P =7 .7 $ H *>* + & P 7 !
5 7
& & P
.7 K T $ H + D =7M &
5 7 .(26.5 !) D N & & *>* N
& G9A / &# 7 F G9 v I & P 3 '
5 7 P 6# ! M & P !
.F &7 &
.F &7 @
P O>* $ H > $** F7 ! 7 @

:&
v I = M cos ()
(25 6.5)
v II = M cos (60o )
(26 6.5)
v III = M cos (60o + )
(27 6.5)
.7 F $ 1#9 & P ! $A G6#
471
X6 .$ G6# & X7 P H + C 7 5
.$ H X7 = + K $7 6D
!- .@#9 A % P
! - 59 .
N9 1
X7 = G6# Y
$A & P $ H = =7M & ) !
+
!* ! + X7 G6# 7< .F C D & 9
$ H @H7 ' Z & P ! 7 (26.5 !) $ H
.& P G9 & 4 ** $A

10.5
. 0.91mV +< II K
0.82 mV +< I K
& :
.1 ' & P ! III K 7 & F7
: Y III K 7 & H + ! - :
v I v II + v III = 0.82 mV 0.91mV + v III = 0

v III = 0.09 mV
:17H $ & ! & P + ! -
v I = M cos ()
v II = M cos (60o )
0.82 mV = M cos ()
0.91mV = M cos (60o )
9 ! S + 5 56 F> ! 7
@ # !
6 ' ! 7 $A G6# S ! .(solve) +7 $A
: +< 9 ! F9
>> [M,]=solve('0.82=M*cos() ', '0.91 = M*cos( pi 3 ) ')

M=
[-1.00281]
[1.00821]
=
[2.528]
[0.613]
472
M P ! >*

/
E F> & 4
. 35o 5 7 3A ' 1mV 5 7
F ! 7 (graphical analysis) & ! M F7
.26.5 ! &

5.6.5
$ ) > # , JD) *)
+ ?6 6# = .(Hodgkin-Huxley model) !

&
C( H N @ F7 y )
+ @ ] =
:C( N @7 '

iy =
v m v e , y
Ry
(28 6.5)
C( &# R y C( # v m y $ ) # i y < O

$'9 # v m v e , y G6# & < . y 5 K9
$7 ! 7 v e , y ' F7M
.
$
3- @E &7# \ 9 # ?6 (- G6# ! 7M .(Nernst)
.O 9 C*
D CE #E = 7 = -
&7# \ 9 # ?6 1< 5
.1 F g C( + M
:@
[ (-
i y = g y (v m v e , y )
(29 6.5)

(v m v e , y ) 6I . y K9 C( &# g y < O
$ H- (-
6< 9D +< D !D ) ! G9 H 9D +<
D !D +<
Z @6< .D !D +<
.&7# \ 9 # ?6 "
@ C(
I (F7 ! ' F7 +< ND A 5
) 7 & C(

K9)
+< @, .C( ' & @9Q 5M K9

F7 $7 ! 7 .C( C +< ?Q 6# 5T
: K9 ' ?Q v e , y C(
473
v e, y =
[y ]
RT
ln o
FZ y [ y i ]
(30 6.5)
&* '( $* # R y K9 ' # v e , y < O
# Z y (! 96 485 ) 5 $* # F 9 &# T
.D !D y ' # [ y i ] D ?D y ' # [ y o ] y T
' $
9 @>* .
! & D CE *T !
& !(( +< P' &# D & & % +
D ?D 9 ! 7 &
N 6# 9D +< 7 F7 D !D
A< .' ?Q ! + D
V- ' !- .& ?Q ! + D ?D +< $
& $7 V- !* !7 + . 7 9D D $
7
:&2 $

v e ,Cl =
[Cl ]
RT
ln o
FZ Cl [Cli ]
(31 6.5)
$ * R R 5 =E +< & =E !
:&2 V-
[Cl ]
v e ,Cl = 61.5 log i mV
[Clo ]
at 37o C
(32 6.5)
@" ' & C( + $ G6# C9I !-
56 Cl T ) ' 7 $7 7 +< !A 1
,A .$ Ho
!D $ ) R ' 2.5 ! 9 .> !'
1 5 7
D ?D 9 ! 7 & 9 $

