1

1.1 OVERVIEW
The electrical power system is considered to be consisting three functional blocks like
generation, transmission and distribution. For reliable power system, the generation unit must
produce adequate power to meet customers demand, transmission systems should transport
bulk power over long distance without overloading or maintain system stability and
distribution system must deliver electric power to each customers premises from bulk power
systems. Distribution system locates the end of power system and is connected to the
customer directly, so the power quality mainly depends on distribution system.
One of the most common power quality problems today is voltage sag and swells.
Voltage sag is a short time event during which a reduction in r.m.s voltage magnitude occurs
similarly swell is event during which rise in r.m.s voltage magnitude. A voltage dip is caused
by a fault in the utility system, which affects both the phase to ground and phase to phase
voltages. Typical faults are single-phase or multiple-phase short circuits, which leads to high
currents. The high current results in a voltage drop over the network impedance. At the fault
location the voltage in the faulted phases drops close to zero, whereas in the non-faulted
phases it remains more or less unchanged.
Initially for the improvement of power quality or reliability of the system FACTS devices
like static synchronous compensator (STATCOM), static synchronous series compensator
(SSSC), interline power flow controller (IPFC) and unified power flow controller(UPFC) etc
are introduce. These FACTS devices are designed for the transmission system. But now a day
more attention is on the distribution system for the improvement of power quality, these
devices are modified and known as custom power devices. The main custom power devices
which used in distribution system for power quality improvement are distribution static
synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM), dynamic voltage Restorer (DVR), active filter
(AF), unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) etc.
In this thesis from the above custom power devices, D-STATCOM and DVR are used
with PI controller for the power quality improvement in the distribution system. Here,
different loads are considered with different fault condition and analyze the operation of D-
STATCOM and DVR in distribution system.





2

1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY
Several research papers and reports addressed the subject of improving power quality
in distribution system by the use of custom power devices. The followings present a brief
review of the work undertaken so far.
N.G.Hingorani, prstesents the concept of custom power is now becoming familiar.
The book describes the value- added power that electric utilities and other service providers
will offer their customers in the future. The enhanced level of reliability of this power, in
terms of problem, of which a prominent feature will be the application of power electronics
controllers to utility distribution system and at the supply end of many industrial and
commercial customer and industrial parks.
Olimpo Anaya-Lara and E. Acha,et al [3] This paper presents the modeling and
analysis of custom power controllers, Graphics-based models suitable for electromagnetic
transient studies are presented for the following three custom power controllers: the
distribution static compensator (D-STATCOM), the dynamic voltage restorer (DVR), and the
solid-state transfer switch (SSTS). Comprehensive results are presented to assess the
performance of each device as a potential custom power solution
M.H.J.Bollen, et al. [4] presents the influence of sags that leads to an interruption of
plant operation. The assumption that voltage sag is not correct in a power system with large
loads. After fault- clearing, they will accelerate again, drawing a high reactive current from
the supply, causing extended post fault of some voltage sags in an example power system is
shown and discussed. The influence of faster protection and of reduced transformer
impedance on the table is presented. A simple model is implemented in a method for
including interruptions due to voltage sag in the reliability of power systems.
H.P.Tiwari, et al [8] presents dynamic voltage restorer against voltage sag. A
dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) is a custom power device used to correct the voltage sag by
injecting voltage as well power into the system. The mitigation capability of these devices is
generally influence by the maximum load; power factor and maximum voltage dip to be
compensated. Voltage dip on a feeder is a main task for DVR system operation and
appropriate desired voltage sag compensation. This paper is intended to assimilate the
amount of DC energy storage depends on voltage dip. It is available in a convenient manner
for DVR power circuit.
Arindam Ghosh, et al [6] presents the performance of voltage-source converter-
based shunt and series compensators used for load voltage control in electrical power
distribution system has been analyzed and compared, A distribution static compensator (D-
STATCOM) as shunt device and a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) as a series device are
3

