Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mehmet Kanoglu
University of Gaziantep
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Objectives
Evaluate the performance of gas power cycles for which the working fluid remains a gas throughout the entire cycle. Develop simplifying assumptions applicable to gas power cycles. Review the operation of reciprocating engines. Analyze both closed and open gas power cycles. Solve problems based on the Otto, Diesel, Stirling, and Ericsson cycles. Solve problems based on the Brayton cycle; the Brayton cycle with regeneration; and the Brayton cycle with intercooling, reheating, and regeneration. Analyze jet-propulsion cycles. Identify simplifying assumptions for second-law analysis of gas power cycles. Perform second-law analysis of gas power cycles.
2
14/3/2012
Cylinder, piston, inlet valve and exhaust valve. Piston moves from the top dead center (TDC) to the bottom dead center (BDC). Clearance volume, Vc is a spacing between the top of the piston and the valves heads when the piston is at the end of the delivery stroke. Swept volume or displacement volume, Vs is the volume between TDC and BDC.
TDC
bore
piston BDC
Stroke (Vswept)
Vc
14/3/2012
14/3/2012
14/3/2012
14/3/2012
The cylinders are arranged in a line in a single bank The cylinders are arranged in 2 banks on opposite sides of the engine
Compression ratio =
ie. rv =
piston
stroke BDC
Vc + Vs Vc
bore
(Vs)
14/3/2012
The analysis of many complex processes can be reduced to a manageable level by utilizing some idealizations. 14
14/3/2012
The ideal cycles are internally reversible, but, unlike the Carnot cycle, they are not necessarily externally reversible. Therefore, the thermal efficiency of an ideal cycle, in general, is less than that of a totally reversible cycle operating between the same temperature limits. However, it is still considerably higher than the thermal efficiency of an actual cycle because of the idealizations utilized.
15
On a T-s diagram, the ratio of the area enclosed by the cyclic curve to the area under the heat-addition process curve represents the thermal efficiency of the cycle. Any modification that increases the ratio of these two areas will also increase the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
The idealizations and simplifications in the analysis of power cycles: 1. The cycle does not involve any friction. Therefore, the working fluid does not experience any pressure drop as it flows in pipes or devices such as heat exchangers. 2. All expansion and compression processes take place in a quasi-equilibrium manner. 3. The pipes connecting the various components of a system are well insulated, and heat transfer through them is negligible.
Care should be exercised in the interpretation of the results from ideal cycles.
On both P-v and T-s diagrams, the area enclosed by the process curve represents the net work of the cycle.
16
14/3/2012
AIR-STANDARD ASSUMPTIONS
Air-standard assumptions: 1. The working fluid is air, which continuously circulates in a closed loop and always behaves as an ideal gas. 2. All the processes that make up the cycle are internally reversible. 3. The combustion process is replaced by a heat-addition process from an external source. 4. The exhaust process is replaced by a heat-rejection process that restores the working fluid to its initial state.
Cold-air-standard assumptions: When the working fluid is considered to be air with constant specific heats at room temperature (25C). Air-standard cycle: A cycle for which the air-standard assumptions are applicable.
18
14/3/2012
Actual and ideal cycles in spark-ignition engines and their P-v diagrams.
20
10
14/3/2012
= Vmin
= Vmax
k=
cp cv
= Vmin = Vmax
11
14/3/2012
ie.,
v 3) 1 v2
1) pv = RT p1v1 p2v2 = T1 T2
T 4) 2 T1 T 5) 2 T1
p2 k = p 1 p2 = p 1 v1 = v 2
k 1 k
2)
(k 1)
12
14/3/2012
otto =
= Vmin
= Vmax
=1 =1
m cv (T4 T1 ) m cv (T3 T2 )
otto = 1
(T4 T1 ) (T3 T2 )
T2 v1 = T1 v2 T3 v4 = T4 v3
k 1
and
k 1
= Vmin
= Vmax
13
14/3/2012
T2 T1
= Vmin = Vmax
otto = 1
(T4 T1 ) = 1 T4 (T3 T2 ) T3
1
=1
1 v1 v 2
k 1
T T2 T4 T1 or 3 = T3 T4 or
ie., otto = 1
(rv )k 1
(T4 T1 ) = T4 (T3 T2 ) T3
The above equation is only valid for the ideal Otto cycle under the cold air air-standard assumptions assumptions. The above equation shows that under the cold air airstandard assumptions, assumptions the thermal efficiency of an ideal Otto cycle depends on the compression ratio of the engine and the specific heat ratio of the working fluid.