+< @, .9D D
@7 ' & C( D & 9 % +
'
= 7 $ ) $7 C9< . 70 mV $ 1 $74
.= -
474
.*

:2.5

( mmol L H 2 O )
(mV)

+60
150.0
15.0
Na +
90
5.5
150.0
K+
70
125.0
9.0
Cl
Ross G, ed. Essentials of Human Physiology. Chicago: Year Book Med Pub, :
*
1978.

11.5
$ = - $
&7# \ 9 # ?6 ! 7 F7 :
V7 7
R .F7A ! ' & H =X C( & = 5 7 .= - 75 + 5 1
1m 2 5 7 70 =79 & C(
. 250 G = - C( 5 7 . 65 mV = - $ C(
=9 F7 28\6.5 + &7# \ 9 # ?6 ! 77 :
F7A ! ' & C( 5 7 .= - $

.= - & C( ' F7 $7 ! 77 .v m = 65 mV

R 9 .2.5 ! 9 & I D ?D !D = - ' =

:5 7 = - C( '
37o C 5 7 =79 9
[Na o+ ]
150 mM
mV
=
61.5
log
v e ,Na + = 61.5 log
mV = 61.5 mV
+
[Na
]
15
mM
! = - $
+ !- &7# \ 9 # ?6 & = N9 R
:= -
iNa + =
vm ve,Na +
RNa +
65 mV 61.5 mV
mA
= 5.11010
channel
250 G
! ' & 1m 2 17 5 7 56 C( V7 & $ ) 90
:$ 9 F F7A
i Na + ,total = 5.1 10
10
1012 pA
mA 75= 3.8 10 mA 3
= 38 pA
10 mA
8
475
7 H =X C( & = - 75 = - $

5 7

+< @, . 38 pA F7A ! ' & 1m 2 ! N
! ' & D !D +< ! $ ) I H- (-
$ =" *g
.F7A
7( 77) $ ) % 7 . D CE 96
+ Cf ?6 & 'D !* O) GE O &
= 7 = - $

# # ?64 .1 F E
.' & 9 D CE
5 7 & N $ 77 $> K9 ! $
?64
1I D CE 5' $ )
+< @, .$ e $7
9 A ' &
.(27.5 !) H - B
!
A + 3 .C( ( 5

) $ e 3:SM
i K + + i Na + + i Cl = 0
(33 6.5)
.@H- 5 7 C( &- < 5
.C( &9 v m * I ' & 1

E
! 7A &7# \ 9 # ?6 ! 7 y
5) v e , y '
: y ! 28\6.5 ! 7 33\6.5 & +
v m v e , K + v m v e , Na + v m v e ,Cl
+
+
=0
(34 6.5)
R K+
R Na +
R Cl
:33\6.5 & R 29\6.5 ! 7 @

g K + (v m v e , K + ) + g Na + (v m v e , Na + ) + g Cl (v m v e ,Cl ) = 0
476
(35 6.5)
:27.5

!
:C( F7 G6# .1 C( F " O
v g
=
g
e, y
vm
(36 6.5)
N9 -D ' & $7 $ ! 7 C( F7 1< 5
(siemens S) K7 &# 5 =, & < . N K9)
.= ) F 5 7 &#

12.5
= - $
+ 5 C( ' & C( F7 :

