Diaphragm Wall Work for the Proposed Residential Development

Project Description
Approximate Value: Contract Duration: Commencement Date : Completion Date: Client: Consultant: Main Contractor: HK$214M 390 days 03 May 2010 27 May 2011 Sino Group / Hopewell Holdings Ltd. / URA CM Wong Gammon Construction Ltd

Introduction
Diaphragm Wall is generally reinforced concrete wall constructed in the ground using under slurry technique which was developed in Europe. The technique involves excavating a narrow trench that is kept full of an engineered fluid (Bentonite) of slurry. Walls of thickness between 300 and 1200 mm can be formed in this way up to a depth of 45 meters.

Advantage of Diaphragm Wall

Diaphragm walls are underground structural elements commonly used as retention systems and permanent foundation walls. They can also be used as groundwater barriers. The primary advantage of a diaphragm wall over a secant wall is the reduced number of joints in the wall which ultimately improves the walls water tightness. Diaphragm walls tend to be used for retaining very deep excavations as they can be designed to take very high structural loads.

Conceptual sketch showing the RCC Diaphragm Wall

Excavation of Panel

Installation of Rebar Cage

Concreting of Panel

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Project Description
Scope of Work: Bored Piles Work Diaphragm Wall Work Utilities Diversion Hoarding Modification

Project Description (Diaphragm Wall Work)

Total Length : 420m (approximate) Thickness : 800mm, 1000mm and 1200mm

Construction Sequence
Grout Curtain Wall Near Historical Building

Diaphragm Wall Construction

Contact Grout (for Load Bearing Panels only)

Shear Pin Installation

Grout Curtain Wall

Near Historical Building

Tube Tube-A-Manchettes (TAM) Grouting Method

Spacing @ 1.5 c / c down to rockhead / -40mPD

Grout Curtain Wall

Carry out in Rises from the bottom up to Exiting Ground Level

Grout in 2 stages

Bentonite - Cement Grout

Chemical Grout
(Solution A + Solution B)

Diaphragm Wall Construction

Total Length Thickness Total Panel

: 420m (approximate) : 800mm, 1000mm and 1200mm : 83no.s

Normally construction period : around 7 ~ 10 days for each

Diaphragm Wall Construction

Wall Thickness Type of DD-Wall Panel 800mm, 1000mm and 1200mm Load Bearing Panel / NonNon -Loading Bearing Panel Panel Depth Type 1: -12 mPD Type 2: -20 mPD Type 3: -27 mPD

non-load bearing

Type 4:4:- 25 mPD 500mm keykey-in into Bedrock load / (Grade III/IV)
non-load bearing

Elevation View A
VIEW A

+5.0

+0.0

-5.0 -10.0

-15.0

-20.0

-25.0 -30.0

Grade III / IV

Elevation View B

VIEW B

+5.0

+0.0 -5.0 -10.0 -15.0 -20.0 -25.0 -30.0 -35.0 -40.0 -45.0

Soil

Grade III / IV
-50.0 -55.0

Elevation View C
VIEW C

+5.0 +0.0 -5.0 -10.0 -15.0 -20.0 -25.0 -30.0 -35.0 -40.0 -45.0 -50.0 -55.0

Soil

Grade III / IV

Guide Wall Construction

Ensure Trench Excavation Remains within Allowable Tolerance Support Reinforcement Cages, Tremie Pipes and Other Equipment Maintain Bentonite Mud Level

Diaphragm Wall Excavation

Using Clamshell to Excavate Soil Different Thickness to Suit D-Wall Thickness

Diaphragm Wall Excavation

Hydromill Using Cutter for Excavation Adjustable Cutter Thickness to Suit D-Wall Thickness

Diaphragm Wall Excavation

Controlled Chiseling for Rock Socket and Removal of Obstructions

Joint Cleaner

Stopend and Waterstop Installation

Desanding
Remove Soil Debris in the returned Bentonite

Steel Cage Installation

Lap Length, Starters / Couplers Location Are Clearly Marked on Steel Cages Starters / Couplers Covered by Plywood Connection of Steel Cages by U-bolts Are

Concreting of Panel
Pouring Concrete to Complete the Panel by Tremie Method

Typical Panel Arrangement

WATER STOP

STOP END

Construction Sequence

Construction Sequence

Contact Grout
Carried out for Loading Panel Only

Drill Through Reservation Tube to a Depth 1m below Toe of D-Wall

Carry out Contact Grout to Provide Good Contact between D-Wall / Bedrock

Shear Pin Installation

Provision of Shear Pin

Rockhead would be encountered at much shallower depths, As such, due to the difficulties for excavation into rock for the construction of diaphragm wall, shear pin is adopted as an extension of diaphragm wall into bedrock enhance the toe stability of the D-wall wall. .

Inspection and Test

Tests and Inspections Setting Out D-Wall Rockhead Level D-Wall Toe Level Acceptance Criteria Frequency Method of Inspection

D-Wall thickness +/-50mm Every Panel Surveying As stated in drawing As stated in drawing Every Panel Visual Inspection Every Panel Measuring tap Every Cage Measurement

Fabrication of Steel Cage As stated in drawing Verticality Test Bentonite Testing 1:80 Stated in drawing

Every Panel Lowering of Chisel Stated in drawing

Verticality Control
Lowering Chisel

in D-Wall Trench for Checking

Testing of Bentonite

Property to be Measure Density (g/ml) Fluid Loss (ml) in 30 min Filter Cake Viscosity (second) Sand Content (%) pH Frequency of Test

Test Method & Apparatus Mud Balance Filter Press Filter Press Marsh Cone Sand Screen Set pH Paper -

Fresh Bentonite 1.01 to 1.03 <30 <2 30 to 40 N.A. N.A. At Least Once per mixing Day

Prior to Concreting <1.08 <35 <3 30 to 50 <2% 8 to 10 200mm above Base

Re-use <1.25 <40 N.A. 30 to 50 N.A. 8 to 10 Once per day

Monitoring (Bentonite Slurry Level)

Immediate Loss of Bentonite Slurry during Excavation

Possible Result in Trench Stability

Trench to be Immediately Backfilled with Excavated Soil

Monitoring (Alert / Alarm / Action Level)

Alert Level Alarm Level Action Level Ground Settlement Check Point (Sensitive) Ground Settlement Check Point (General) 5mm 15mm 8mm 20mm 7mm 10mm 5mm/s 0.4m drop 1:750 15mm 12mm 25mm 10mm 15 7.5mm/s 0.5m drop 1:500 20mm

Building Settlement Check Point (Sensitive) 5mm Building Settlement Check Point (General) Vibration Check Point Piezometer Tilting Water Main Check Point 8mm 3mm/s 1:1000 10mm

Sonic Logging Test

The Sonic Logging Test can be the most suitable method to detect the concrete defects of the diaphragm wall, such as honeycombing due to inadequate vibration, segregation due to over vibration and improper concrete placement method, wash out of cement, cracks in the wall wall. . Therefore, effort must be taken to ensure each wall build up on site to be free from any kind of defects during the construction construction. .

Interface Coring Test

The purpose of the test is to verify the interface condition of the concrete and bedrock. bedrock .

Daily Progress Report for Monitoring of Diaphragm wall

Daily Progress Report for Monitoring of Diaphragm wall

Thank You