Energy resources

Fossil fuels
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear energy
Coal 22% Gas 24% Nuclear 7% Petroleum 39%

Image by MIT OCW.

Energy resources
Renewable energies
Wind

Gas 24%

Coal 22% Nuclear 7% Renewables 8%

Petroleum 39%

Image by MIT OCW.

Energy resources
Renewable energies
Wind Solar thermal
1
LATITUDE LATITUDE + 15 o -15o

LATI E TUD

Image by MIT OCW.

Gas 24%

Coal 22% Nuclear 7% Renewables 8%

Petroleum 39%

Image by MIT OCW.

Energy resources
Renewable energies
Wind Solar thermal Photovoltaic

Gas 24%

Coal 22% Nuclear 7% Renewables 8%

Petroleum 39%

Image by MIT OCW.

Energy resources
Renewable energies
Wind Solar thermal Photovoltaic Hydroelectric (& Tidal)
Coal 22% Nuclear 7% Renewables 8%

storage issue

Gas 24%

Petroleum 39%

Image by MIT OCW.

Energy resources
Energy conversion Electricity
Device
Open fireplace Coal fired boiler, manual feed Chemical-to-heat Coal fired boiler, automatic Oil fired boiler Gas fired boiler Heat-to-mechanical Steam piston engines Steam turbines Petrol engines Chemical-to-mechanical Diesel engines Gas turbines AC generator AC motor Electrical Transformer Lead-acid battery (input-output) Electric heating

Electric heating only half as efficient as direct fuel combustion

Conversion Efficiency,
0.30 0.60 0.70 0.70 0.75 0.05-0.20 0.18-0.40 0.20-0.28 0.32-0.38 0.30-0.35 0.97 0.92 0.98 0.75 0.99
Image by MIT OCW.

Electrical Energy Steam Turbine

Boiler

Generator Fuel Condensate Pump Condensor

Waterway Cool water in Warm water out

Image by MIT OCW.

Active controls: HVAC

Two parameters to be known
capacity
depends on buildings heat losses depends on T between comfort T and worst outside T

heating requirements
depends on time of the year

Active controls: HVAC

Local heating
Oil heater Stove (solid fuel) Gas heater Electric heater
Infrared lamps Incandescent radiators Medium temperature (tube or panel) radiators Low temperature panels (oil filled) Convectors Fan-convectors Storage (block) heaters Floor warming Ceiling warming
Image by MIT OCW.

Type

Heat emission (%) Radiant 100 80 60 40 20 10 20 70 20 40 60 80 100 90 80 30 Convective

Active controls: HVAC

Local heating
Oil heater
COP
20 15 (Warm) Sink (room) temperature (oC)
20 30 40 50

Stove (solid fuel) Gas heater Electric heater

Heat pump
Image by MIT OCW.

10

0 -10

10

20

30

(Cold) Source temperature (oC)

High pressure liquid

Low pressure liquid Choke (Pressure release valve) Evaporator

Sink

Condenser

Source

Image by MIT OCW.

High pressure vapour

Compressor

Low pressure vapour

Active controls: HVAC

Water pipe

Central heating
Air based Water based
Air duct for for
0,33 kWh/m 3K

for
3 3 1161 1161kWh/m kWh/m K K

Supply ducts

Control valve Convector Air vent

Return duct

Burner oil tank Oil Tank Fan Dust filter

Return fitting

Pump Boiler

Compression tank

Images by MIT OCW.

Active controls: HVAC

Ventilation and air-conditioning
Mechanical ventilation Air-conditioning
Conventional room conditioner Open-cycle cooling

Radiating surfaces
Room air Fibrous material pad e.g. wood shavings in cheese cloth Perforated drip pipe

Outdoor air

C CD

Pump Motor Fan

Images by MIT OCW.

Sump with float valve for make-up water

Active controls: HVAC

Integration and occupants comfort
Floor warming slow but comfortable Convectors quick but not for massive/badly insulated spaces Local radiative heating towards people for large spaces

Passive and active heating combination

Heating system coherent with solar gains
stops when gains overcome needs requires temperature or solar radiation sensor (separation N/S)
S N

SAF

AF

AF

VF

VF

VM

VM

Image by MIT OCW.

Passive and active heating combination

Heating system coherent with solar gains
stops when gains overcome needs requires temperature or solar radiation sensor (separation N/S) requires low inertia of heating system

Air
[h]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4

Radiator
[h]
6 8 10 12 14 16

Floor
[h]
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Image by MIT OCW.

Passive and active heating combination

Heating system coherent with solar gains
stops when gains overcome needs requires temperature or solar radiation sensor (separation N/S) requires low inertia of heating system autoregulation difficult with high temperature heating systems

Active Heating and Cooling

Reading assignment from Textbook:
Introduction to Architectural Science by Szokolay: 1.6 + 4.1 - 4.2

Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:

"How Buildings Work" by Allen: pp. 77 - 88 in Chap 10 + Chap 15 "Heating Cooling Lighting" by Lechner: Chaps 2 + 8 + 16 The Technology of Ecological Building by Daniels: Chaps 10 12

More detailed information about renewable energy

"Sustainability at the cutting edge Emerging technologies for low energy buildings" by Smith