=
2.5
! 9
&

'
! 7
.
= 7
. g Na + = 1pS, g K + = 33 pS, g Cl = 3pS :[

$ e ' & $7 $ F7 30\6.5 $7 ! 77 :
:O>*
v e , K+
Ko+
5.5 mM
RT
ln + = 61.5log
=
= 88 mV
150 mM
FZ K + K i
[ F7 .v e ,Cl = 70.3mV

v e , Na + = 61.5 mV
7H 9
:36\6.5 ! 7 C(
477
v g
=
g
e,y
vm
v e , Na + g Na + + v e , K + g K + + v e ,Cl g Cl
g Na + + g K + + g Cl
vm =
61.5 mV (1pS) 88 mV (33pS) 70.3mV (3pS)

= 82.5mV
1pS+33pS+3pS
*T
,A . - & 3 7 G6#
`b
1 ) = 7 ' # C( & K
.D) & %
( A 1
A< 7 % 7 V & H ?6 6#
V
l 34 .O , C*
D CE & 1 F7A ! ' ' N
?6 J9 .@
' N ( C( $ )
%6 +<
+ !* & ' + JD
- $H* + 5 @
$
.@ *
@96 ! 77 16.5 !* & .O (

%
& # #$

7.5
E &A &A , 9 = 7 E ( , &
$A" ! 7> > ' H a- X6 .*
: &#
q&
+ ,k
q&+ , j + q&+ ,gen q&+ ,cons =

j
q&,k q&, j + q&,gen q&,cons =

k
dq sys
k i k j i j = dt
sys
+
dq
dt
:9
(1 7.5)
dq sys
dt
:7
(2 7.5)
:- (3 7.5)
, !D & (- =

7 =
9 ) !" ( , &
.H- @HD & 9 6 .H- @HD ?D
( =, @

>
' (-
' a-
X6 .-H , & , =#A
478
:&#
q&
tf
t0
+ ,k
q&
tf
t0
tf
t0
dt
tf
t0
q&
j
q&+ ,consdt =
, k dt
tf
t0
i
t0
dt
tf
t0
q&
j
tf
t0
t0
tf
t0
i
j
dt =
tf
t0
dt + q&+ ,gendt
t0
dq +sys
dt
dt
:9 (4 7.5)
tf
q& ,gendt
, j dt +
tf
q& ,consdt =
tf
tf
+, j
t0
dq sys
dt
dt
:7 (5 7.5)
dq sys
dt
dt
:- (6 7.5)
%>7A " 364 6 %7M A - " A @
.D)
'D H- " & - &# (capacitor)
H- H* 32 .7
.C !* ' eM (- 7 !-H = )
K '
" H* '
7 E
( =, & $H* 9
.
\28.5 ! &
: 28.5

.

:28.5
.

.7 H* H* +< DY -

$`" 6<
479
J< ( $ 0 " &) ! >

@ H* +< H N =/
+ $ q + 9 ! .JD) +< H-
.JD) H- + $ 7 q 7 H- J<
&H- F\28.5 ! , .@ @H- 5 7 H* & -
,A
. H*
7
+< @, .@ >
@ H* & 7 9 !- Z
N v " H N @7 & ! * H* &H-
v H * H* & .JD) +< H- J< ! & q
:H* & 9 q N @ 7 + "
q =C vc
(7 7.5)
&g H

+ " H # v c H* 7 &# C < O
.#
+ H* ' 7 &# (capacitance)
.H. [L2 M 1t 4 I 2 ] 7 4
.C/V L 56 (F) H &# 7
-H 7 $ A ! 7 $ ' H* H- $ 6<
:W 7 $p
d
0 A
(8 7.5)
d
%6 8.85 1012 C2 (N.m 2 ) 5 7 (permittivity) 7 $* # 0 < O
C =
&# @
JD
0 7 $*
,A .C>D H* &H- !-H 6<
. C2 (N.m 2 ) L & F m
.& !' +7 H- ' H- + $H* =, 5
*< & ?9' C $H* & @ A
@ ' 7 N
C>D A
@ A
@ ' G6# ! 7 & .C H 7 &
.H* 7 =- &
Z 6# ]D $* 0 7A
(-
H- 7 ! 9 Z !' G6#
%6 +< 34
.H* 7 ' +< 5T 7 G6# (-
,A .7>
480
13.5

