RCC Frame Design of Buildings

Seismic Detailing of RC Structures (IS:13920-1993)
Sudhir K Jain Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar
November 2012
Outline
This lecture covers:
Covers important clauses of IS13920 With particular emphasis on Buildings
Many important clauses applicable to buildings may not be discussed in this lecture in detail.
Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN
Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012
Slide 2
How to ensure ductility

Correct collapse mechanism Adequate ductility at locations likely to form hinge in collapse mechanism
Need sufficient member ductility to ensure adequate structural ductility.
Prevent brittle failure mechanisms to take place prior to ductile yielding
Slide 3
Collapse Mechanism
Storey Mechanism
Columns require too much ductility Columns are difficult to make ductile
Slide 4
Collapse Mechanism
Beam Hinge Mechanism (Sway Mechanism)
Preferred mechanism Ensure that beams yield before columns do Strong Column Weak Beam Design
Slide 5
R C Members
Bond Failure: Brittle Shear Failure: Brittle Flexural Failure
Hence, Ensure that
Brittle: if over-reinforced section (compression failure) Ductile: if under-reinforced section (tension failure) Bond failure does not take place Shear failure does not precede flexural yielding Beam is under-reinforced.
Slide 6
Failure of RC Section
Yielding of tension bars
Ductile Tension failure Under-reinforced section
Crushing of compression concrete
Brittle Compression failure Over-reinforced section
Slide 7
R C Section
Tension failure more likely if:
Less tension reinforcement More compression reinforcement Higher grade of concrete Lower grade of steel Lower value of axial compression
Slide 8
Section ductility increases as

Grade of concrete improves Grade of steel reduces Tension steel reduces Compression steel increases Axial compression force reduces
Generally, columns are less ductile than beams
Slide 9
Capacity Design Concept

Brittle
Link
Ductile Link
The chain has both ductile and brittle elements. To ensure ductile failure, we must ensure that the ductile link yields before any of the brittle links fails.
Slide 10
Capacity Design Concept (contd)
Assess required strength of chain from code. Apply suitable safety factors on load and material
Design/detail ductile element(s).
Assess upper-bound strength of the ductile element Design brittle elements for upper-bound load Ensures that brittle elements are elastic when the ductile elements yield.
Slide 11
Capacity Design Concept (contd)
For instance, in a RC member
Shear failure is brittle Flexural failure can be made ductile Element must yield in flexure and not fail in shear
Slide 12
Capacity Design of Frames

Choose yield mechanism Locate desirable hinge locations Estimate reasonable design seismic force on the
building Design the members at hinge locations (upper bound type) Assess the member forces at other locations under the action of capacity force Design other locations for that force; need not detail these for high ductility
Slide 13
Materials in RC Members
Concrete and steel have very different
characteristics Steel ductile: strain capacity: ~12% to 25% Concrete brittle: strain capacity: ~0.35%
HYSD
Mild Steel
0.35%
Slide 14
20-25%
Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012
Confinement of concrete
Considerably improves its strain capacity
Stress-strain relationship for concrete proposed by Saatcioglu and Razvi, (1992)

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012 Slide 15
Confinement of Column Sections
Fig. from Paulay and Priestley, 1992
Slide 16
Main Steps
Weak Girder Strong Column Philosophy Shear Failure Prevented by Special Calculations
(Capacity Design Method) Good Development Length Regions Likely to have Hinges Confined with Closely-spaced and Closed Stirrups
Slide 17
Applicability of Code (Cl. 1.1.1)