considered in the voltage control mode for the comparison. The effect of various system
parameters on the control performance of the compensator studied using the proposed
analysis. The experimental verification of the analytical result derived has been obtained
using a laboratory model of the single-phase D-STATCOM and DVR.
Arindam Ghosh, et al. [7] presents the Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) with ESS
based PI Controller method to compensate balanced voltage sag. Voltage sag is one of the
major power quality problems which result in a failure of end use equipments. Sensitive
industrial load and utility distribution networks all suffer from various types of outages and
service interruptions which can cost significant financial loss per event. The aim therefore is
to recommend measures that can improve voltage sag.
C.S.Chang, et al [9] presents performance of voltage sag mitigation devices such as
the Dynamic voltage restorer(DVR) has been analyzed in highly simplified electrical
environment consisting of simple line and load models. The negative influence of dynamic
load on the existing voltage disturbance, such as post- fault sags, further during fault phase
angle deviations, during- fault and post-fault voltage fluctuations have often been unnoticed.
First, the influence of load operation on the during-fault and post-fault waveforms will be
discussed. After which ability of the DVR to dynamically respond to the various types of
voltage sag condition at the terminals of a dynamic load and restore the sagging voltage to its
pre-fault conditions is presented.

1.3 SCOPE OF WORK
From the literature review, it is observed that the work on the investigation on power
with compensating devices have the wide area. However it is observed that there is scope to
investigate the effectiveness of compensating devices for different loads and with different
loading conditions in distribution system. As the distribution system locates the end of power
system and is connected to the customer directly, so the reliability of power supply is
increasing day by day, so the reliability of the distribution system has to be increased.
Electrical distribution network failures account for about for the average customer
interruptions. So it is highly required to increase the reliability of the distribution system.
The objective of proposed work is to improve the power quality or reliability in the
distribution system with the use of custom power devices like D-STATCOM and DVR.
Different fault conditions are applied the load to analyzed the comparative operation of D-
STATCOM and DVR for the improvement the power quality in distribution system.


4


1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS
Chapter-1 Provide introduction and work in this field which has been carried out till date. It
also includes scope of work and organization of the thesis.
Chapter-2 gives the fundamentals of power quality, power quality problem and their
associated solutions.
Chapter-3 presents the concept and need of custom power devices.
Chapter-4 presents the operation, modeling and applications of Dynamic voltage Restorer
(DVR).
Chapter-5 presents the operation, modeling and applications of D-STATCOM.
Chapter-6 gives the ideas of proposed controller.
Chapter-7 presents DVR test system and simulation results.
Chapter-8 presents D-STATCOM test system and simulation results.
Chapter-9 present the conclusion of the work presented in this thesis. It also presents the
future scope of this work.
Chapter-10 References.















5

2.1 INTRODUCTION
The name power quality has become one of the most productive concepts in the
power industry since late 1980s. Power Quality concept mainly deals with three factors
namely Reliability, Quality of Supply and Customer service. Power quality may be defined as
the Degree to which both the utilization and delivery of electric power affects the
performance of electrical equipment.
From a customer perspective, a power quality problem is defined as Any power
problem manifested in voltage, current, or frequency deviations that results in power
failure or disoperation of customer equipment.
In a three-phase system, unbalanced voltages also are a power quality problem.
Among them, two power quality problems have been identified to be of major concern to the
customers are voltage sags, swell and harmonic, but this project will be focusing on voltage
sag and swell.

2.2 POWER QUALITY ISSSUE
Power quality in electric networks is one of todays most concerned areas of electric
power system. The power quality has serious economic implications for consumers, utilities
and electrical equipment manufactures. Modernization and automation of industry and
increasing use of computers, microprocessor and power electronics system such as adjustable
speed drive. Integration of non-conventional generation technologies such as fuel cells, wind
turbines and photo-voltaic with utility grids often requires power electronic interfaces. The
power electronic system also contributes to power quality problem. Under the deregulated
environment, in which electric utilities are expected to compete with each other, the customer
satisfaction becomes very important. The impact of power quality problems is increasingly
felt by customers- industrial, commercial and even residential.

