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Exponents


1) Definition
0
1 a =
1
n
n
a
a

=

n
m n
m
a a =


2) Properties
n m n m
a a a
+
=
n m n m
a a a

=
( )
n m n m
a a

=

( )
n n n
ab a b =


1. If
4 4 4 4 25
2 2 2 2 4
x x x x
+ + + = , What is x?

Answer: 2+4x=50, x=12

2. If
2 2 3 1
4 16
x x +
= , what is the value of x?
* If
2 4 3 9
27 3
x x + +
= , then x=?
Answer: 6x+12=3x+9, x=-1
* If
7
3
(5 ) 25
k
= , then k=?
3. If
(2 )(2 ) 8 (9 )(3 ) 81
x y x y
and = =
then what is 2x-y?

4. What is the smallest integer n for which
12
25 5
n
>
?

Answer: n=7


5. If a is a positive integer greater than 1, then
1
2 2
a a+
+ =
(a)
1
3
a+

(b)
1
2
a+

(c) 2a

(d)
1
2
a
a
+

(e) 3(2 )
a

Answer: e

6.
The value of
14 15 16 17
2 2 2 2
5

+ + +
is how many times the value of
17
2

?

*
5 8 7 6
3 3 3 3 + =
Answer:
5 3 2 5
3 (1 3 3 3) 16 3 + =
7.
5 4 2 3
5 4 7
( )
?
( )
x x x
x x x

=

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Remainders


If you divide a b , then you will get : : quotient q and remainder r .

In this case, you can rewrite a number a by b, q, and r
a bq r = +

ex) If you divide 26 by 3, then you will get the quotient 8 and remainder 2.
So. you can rewrite 26=3*8+2


1. When m is divided by 5, the remainder is 2. What is the remainder when 3m is
divided by 5?

Answer: 1

2. When positive integer x is divided by positive integer y, the remainder is 9. If
96.12
x
y
=
, what is the value of y?


Answer: 75
Solution:
9
96.12
9
, 96 75
0.12
yk
y
Therefore k and y
+
=
= = =

3. What is the remainder when the integer 9
n
x = is divided by 10?
(1) n is a positive even integer.
(2) n is a multiple of 4
Hint) Unit digit
Answer: D
9,1,9,1,9,1

4. What is the tens digit of positive integer x?
(1) x divided by 100 has a remainder of 30
(2) x divided by 110 has a remainder of 30

Answer: A


5. What is the remainder when the positive integer x is divided by 3?
(1) x is an even integer larger than 2
(2) x is a multiple of 9

Answer: B

6. If positive integer x is divided by 2, the remainder is 1. What is the remainder when x

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is divided by 4?
(1) 31< x<35
(2) x is a multiple of 3

Answer: A
Sol) x is an odd number
x=3(2k+1)=6k+3=(4+2)k+3=4k +2k+3
if k=2i+1, remainder is 1
if k=2i, remainder is 3


7. If n is an integer greater than 6, which of the following must be divisible by 3?
Hint: pick any number satisfying the condition.
(A) n(n+1)(n-4)
(B) n(n+2)(n-1)
(C) n(n+3)(n-5)
(D) n(n+4)(n-2)
(E) n(n+5)(n-6)



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Multiple and Factor


C=A*B
C is the multiple of A and B
A is the factor of C
B is the factor of C



1. Is the integer y a multiple of 4?
(1)
2
3y is a multiple of 18
(2)
p
y
q
= , where p is a multiple of 12 and q is a multiple of 3.
Answer: E


2. What is the greatest positive integer x such that 3
x
is a factor of
10
9 ?

3. If x and y are nonzero integers and 450x=120y then which of the following must be
an integer?
i.
60
xy

ii.
15
4
x
y

iii.
4
15
x
y


Answer:
60
xy
,
15
4
x
y


Hint: Factorize each number to analyze the problem.
Sol) 15 4 3 5 2 2 x y x y = =



4. If a certain number is divisible by 12 and 10, it is not necessarily divisible by which of
the following?
(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 15
(D) 20
(E) 24
Answer: E
Hint: Factorize 12 and 10

5. If p, q and r are positive integers such that q is a factor of r, and r is a multiple of p,

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which of the following must be an integer?

a)
p q
r
+

b)
r q
p
+

c)
p
q

d)
pq
r

e)
( ) r p q
pq
+


Answer: E
hint: r is the multiple of p and q.
6. If x and y are positive integers, is
2x
y
an integer?