Originally, this code was applicable for:
All structures in zones IV or V Structures in zone III with I > 1.0 Industrial structures in zone III More than 5-storey structures in zone III
After the Bhuj earthquake, the code made
applicable to all structures in zones III, IV and V. Even though the code title says structures, it was written primarily for buildings.
Background Materials
The code emerged from the following. These also provide commentary:
Medhekar M S, Jain S K and Arya A S, "Proposed Draft for IS:4326 on Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures," Bulletin of the Indian Society of Earthquake Technology, Vol 29, No. 3, September 1992, 15 - 35.
Medhekar M S and Jain S K, "Seismic Behaviour, Design, and Detailing of R.C. Shear Walls, Part I: Behaviour and Strength," The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 67, No. 7, July 1993, 311-318. Medhekar M S and Jain S K, "Seismic Behaviour, Design, and Detailing of R.C. Shear Walls, Part II: Design and Detailing," The Indian Concrete Journal, Vol. 67, No. 8, September 1993, 451-457.
Concrete Grade
Originally, as per Cl.5.2: buildings more than 3 storeys high, minimum concrete grade shall preferably be M20.
Now, word preferably has been dropped.
Most codes specify higher grade of concrete for seismic regions than that for non-seismic constructions. Examples:
ACI allows M20 for ordinary constructions, but a minimum of M25 for aseismic constructions. Euro code allows M15 for non seismic, but requires a min grade of M20 for low-seismic and M25 for medium and high seismic regions.
Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012 Slide 20
Steel Grade (Cl. 5.3)
Originally, the code required that steel reinforcement of grade Fe415 or less only be used. Higher grade of steel reduces ductility. Hence, there is usually an upper limit on grade of steel required.
Slide 21
Steel Grade (Contd)
Recently, the code relaxed this requirement. Cl.5.3 now reads as

5.3 Steel reinforcements of grade Fe415 (see IS 1786:1985) or less only shall be used.
However, high strength deformed steel bars, produced by the thermo-mechanical treatment process, of grades Fe500 and Fe550, having elongation more than 14.5 percent and conforming to other requirements of IS 1786:1985 may also be used for the reinforcement.
Thus, higher grades of steel are now allowed in the Indian code subject to the above restrictions on ductility of bars.
Steel Grade (Contd)
ACI has two additional requirements on steel reinforcement:
Actual yield strength must not exceed specified yield strength by more than 120 MPa.
The shear or bond failure may precede the flexural hinge formation. If the difference is very high, the capacity design concept will not work.
Ratio of actual ultimate strength to actual yield strength should be at least 1.25.
To develop inelastic rotation capacity, need adequate length of yield region along axis of the member. This attempts to ensure that.
Flexural Members
Slide 24
Positive Reinforcement
At a joint face, positive reinforcement should be at least 50% of the negative reinf.
Negative steel (At)
Negative steel (At)
Positive steel (Ab
0.5At)
Positive steel (Ab
0.5At)
Two reasons:
Need adequate compression reinforcement to ensure ductility. Seismic moments are reversible. See next slide.
Slide 25
Reinforcement Elsewhere (Cl. 6.2.4)
Steel at top and bottom face anywhere should be at least 25% of max negative moment steel at face of either joint.
8 Nos 20
Min 3 Nos 20
12 Nos 20
Min 4 Nos 20
Min 6 Nos 20
Slide 26
Reinforcement (Contd)
Reasons:
Actual moments away from joint may be higher than the design moment. We do not want to reduce large amount of steel abruptly away from the joint.
Slide 27
External Joint of Beam with Column
Very important to ensure adequate anchorage of beam bars in the column
Slide 28
External Joint (Contd)
Notice the top bar of beam is shown to go into column well below soffit of the beam.
This is a problem in the construction.
One would cast the columns up to beam soffit level before fixing the beam reinforcement. Problem arises since Indian code does not require minimum column width.
If column is wide enough, this will not be a problem.
Seismic codes generally require column width to be at least 20 times the largest beam bar dia.
More on column width later in the section on joints.

Lap Splice (Cl. 6.2.6)
Lap length
development length in tension
Due to reversal of seismic loads, the bar could be in compression or tension. Within a joint Within a distance of 2d from joint face Within a quarter length of member where yielding may occur due to seismic forces.
Lap splice not to be provided
Lap splices are not reliable under cyclic inelastic deformations and hence not to be provided in the critical regions.
Slide 30
Lap Splice (Contd)
Wherever longitudinal bar splices are provided:
Hoops @ not more than 150 mm c/c should be provided over the entire splice length
Ld = development length in tension db = bar diameter
Slide 31
Web Reinforcement
Most important requirement in seismic regions
Slide 32
Web Reinforcement (Contd)
Several actions by web reinforcement:
Shear force capacity Confinement of concrete Lateral support to compression reinforcement bars
Slide 33
Vertical hoops
Shear direction may reverse during earthquake shaking Hence, inclined bars not effective.
Open stirrups cannot confine concrete As against normal 90 degree hooks Provides good anchorage to stirrups As against 4 dia extension Provides good anchorage.
Closed stirrups
135 degree hooks
10 dia extension ( 75 mm)
Two pieces allowed:
U-stirrup and a cross tie Both with 135 degree hooks at either end. See next slide for ACI provision.
This is more conservative than the ACI Code
Slide 35
Hoops as per ACI318
Slide 36
Spacing of Hoops
Hoop spacing over 2d length at either end of beam not to exceed
d/4 8 times dia of smallest longitudinal bar