2.3 CAUSE OF POOR POWER QUALITY
2.3.1 Voltage variations
The voltage variations may be short duration voltage variations or long duration
variation. The short duration voltage variations are generally caused by fault conditions like
single line to ground or double line to ground and starting of large loads. Similarly voltage
variation at power frequency last longer than one minute, then it may be say having long
duration voltage variations. The voltage variation can be temporary voltage dips (sag) or
temporary voltage rise (swell).
6


Voltage sags; it may be define as A decrease to between 0.1 and 0.9 pu in rms voltage or
Current at the power frequency for durations of 0.5 cycles to 1 minute. Voltage sags are
mostly cause be system faults and may be occurred from 3 cycles to 30 cycles depending on
the fault clearing time. Starting of large induction motor, transformer energies, load switching
etc can cause the voltage sag.
Voltage swells; it may be define as, An increase to between 1.1 pu and 1.8 pu in rms
voltage or current at the power frequency durations from 0.5 to 1 minute. Similarly as sag
swell is also associate with system faults. A single line to ground fault can result in a voltage
swell in the healthy phases. Swell can also result from energizing a large capacitor banks.
2.3.2 Voltage fluctuation and flicker
Voltage fluctuations are systematic variation of the voltage or a series of random
changes in the voltage magnitude which lies in the range of 0.9 to 1.1 p.u. High power loads
that draw fluctuating current, such as large motor drives and arc furnaces, cause low
frequency cyclic voltage variation that result in flickering of light sources like incandescent
and fluorescent lamps which can cause significant irritation in human beings. The voltage
flicker can also affect stable operation of electrical and electronics devices.
2.3.3 Frequency variations
Power frequency variations are defined as the variation of the system frequency from
its value of 50 Hz. The frequency variations start from the change in the load and the
response of the generators to meet the load.

2.4 SOLUTION OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
The power quality problems can be solving by considering two approaches.
According to first approach the solution to the power quality problems can be done from the
utility side. This approach is called as load conditioning, in which the equipment is
considered less sensitive to power disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant
variation distortion.
In second approach, install line conditioning system that suppresses the power system
disturbances. In this approach the compensating devices is connect to low and medium
voltage distribution system in shunt or in series. Shunt power filters operate as a controllable
current source and series active power filters operates as controllable voltage source. Both
schemes are implemented with voltage source PWM inverters, with a dc source having a
reactive element such as a capacitor. Apart from this there are many approaches to nullified
the problems, but in this thesis concentration on shunt and series controller only.
7

3.1 INTRODUCTION
STATCOM, SSSC, IPFC and UPFC etc are the FACTS devices and these are design
for the transmission system. But today, more attention has to be given on the distribution
system for the improvement of power quality. Hence, these devices are modified and known
as custom power devices. The custom power is the value- added powers that given to the
customers. The value added power consists of the application of high power electronic
controllers to distribution system, at the supply end of industrial, commercial consumers.
The custom power devices which are used in distribution system to maintain the
power quality are distribution static synchronous compensator (D-STATCOM), dynamic
voltage Restorer (DVR), active filter (AF), unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) etc. All
are base on voltage source converter (VSC). The DVR is similar to SSSC where as UPQC is
similar to UPFC. In spite of the similarities, the control techniques are quite different for
improving power quality. A DVR can work as a harmonic isolator to prevent the harmonics
in the source voltage reaching the load in addition to balancing the voltage and providing
voltage regulation. A D-STATCOM is utilized to eliminate the harmonics from the source
current and also balance them in addition to providing reactive power compensation to
improve power factor or regulate the load bus voltage. To solve the power quality problem,
custom power devices used here are D-STATCOM and DVR. D-STACOM DVR are the
most efficient and effective modern customs power device used in power distribution
networks.

3.2 BENEFIT OF CUSTOM POWER DEVICES
1. They contribute to best possible system operation by improving voltage profile and
reducing power losses.
2. Improve the power flow in critical lines.
3. The transient stability limit is improved thereby improving dynamic security of the system
and reducing the incidence of blackouts caused by cascading outages.
4. The problem of voltage fluctuations and in, dynamic over voltages can be overcome by
these controllers.
5. The problem of voltage sag and voltage swell in case of industrial loads like motor,
switching, transformer energies etc. can be reduced by these devices.