6< . = 25 1 s = 5.0 A O i = e t !" H* H- !D :

& 3- 9 # & H- + - * =
_*o 50 H- + N"
( A
@
RH .!H 5
A H*
RH :
' &# & $ .(29.5 !) H* H- " ,
:6\7.5 - ,H (- ! 7 6 -
tf
t0
i k dt
k
i j dt =
tf
t0
tf
t0
dq sys
dt
dt
7 !'DM 6 J 7 D A , ?D +< A
:+<
tf
t0
i k dt
k
tf
t0
q fsys
dq sys
dt = sys dq sys
q0
dt
q sys

:29.5
.

:SM q fsys F7 'D & = R
q fsys
0
dq sys =
tf
t0
i k dt =
0.05 s
0
q fsys = (0.2 e (25 1 s) t C)
(5 e (25 1 s ) t A) dt =
0.05 s
0
0.05 s
0
(25 1 s ) t C
5e
dt
s
= 0.057 C (0.2 C) = 0.14 C
. 0.14 C 5 7 50 ms H- + < 5

14.5
& , E 7 $ GC*

!- &9 & !D # HD :
481
F 3 +< T 5 &0 RA ! ! F & (- 3
C*
. 7
r 6
%6 $9 @ 7 3 70 !- = 6< .= q
. ! & 1 +< + F %10 N HD
+< & 39 F & - Ob4 & < '9 # HD !'
7 aH + = HD !' # '9) G6# N P .& 1<
& O R =79 & 7 (H 'D H* 1 ! 7
.1< & F 7
- ! + @
R F +< ="
HD !' ?D + 4 t = 0 , & @ H* aH

:W
i = 40 e (500 1 s ) t A
_ %99 aH (7 = (H C*
H* < = R
. t = 0 , & 0.080 C 5 7 H* &
R
:
N9 .1
.H* %99 aH '> F7 (
)
.30.5 ! & , :D (F)

482
! .2
$ (
)
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0
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F9 (Application and Design, 1998
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potassium and chloride ions on the membrane potential of single muscle fibers," J Physiol
1959, 148:127-60.
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Real time interaction between a
neuromorphic electronic circuit and
a spinal cord," IEEE Trans Neural
Syst Rehabil Eng 2001, 9:319-26.
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L

3'