Spacing >d/4 >8db
2d
2d
2d
Slide 37
Spacing of Hoops (Contd)
But, hoop spacing need not be less than 100 mm
To ensure space for needle vibrator.
Also, close spacing of hoops over 2d on either side of any other location where flexural yielding is likely Elsewhere, hoop spacing to not exceed d/2
As against 3d/4 permitted by IS:456
First hoop should be placed within 50 mm of the joint face.

Shear Design
Shear reinforcement to be designed for:
Factored shear forces as per calculations for applied design loads. Shear forces that will develop when flexural yielding takes place at either end of the beam
Capacity design concept to ensure shear failure (brittle failure) will not precede the flexural yielding.
Slide 39
Capacity Design for Shear
Cantilever Beam Example
Factored design load 100 kN, Height of 5m Design moment at base =100 x 5 = 500 kNm Design for this moment. Generally, the actual reinforcement may be somewhat higher than calculated.
100kN (Factored Design Load)
5m
Say the moment capacity of the section is 600 kNm (instead of 500 kNm).
Slide 40
Cantilever example (Contd)
Design assumes steel stress as 0.87fy (due to partial safety factor of 1.15) But, steel can take upto say 1.25fy (due to strain hardening). Hence, section can take moment upto about 860 kNm (= 600x1.25/0.87). When moment at base is 860 kNm, the shear force must be 172 kN (= 860/5). Hence, to prevent shear failure prior to flexural yielding, design shear force is 172 kN
As against 100 kN factored shear force!

Capacity Design (Contd)
Ratio 1.25 / 0.87 = 1.44 has been rounded off to 1.4 in the code (Cl. 6.33)
Slide 42
Capacity Design for Shear
Consider beam part of a frame.

EQ Force
Sagging
Hogging
EQ Force
Hogging
Sagging
Flexural yielding will be in sagging at one end and hogging at the other end, and vice versa.
Capacity Design for Shear (Contd)

MSA MHB
L Shear force = MHA
MSA + MHB
L
MSB
L Shear force = MHA + MSB L
Slide 44
Capacity Design for Shear (Contd)
Slide 45
Example
V
D L a
D L b
1.2 D 2
61.5 kN
' M pa
' M pb
L
' M pa
105
231
' M pb
295
(Va)min = 61.5 -105 = - 45.5 kN

(Vb)max = 61.5 + 105 = 166.5 kN
Example (Contd)
M pa
M pa 303
' M mb
M 'pb
209
102
(Va)max = 61.5 + 102 = 163.5 kN

(Vb)min = 61.5-102 = 40.5 kN Design shear reinforcement for these shear force values as usual.
Detailing Reqmnts for Beams
Slide 48
Columns
Slide 49
Location of Lap Splices

All laps should be only in the central half of the
column height. Seismic moments are maximum in columns just
above and just below the beam: hence, reinforcement must not change at those locations.
Seismic moments minimum in the central half of

the column height.
Hence, reinforcement should be specified from

mid-storey-height to next mid-storey-height.
Locations of Laps in Columns
Region for lap splices
Bending Moment Diagram

Lap Splices
Should be proportioned as tension splices.
Columns may develop substantial moments. The moments are reversible in direction. Hence, all bars are liable to go under tension.
Slide 52
No of bars to be lapped
Code does not allow more than 50% of the bars
to lapped at the same location.
For buildings of normal proportions, it means:

Half the bars to be spliced in one storey, and the
other half in the next storey.
Construction difficulties. The clause appears to be very harsh. It should allow all bars to be lapped at the same
location but with a penalty on the lap length.
Slide 53
Detailing at Lap Locations

Hoops to be provided over entire splice length
at spacing not exceeding 150 c/c.
Slide 54
Transverse Reinforcement
A hoop must be (Cl. 7.3.1):
Closed stirrup Have 135 degree hook Have 10 dia extension (but not less than 75mm)
at each end which is embedded in core concrete.
10 dia extension: difficulties in construction