14
14/3/2012
otto = 1 otto = 1
T4 T1 L function of temperatures T3 T2 1 rv
k 1
These two equations are only valid for the ideal Otto cycle under the cold airair-standard assumptions. assumptions
In SI engines, the compression ratio is limited by autoignition or engine knock. Thermal efficiency of the ideal Otto cycle as a function of compression ratio (k = 1.4). The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle increases with the specific heat ratio k of the 30 working fluid.
15
14/3/2012
Example 9-1
An ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of the compression process, air is at 95 kPa and 27C, and 750 kJ/kg of heat is transferred to air during the constant-volume heat-addition process. Under the cold air-standard assumptions, determine, a) the pressure and temperature at the end of the heat addition; b) the net work output; c) the thermal efficiency; d) the mean effective pressure for the cycle.
31
16
14/3/2012
17
14/3/2012
35
DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Compression / expansion index under the cold air airstandard assumptions
p p3 = p2 pv = const
k=
cp cv
v2 4 1 v1 v
18
14/3/2012
DIESEL CYCLE: THE IDEAL CYCLE FOR COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES Under the cold airair-standard assumptions Heat added to the engine
Q23 = m.c p (T3 T2 )
pv = const p p3 = p2
4 1 v1 v
or
Diesel =
L basic
Diesel = 1
ie.,
Diesel = 1
(T4 T1 ) k (T3 T2 )
function of temperatures
19
14/3/2012
T2 v1 = T1 v2
k 1
T1 =
T2 v1 v 2
k 1
T1 =
T2 k 1 rv
p3 = p2
pv = const
4 1 v1 v
Also,
v3 v2 = v x v 4 2
k 1
k 1
rc = r v
k 1
p p3 = p2
rc ie T4 = T3 r v
k 1
rc = T2 rc r v
rc k = T2 r k 1 v
pv = const
Diesel = 1
[r
rv
k 1
1 [k (rc 1)]
c
1 v2 v1 v
20
14/3/2012
Cutoff ratio
Thermal efficiency of the ideal Diesel cycle as a function of compression and cutoff ratios (k=1.4).
41
21
14/3/2012
22
14/3/2012
QUESTIONS ???
Diesel engines operate at higher air-fuel ratios than gasoline engines. Why? Despite higher power to weight ratios, two-stroke engines are not used in automobiles. Why? The stationary diesel engines are among the most efficient power producing devices (about 50%). Why?
What is a turbocharger? Why are they mostly used in diesel engines compared to gasoline engines.
45
A regenerator is a device that borrows energy from the working fluid during one part of the cycle and pays it back (without interest) during another part.
23
14/3/2012
The Stirling and Ericsson cycles give a message: Regeneration can increase efficiency.
Both the Stirling and Ericsson cycles are totally reversible, as is the Carnot cycle, and thus:
The Ericsson cycle is very much like the Stirling cycle, except that the two constantvolume processes are replaced by two constant-pressure processes.
Summary
Basic considerations in the analysis of power cycles The Carnot cycle and its value in engineering Air-standard sssumptions An overview of reciprocating engines Otto cycle: The ideal cycle for spark-ignition engines Diesel cycle: The ideal cycle for compression-ignition engines Stirling and Ericsson cycles
48
24