H
# H* # +C,
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3 ,f
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7.0 103 mol + n cons
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* *
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= 2.7 107 mol
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References
1.
Jaeger RJ. Principles underlying functional electrical stimulation techniques. J Spin Cord Med
1996, and 19:93-6.
2. Grill Wm and Kirsch RF. Neuroprosthetic applications of electrical stimulation. Assist Technol
2000, 12:6-20.
3. Stieglitz T., Schuettler M. and Koch KP. Neural prostheses in clinical applications-trends from
precision mechamics toward biomedical Microsystems in neurological rehabilitation. Biomed Tech
(Berl)2004, 49:72-7.
4. Sadowski CL. Electrical stimulation in spinal cord injury. NeuroRehabilitation 2001, 16:165-9.
5. Peckham PH and Creasey GH. Neural prostheses: Clinical applications of functional electrical
stimulation in spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1992, 30:96-101.
6. Bhadra N., Kilgore Kl. and Peckham PH. Implanted stimulators for restoration of fuction in spinal
cord injury. Med Eng Phys 2001, 23:19-28.
7. Craelius W. The bionic man: Restoring mobility. Science 2002, 295:1018-21.
8. Jung R., Brauer EJ. and Abbas JJ. Real-time interaction between a neuromorphic electronic circuit
and the spinal cord. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2001, 9:319-26.
9. Cobbold RSC. Transducers for Biomedical Measurements: Principles and Applications. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, 1974.
10. Dekker C. and Ratner M. Electronic properties of DNA. Physics World 2001.
http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/14/8/8 (accessed January 8, 2005).
11. National Nanofabrication Users Network. The Research Experience for Undergraduates Program:
Research Accomplishments 2000. http://www.nnin.org/doc/2000NNUNreuRA.pdf (accessed
January 24, 2006).
12. Guyton AC. and Hall JE. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000.
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0.15610
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0.16541
0.16617
0.16815
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0.16678
0.17624
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0.05859
0.06027
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0.06943
0.06866
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0.05859
0.06119
0.05295
0.04807
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0.05524
0.12222
0.12619
0.14129
0.15594
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0.21148
0.23178
0.25390
0.28457
0.31921
0.35430
0.39062
0.41793
0.44006
0.42480
0.36834
0.28503
0.18493
0.10940
0.05630
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0.01861
0.00915
0.01037
0.01876
0.02121
0.02639
0.02777
0.02868
0.02822
0.02883
0.02853
0.02868
0.02563
0.05432
0.07095
0.06607
0.04806
0.36
0.37
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
1.02
1.03
1.04
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0.06866
0.06989
0.06882
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0.07126
0.07568
0.05997
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0.03662
0.07156
0.08484
0.07782
0.07431
0.07004
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0.06470
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0.06058
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0.13580
0.36712
0.98327
0.71655
0.20477
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0.10864
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0.13672
0.14069
0.14618
0.15686
0.06165
0.05890
0.05890
0.05096
0.00915
0.01464
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0.01968
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0.05645
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0.04821
0.03814
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0.00915
0.00900
0.00091
0.00061
0.00061
0.00427
0.04044
0.26550
0.57754
0.66955
0.10773
0.17227
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0.03616
0.05874
0.06271
0.06805
0.07965
0.08773
0.09857
0.11627
0.01861
0.01892
0.01892
0.01236
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.22
0.23
0.24
0.25
0.26
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
535
0.06958
0.06287
0.04929
0.04883
0.05890
0.04669
0.04868
0.04288
0.04028
0.04593
0.00808
0.10498
0.31143
0.95703
0.81192
0.10407
0.11398
0.09186
0.09857
0.10223
0.10742
0.10834
0.11780
0.11612
0.12589
0.12680
0.12253
0.03921
0.03677
0.02838
0.00793
0.00061
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0.01114
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0.56915
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0.06835
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0.09246
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1.06
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1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
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1.30
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0.04730
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0.04913
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0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
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0.96
0.97
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Burke ER, ed., High-Tech

Cycling. Champaign, IL:
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1995.

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Butler J, and Lewis
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Columbus: McGrawHill, 2002

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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Gregor Rj. and Conconi F., Road Cycling. Boston: Blackwell Publishing, 2000.
Burke ER, ed. High-Tech Cycling. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers, 1995.
Grose TK. Smart parts. ASEE Prism 2002, 11:16-21.
Armistead RF. Alyeska system upgrade set to kick off in early March. McGraw-Hills
enr.com January 12,2004.
http://enr.construction.com/news/powerindus/archives/040112.asp (accessed January 11,
2005).
Anderson EJ. and DeMont ME. The mechanics of Locomotion in the squid Loligo pealei:
Locomotory function and unsteady hydrodynamics of the jet and intramantle pressure. J
Exp Biol 2000, 203 Pt 18:2851-63.
654

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.(Heat, and Mass Transport Processes, 1976.