ACI now allows 6 dia extension (subject to a
minimum of 75 mm).
Slide 55
Transverse Reinforcement
If length of any side of hoop exceeds 300mm,
cross tie to be provided (Cl. 7.3.2)
Slide 56
Transverse Reinforcement (Contd)
Slide 57
As per ACI318
Slide 58
Spacing of Hoops (Cl. 7.3.3)

Spacing of hoops anywhere not to exceed half
the least lateral dimension of the column.
Except where confinement reinforcement is

needed: closer spacing will be needed there.
Slide 59
Shear Design
Column to be designed for larger of
Calculated factored shear force. Shear force by capacity design concept
assuming plastic hinge forms at the beams on either side. It is assumed in this clause that the columns will not yield
before the beams do (Strong Column Weak Beam Design)
However, recall that our code does not have the clause for
strong column weak beam design.
Slide 60
Design Shear Force for Column
Slide 61
Special Confining Reinf.

Must be provided over a length lo from each
joint face. Length lo must be larger of: Larger lateral dimension of the column 1/6 of the clear span of member 450mm
Slide 62
Special Confining Reinf. (Contd)
If point of contraflexure not within middle half of the member clear height:
Special confining reinforcement should be provided over full column height.
Slide 63
Column End at Footing
Slide 64
Spacing of Special Conf. Reinf.

Spacing of hoops for special confinement
reinforcement Not to exceed of minimum column dimension. But need not be less than 75mm nor more than
100 mm.
The above spacing is really for buildings. For large bridge piers, may allow larger spacing
AASHTO: minimum spacing of 100mm Japanese code: minimum spacing of 150mm Indian code needs to incorporate this.
Confinement Reinf. Area

Area of cross section of circular hoops or spirals
to be not less than:
Ash
fck 0.09SDk fy
Ag Ak
1.0
Slide 66
Example:
Column dia: 300 mm M20 concrete, Fe415 reinforcement Spacing of confinement reinforcement should not
exceed 300/4 = 75, or 100mm and cannot be less than75mm. Hence, spacing of confinement reinf. = 75 mm Assuming clear cover of 40mm: Core dia (Dk) is 220mm; Ak=38,000 sq.m Overall dia = 300mm; Ag=70,700 sq.m
Ash = 0.09 x 75 x 220 x (20/415) x [(300/220)2 - 1] = 61.5 sq.mm
Hence, 10 mm dia bars are needed.

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN Slide 67
Another Example:
Same as earlier: change column dia to 200mm.
Stirrup spacing will still be 75mm. Core dia is 120mm
Ash = 0.09 x 75 x 120 x (20/415) x [(200/120)2 - 1] = 69.4 sq.mm
Need 10 mm stirrups.

Stirrup spacing will still be 75mm. Core dia is 70mm
Ash = 0.09 x 75 x 70 x (20/415) x [(150/70)2 - 1] = 81.8 sq.mm Need 12 mm dia stirrups!!
Slide 68
Confinement Reinforcement
The last term in bracket tends to increase as the
column size reduces.
For very small sections, you will get larger dia

bars.
Can be a problem in the detailing of boundary

elements of shear walls.
Slide 69
More Example
Stirrup spacing will now be 100mm. Core dia is 1920mm Ash = 0.09 x 100 x 1920 x (20/415) x [(2000/1920 )2 - 1] = 70.84 sq.mm Need 10 mm stirrups!! Clearly, too small for 2 m dia column.
Slide 70
Confinement Reinforcement
For very large diameters, the last term in

bracket tends to be very small.
This leads to under-design of large

diameter bridge piers.
Slide 71
Rectangular Hoops
Ash
fck 0.18Sh fy
Ag Ak
1.0
Slide 72
Confinement Hoops
Thus, equations of Cl. 7.4.7 and Cl. 7.4.8 break down for very large sections and very small sections.
This needs to be fixed in the code. IRC draft under discussion provides additional requirements on this.
Slide 73
Beam Column Joints
Slide 74
Joints in RC Frames
Moment resisting frame has three components
Beams Columns Rigid joint between beams and columns.
Joint is a very important element.
Earlier, joint was often ignored in RC constructions, even though in steel constructions adequate attention was always paid to the joint.
Slide 75
Codal Provisions

Provisions in IS:13920 on joints are very weak. Considerable improvements are needed in the next edition. Partly, this is because IS:456 lacks general framework for joint calculations.
Slide 76
Reinforcement in Joint

