CHEMISTRY FORM 5 LESSON 18

From the experiment above, it can be summarised that, in a more electronegative halogen displacement of halogen, a less electronegative halide ion. displaced a . less electronegative halogen act as reducing The halide ions of a ... readily to form halogen agent. They lose their electrons and are .. molecules. more electronegative halogen The electrons are accepted by the . oxidising agent. This will result the halogen to which act as .. reduction to form halide ions. undergoes less In short, theres an electron transfer from a halide ions of .. more electronegative halogen electronegative halogen to a . 13.5 Transfer of electrons at a distance There are a few chemical cells that is usually used to study the potential of the cell. Through the cell, the flow of electron can be deduced using a galvanometer

Transfer of electron (1)

A
Salt bridge

Metal ion solution, A+

Metal ion solution, B+

Transfer of electron (2)

G

Porous pot

Metal ion solution, A+

Metal ion solution, B+

Transfer of electron (3)

G

Metal ion solution, A+

Metal ion solution, B+

Dilute sulphuric acid

For all chemical cell above negative terminal The electrode which release electrons are .. anode Reducing agent release electrons, thus the (.) oxidised substance is positive terminal The electrode which receive electrons are . cathode Oxidising agent receive electrons, thus the (.) reduced substance is Salt bridge ; porous pot ; sulphuric acid all have the same the chemical cell and function, which is to complete to separate the 2 electrolytes used ..

To study the transfer of electron at a distance.

Graphite electrode

Acidified potassium manganate (VII)

Iron (II) sulphate

Sulphuric acid

- Galvanometer point to the direction of acidified potassium manganate (VII) arm. - Green colour of iron (II) sulphate turned to brown - Purple colour of acidified potassium manganate (VII) decolourised - When added FeSO4, KSCN turned solution to red blood colour. - Galvanometer point to the direction of acidified potassium dichromate (VI) arm. - Colourless solution of KI turned to brown - Orange colour of acidified potassium dichromate (VI) turned green - When starch solution is added to KI solution, the solution turn from brown to dark blue

- Electron transfer from Fe2+ to MnO4- Iron (II) ion is oxidised to iron (III) ion. - MnO4- is reduced to Mn2+ - Iron (III) ion confirmed presence. - Electron transfer from I- to Cr2O72- Iodide ion is oxidised to iodine solution - Cr2O72- is reduced to Cr3+ - Iodine confirmed presence

8 H+ + + + MnO - + MnO - + 8 H 2+ 4 4 Fe 2+ 5 Fe 5e Fe3+ + eMn2+ + 4 H2O Mn2+ + 4 H2 O + 5 Fe3+ 14 H+ + 2- + + + Cr O 2Cr O 14 H 2 7 2 7 2I 6 I+ 6 e I2 + 2 e2 Cr3+ + 2 Cr3+ + 7 H2 O + 7 H2 O 3 I2

Acidified potassium manganate (VII) Acidified potassium dichromate (VI)

Iron (II) ion

Iodide ion

To test the presence of iron (III) ion, Fe3+ To test the presence of iodine, I2

Set-up of apparatus required a larger volume of reactants for this activity. Therefore the time taken for the changes in colour to occur is longer Conclusion : When oxidising and reducing agent are separated by electrolyte in U-tube, redox reaction take place whereby electrons transfer through wire

13.6 Corrosion of metal Corrosion is the oxidative deterioration of a metal, such as the conversion of metal to metal oxide .. Some metal corrode easily than the other. The factors which influence the rate of corrosion are Electropositivity... of metals Nature of the product of corrosion Electropositivity of metal (electrochemical series) Increase in order
Au Ag Cu Pb Sn Fe Zn Al Mg Na K

Less Electropositive

Averagely Electropositive

Very Electropositive

Nature of the product of corrosion Some oxide of metal surprisingly gives extra protection to the metal. For example, aluminium. Natural aluminium is always coated by a layer of oxide which is highly resistant to reaction and corrosion. So the layer prevented aluminium from corroded, despite its highly electropositive metal In the other hand, some oxide of metal is easily penetrated and enhances the corrosion further. For example, iron. The corrosion in iron allows more iron metal to corrode underneath it. This phenomenon is also known as rusting 2 main important components for rusting are Oxygen (air) .. and water A possible mechanism for rusting, consistent with the known facts, is illustrated in Figure below

At anode : Fe (s) Fe2+ (aq) + 2e2 Fe (s) + O2 (aq) + 2 H2O

At cathode : O2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 4e 4OH(aq) 2 Fe2+ + 4 OH [or 2 Fe(OH)2] 4 Fe(OH)3 (aq)

4 Fe(OH)2 (aq) + O2(aq) + 2H2O(l) Forming rust : 2 Fe(OH)3 (s)

Fe2O3.x H2O + (3 x) H2O

3. Prevention of rusting Various methods are used to prevent / slowing down rusting.
Methods Explanation Iron is alloyed with nickel and chromium to form Alloy of Iron The chromium forms an impervious oxide layer on the surface of Alloying iron increasing its resistance to corrosion. Chromium at the same .

coated the steel time decorated / ..

Painting the iron object Barrier Use grease / oil to coat the moving parts of machine Coating ironwith chromium (plating) or zinc (galvanising) Also known as anodic Metal with a Sacrificial protection . position in electrochemical series is

higher

connected to iron. Under such way, reactive metal ... Will be oxidised first before iron.

To study the effect of the contact of other metals on rusting of iron

When a more electropositive metal is in contact with iron, the metal inhibits rusting whereas a less electropositive metal is in contact with iron speed up rusting. Type of metal in contact with iron nail Rusting of iron Iron nails / temperature / medium in which irons kept

If theres presence of Fe2+ If there presence of OH-

Show blue colouration (due to presence of Fe2+ Show pink colouration (due to presence of OH-)

Low None None Moderate High

None High High Low Low

Surface of nail was partially covered by reddish-brown solid Surface of nail remain unchanged Surface of nail remain unchanged Surface of nail was almost covered by reddish-brown solid Surface of nail was heavily covered by reddish-brown solid

Magnesium and zinc Copper and tin Magnesium and zinc are more electropositive than iron, so they are more readily to lose electron, while copper and tin are less electropositive than iron, so iron is more readily to lose electrons.

The less electropositive the metal that iron is in contact with, the faster the rusting of iron occur

To detect the presence of iron (II) ions, Fe2+ To detect the presence of hydroxide ion, OH As a control in this experiment.