:
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( )

0
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97

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#
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.* @ ' :ao
.min DmmHg DL DJ :)
:(/ (5 L/min) 6 VT" S) ) :Q@ ()
g
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m& = V& =
= 316 800
L
hr
mL min hr
8 .3
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i
(E P ,i + E K ,i + U i ) m& j (E P , j + E K , j + U j )
j
sys
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704
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7 YO 8 ) SO %& / K .)
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:;? %& ) +
L
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W&flow + W&nonflow = 0
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J VT" S) 6 " P&) &O V " )
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vc
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:( Ppa = 15 mmHg ) J
m&
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316800 hr
=
g
1.056
mL
(0 mmHg 15 mmHg)
mmHg mL 1.01325 105 N

W&RS = 4500 000
2
hr
760 mmHg m
1 m3
(1hr)
6
110 mL
705
W&RS = 600 N m = 600 J
J 3 6 g J @ 84 ;7 * 9& VS &L

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nd
Silverthorn DH, Human Physiology, 2 ed, Prentice Hall, 2001.
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0.0917
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0.1443
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0.1446
0.1447
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(
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1.5
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9 .9 %) ( ( 6 . K
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(
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: 9
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709
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=
= 4830 V
c 30106 F
9 8 .( ) 64 1" ' ' ;7 +

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:64 1" <S %& J D(?
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1
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2
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.) G@ K4 +

.(5.87 ') 4 P/ F 1" P&) ) ) ()
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) . =11000 V, = 320 1 s , h = 200 1 s 69 7
: K V" 1 9
+
(200 1s ) t
1
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sin 320 t
s

0.003 1" ( " 4990 % / D (9"
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1
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1
1
s
+ (11000 V) e
320 cos 320 t = 0
s
s
1 (200 1s ) t
1
(11000 V) 200 e
sin 320 t
s
s
= (11000 V) e
1
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s
1
1
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t = 0.00288 s
. 0.003 ; P

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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
American Heart Association. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2005 update. 2005.
http://www.americanheart.org/download /heart/1105390918119HDSStats2005U pdate.pdf, accessed
January. 22, 2005.
United Network for organ sharing. 2003 U.S. organ procurement and transplantation network and the
scientific registry of transplant recipients annual report. 2005. http://www.optn.org/AR2003/default.
htm accessed January. 22, 2005.
Frazier OH., Dowling RD., Gray LA., Shah NA., Pool T. and Gregoric I. The total artificial heart:
where we stand. Cardiology 2004, 101:117-21.
Cooley D., The total artificial heart. Nat Med 2003, 9:108-11.

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Philadelphia: Saunders, 2000.

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K /
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day 24 hr
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B
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749
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:6 H + U 9 1" NH 3 U 9 J / 84 .( H +
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6
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acc, NH3
1.31106 mol
=
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: NH +4 U 1 + 8 D NH +4 U ;&) HT
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Diseases Information
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Cooney DO, Biomedical Engineering Principles: An :

*
Introduction to Fluid, Heat, and Mass Transport Processes, New York,
Marcel Dekker, 1976.

3.7
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References
1.
2.
3.
4.
Genitourinary disorders. Beers MH. and Berkow R., eds. The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and
therapy, 17th ed. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck Research Laboratories, 1999.
US.Renal Data System. USRDS 2003 annual data report: Atlas of end-stage renal disease in the
United States. National Institutes of Health, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and
Kigney Diseases. Bethesda, ND, 2003.
United Network for Organ Sharing. 2003 U.S. Organ Procurement and Transplantation
Network and the Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients Annual Report. 2005.
http://www.optn.org/AR2003/defalt. htm (accessed January 22, 2005).
Fleck C. and Braunlich H. Kidney function after unilateral nephrectomy. Exp Patbol 1984,
25:3-18.

I
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Capacitance [ L M t T ]
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Initial mass concentration [ L M ]

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Initial molar concentration [ L N ]

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Heat capacity at constant pressure [ L t T ]

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Heat capacity at constant volume [ L t T ]
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Rate of total energy [ L Mt ]

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Saturated vapor pressure [ L Mt ]
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Ambient pressure [ L1Mt 2 ]
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Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 57th ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, :
1992, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 73rd ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1976,
and Felder RM and Rousseau RW, Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes,
London, Academic Press, 1995.
:
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