(1) Some factors of y are also factor of x
(2) All distinct prime factors of y are also prime factors of x

Answer: E


7. If positive integer x is a multiple of 6 and positive integer y is a multiple of 14, is xy a
multiple of 105?
(1) x is a multiple of 9
(2) y is a multiple of 25

Answer: B
Hint: Factorize each number to analyze the problem.
Sol) x=2*3*l
y=2*7*m
xy=3*5*7*n


8. If 6x=8y=14z, then what is a possible sum of positive integers x, y and z?

(A) 52
(B) 58
(C) 84
(D) 122
(E) 168


Sol)

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6 x = 8 y = 1 4 z
2 3 x = 2 2 2 2 7 y z =


2
2
,
2 7
3 7
2 3
28 21 12 61
Therefore
x k
y k
z k
x y z k k k k
=
=
=
+ + = + + =

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Square Root


1. Definition
2
( : ) x a x a a real number = =
2. Property

( )
2
a a =

2
| | a a =
In many case, this property is combined with
2 2
( )( ) x y x y x y = +
Ex)

( 3 7)( 3 7) ? + =




1. What is
2 2
x y if x<0 and y>0?
a) -xy
b) xy
c) -|xy|
d) |y|x
e) No solution
Sol)
2 2 2
( ) | | x y xy xy = =

2. What is
98 32 8 + +
?

3. ( 2 1)( 2 1)( 3 1)( 3 1) ? + + =

4.
2 2 3
10 300
+
+




5. If
2 5 d =
, what is the value of
2
( 3) d +





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Unit Digit


Find the pattern.
Do you know how to find the pattern?




1. What is the unit digit of
39
2
?
2. What is the unit digit of
19 15
9 7
?
3. What is the unit digit of?
6 3 9
(23) (17) (61)


4. What is the sum of all digits for the number
30
10 37
?

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Quadratic Equation


2
0 ax bx c + + =

1. Solving by factorization
2
0 ( )( ) 0 ax bx c a x p x q x p or q + + = = =
2. sum of two roots:
b
a
product of two roots:
c
a


You dont need to memorize the general formula because mathematics doesnt
focus on the memorization but understanding.


1. If 3 is one solution of the equation
2
2 9 x x k + =
, where k is a constant, what is the
other solution?

a. -2
b. -1
c. 0
d. 1
e. 2

2. Which of the following equations has a root in common with
2
7 12 0 x x + =
?
a.
2
1 0 x + =
b.
2
12 0 x x =
c.
2
8 4 0 x x =
d.
2
3 9 0 x =
e.
2
6 0 x x + =




















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Decimal, Fraction

Just watch how numbers are moving to.
Ex)
1 4
3
3
4
=
,
6
4 6
4
=

Some useful tips.

You can switch x with number 2 so that you can solve the rational equation quickly.

3 3
2
2
x
x
= =

Dont try to calculate first. Instead, reduce the number first.

3 2 3
4 2

=

Fraction or decimal is a good material to make a problem difficult thats why you can see
the fraction and decimal problems in the test a lot.


1.
15
0.025 48
2
?
3
0.0024 5
4

=



2.
1
?
1 1
0.03 0.37
=
+


3. if
2
1 2
3
n
s
x x
=
+
, 0 nx = , what is the value of s?

(1) x=2n
(2)n=1/2


Answer: A
Sol)
2 2
3
6 6
1 2 1 2
3 2 5
( ) 3
3 3
nx
x x
n n
s
n n n
nx
x x x x

= = = =
+
+ +


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Ratio, Percentage
Essentially, those two topics are same. Here are the expressions.
1
1 4 1: 4 .25 25%
4
Theratio to = = = =

Need to know two topics about percentage.
1. Percentage of what
Ex) 40% of 40 can be expressed by 0.4*40
2. Percentage increase (or decreage)



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Inequality


1. Is x>y?
(1)
2 2
x y >
(2) 0 x y >

Answer: B

2. Is
2 2
x y a positive number?
(1) x- y is a positive number
(2) x+y is a positive number

Answer: C