Joint too needs to have stirrups like columns do. In most constructions in our country, joints are not provided with stirrups.
It is often tedious to provide stirrups in joint due to congestion.
In gravity design, there was a practice that bottom beam bars need not be continuous through the joint.
It is simply not acceptable when building has to carry lateral loads.
Slide 77
RC Detailing Handbook of BIS
Incorrect Practice
Slide 78
Issues
Serviceability
Cracks should not occur due to

Diagonal compressionm Joint shear
Strength
Should be more than that in adjacent members
Ductility
Not needed for gravity loads Needed for seismic loads Should not be congested.
Slide 79
Ease of Construction
Cracks in Joint Region
Slide 80
Type of Joints
Slide 81
Geometric Description of Joints
Slide 82
Moment Strength Ratio
Moment strength ratio to ensure Strong Column Weak Beam Columns should have higher moment capacity than the beams
M n( cols ) M n( beams )
1.0
Normally, the codes require this ratio to be at least 1.2
Slide 83
Moment Strength Ratio (Contd)

Our code does not have this requirement. Notice that the original draft contained in Medhekars paper had this clause
This clause requires much larger column sizes than prevalent in India. It was felt that this may not be followed in practice and hence it should be deferred for the time being.
It is perhaps time to think of bringing this clause in the code.
Slide 84
Confinement of Concrete Core

Core concrete acts as compression strut, and It carries shear force.

core
shell
Slide 85
Compression Strut
Compression Strut
Moment Moment
Slide 86
Confinement
Provided by the beams (and slabs) around the joint, and

Col.
Plan
By the reinforcement:
Longitudinal bars (from beams and columns, passing through the joint), and Transverse reinforcement
Confinement (Contd)
Better to provide more number of smaller dia longitudinal bars in beams and columns. Requirements on transverse reinforcement reduced if joint is confined by beams on all faces.
Slide 88
IS:13920
Unless the joint is confined by beams, special confinement reinforcement provided in the columns to also be provided in joint. If beams frame on all four faces of the joint, the joint may be provided half the reinforcement given above. This is provided:
Beam widths are at least column width.
Spacing of hoops in the joint region not to exceed 150 mm.
Slide 89
Shear Force in Joint
Slide 90
Shear Force in Joint (Contd)
Slide 91
Shear Strength
Indian code does not require shear strength of joint to be checked. This should be introduced. ACI and other codes provide a formal method to check shear stress within the joint region.
Slide 92
Anchorage for Longitudinal Bars
Joints should be capable of providing anchorage to beam and column bars.
Slide 93
External Joints
ACI has standard hooks. Hence, the column width is checked to ensure anchorage.
l dh
f y db 65 f ' c
Slide 94
Bar Stresses
Gravity Loads
Lateral Loads
Under Lateral Loads

Slide 95
Internal Joints
Codes usually requi
Seismic Codes usually require that
Column Width Beam Bar Diameter

20
Slide 96

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Seismic Detailing of RC Structures (IS:13920-1993)

Sudhir K Jain Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar

This lecture covers:

Covers important clauses of IS13920 With particular emphasis on Buildings

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

How to ensure ductility

Need sufficient member ductility to ensure adequate structural ductility.

Prevent brittle failure mechanisms to take place prior to ductile yielding

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Beam Hinge Mechanism (Sway Mechanism)

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Hence, Ensure that

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Yielding of tension bars

Ductile Tension failure Under-reinforced section

Crushing of compression concrete

Brittle Compression failure Over-reinforced section

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Tension failure more likely if:

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Section ductility increases as

Generally, columns are less ductile than beams

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Capacity Design Concept

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Capacity Design Concept (contd)

Design/detail ductile element(s).

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Capacity Design Concept (contd)

For instance, in a RC member

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Capacity Design of Frames

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Considerably improves its strain capacity

Stress-strain relationship for concrete proposed by Saatcioglu and Razvi, (1992)

Confinement of Column Sections

Fig. from Paulay and Priestley, 1992

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Applicability of Code (Cl. 1.1.1)

After the Bhuj earthquake, the code made

Now, word preferably has been dropped.

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Steel Grade (Cl. 5.3)

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN

Seismic Design of Buildings / November 2012

Steel Grade (Contd)

Recently, the code relaxed this requirement. Cl.5.3 now reads as

Sudhir K. Jain, IITGN