8

4.1 INTRODUCTION
The DVR is a solid state dc to ac switching power converter that injects a set of three
single phase ac output voltages in series with the distribution feeder and in synchronism with
the voltages of the distribution system. By injecting voltages of controllable amplitude, phase
angle and frequency (harmonic) into the distribution feeder in instantaneous real time via a
series injection transformer, the DVR can restore the quality of voltage at its load side
terminals when the quality of the source side terminal voltage is significantly out of
specification for sensitive load equipment.
The reactive power exchanged between the DVR and distribution system is internally
generated by the DVR without any ac passive reactive components, i.e. reactors and
capacitors. For large variations in the source voltage, the DVR supplies partial power to the
load from a rechargeable energy source attached to the DVR dc terminal. The DVR, with its
three single phase independent control and inverter design is able to restore line voltage to
critical loads during sags caused by unsymmetrical as well as symmetrical three phase faults
on adjacent feeders or disturbances that may originate many miles away on the higher voltage
interconnected transmission system. Connection to the distribution network is via three
single-phase series transformers there by allowing the DVR to be applied to all classes of
distribution voltages. At the point of connection the DVR will, within the limits of its
inverter, provide a highly regulated clean output voltage.



9

4.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF DVR
The DVR is a solid state dc to ac switching power converter that injects a set of three
single phase ac output voltages in series with the distribution feeder and in synchronism with
the voltages of the distribution system. A DC to AC inverter regulates this voltage by
sinusoidal PWM technique. By injecting voltages of controllable amplitude, phase angle and
frequency (harmonic) into the distribution feeder in instantaneous real time via a series
injection transformer, the DVR can restore the quality of voltage at its load side terminals
when the quality of the source side terminal voltage is significantly out of specification for
sensitive load equipment.


The reactive power exchanged between the DVR and distribution system is internally
generated by the DVR without any ac passive reactive components, i.e. reactors and
capacitors. For large variations in the source voltage, the DVR supplies partial power to the
load from a rechargeable energy source attached to the DVR dc terminal. The DVR, with its
three single phase independent control and inverter design is able to restore line voltage to
critical loads during sags caused by unsymmetrical as well as symmetrical three phase faults
on adjacent feeders or disturbances that may originate many miles away on the higher voltage
interconnected transmission system. Connection to the distribution network is via three
single-phase series transformers there by allowing the DVR to be applied to all classes of
distribution voltages. At the point of connection the DVR will, within the limits of its
inverter, provide a highly regulated clean output voltage.

10

4.3 BASIC CONFIGURATION OF DVR
The general configuration of the DVR consists of,
1. An Injection/ Booster transformer
2. A Harmonic filter
3. Storage Devices
4. A Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
5. DC charging circuit
6. A Control and Protection system
4.3.1 Voltage Injection/ Booster transformer
The primary side of the injection transformer is connected in series to the distribution
line, while the secondary side is connected to the DVR power circuit. 3 single phase
transformers can be used for 3 phase DVR. Basically the injection transformer is a step up
transformer which increases the voltage supplied by filtered VSI output to a desired level and
it also isolates the DVR circuit from the distribution network. Winding ratios are very
important and it is predetermined according to the required voltage at the secondary side.
High winding ratios would mean high magnitude currents on the primary side which may
affect the components of inverter circuit. When deciding the performance of DVR, the rating
of the transformer is an important factor. The winding configuration of the injection
transformer is very important and it mainly depends on the upstream distribution transformer.
In case of a -Y connection with the grounded neutral there will not be any zero sequence
current flowing into the secondary during an unbalance fault or an earth fault in the high
voltage side.
4.3.2 DC charging unit
The dc charging circuit is used after sag compensation event, the energy source is
charged again through dc charging unit. It is also used to maintain dc link at the nominal dc
link voltage.
4.3.3 Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
A voltage source converter is a power electronic system consists of a storage device
and switching devices, which can generate a sinusoidal voltage at any required frequency,
magnitude and phase angle. It could be a three-phase three-wire voltage source converter. In
this thesis two level converters are used for both DVR and D-STATCOM. The VSC is used
to momentarily replace the supply voltage or to generate the part of the supply voltage which
is absent (missing voltage). There are four main types of switching devices: Metal Oxide
Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET), Gate Turn-Off thyristor (GTO), Insulated
11

Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), and Integrated Gate Commutated thyristor (IGCT). Here,
IGBT based two level six pulse voltage source converter is used.
4.3.4 Simulink result of proposed two levels VSC.
The following fig.4.3 represents the out of proposed voltage source converter. Here, the
input given to the inverter is 6.2 KV DC and the alternating output of nearly 6.2 KV is getting
at output side.
Figure 4.3 output of proposed two level voltage source converters.
4.3.5 Pulse Width Modulation Generator (PWM)
As we well known the operation of PWM that by comparing the carrier signal and
reference signal, required pulse are generated by this discrete PWM generator. The
modulated signals are compared against a triangular signal in order to generate the switching
signals which are shown in fig.4.4. The main parameters of sinusoidal PWM generator are
amplitude modulation index and frequency modulation index. The amplitude modulation
index is kept 1p.u and frequency modulation index depend upon the ratio of carrier frequency
and fundamental frequency. The modulating signal is applied to the PWM in phase A, the
angle for phase B and C are shifted by -120 and +120 respectively.
Figure 4.4 Pulse generated by Discrete PWM Generator.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-8000
-6000
-4000
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time
V
o
lta
g
e
(p
.u
)
12

4.3.4 Harmonic filter
As DVR consist of power electronic devices, the possibility of generation self
harmonics is there so harmonic filter is also become a part of DVR. In order to achieve this it
is necessary to eliminate the higher order harmonic components during DC to AC conversion
in Voltage Source Inverter which will also distort the compensated output voltage. These
filters which play a vital role can be placed either on high voltage side i.e. load side or on low
voltage side i.e. inverter side of the injection transformers. We can avoid higher order
harmonics frompassing through the voltage transformer by placing the filters in the inverter
side. Thus it also reduces the stress on the injection transformer. One of the problems which
arise when placing the filter in the inverter side is that there might be a phase shift and
voltage drop in the inverted output. So this could be resolved by placing the filter in the load
side. But this would allow higher order harmonic currents to penetrate to the secondary side
of the transformer, so transformer with higher rating is essential.

4.4 OPERATING MODE OF DVR
4.4.1 During the normal operation
During the normal operation as there is no sag, DVR will not supply any voltage to
the load. It will be in a standby mode or it operates in the self charging mode if the energy
storage device is fully charged. The energy storage device can be charged either from the
power supply itself or from a different source.
4.4.2 During a voltage sag/swell on the line
The difference between the pre sag voltage and the sag voltage is injected by the DVR
by supplying the real power from the energy storage element and the reactive power. The
DVR injects the difference between the pre-sag and the sag voltage, by supplying the real
power requirement from the energy storage device together with the reactive power. Due to
the ratings of DC energy storage and the voltage injection transformer ratio the maximum
capability of DVR is limited. The magnitude of the injected voltage can be controlled
individually in the case of three single-phase DVRs. With the network voltages the injected
voltages are made synchronized (i.e. same frequency and the phase angle).





13

4.4.3 During a short circuit or fault in the downstream of the distribution line
In this case we have seen before that a bypass switch (crossbar switch) will be
activated and it will bypass the inverter circuit in order to protect the electronic components
of the inverter.

4.5 COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES
4.5.1 Pre-sag Compensation
Pre-sag compensation is a method which is generally used for non linear loads such as
thyristor controlled drives. In non linear loads the voltage magnitude as well as he phase
angle needs to be compensated. Figure 4.5 below describes the pre-sag compensation
technique. A higher rated energy storage device and voltage injection transformers are
needed for this technique.

4.5.2 In-phase Compensation
This technique of compensation is generally used for active loads. Only compensation
for voltage magnitude is required whereas no phase compensation is required. In this
particular method the compensated voltage is in phase with the sag voltage. It is clear from
the Figure 4.6, that there is a phase shift between the voltages before the sag and after the sag.
In above both the techniques required both real and reactive power for the compensation and
the DVR is supported by an Energy storage device.

14

4.6 EQATIONS RELATED TO DVR
The injected voltage and load impedance Zth depends on the fault level of the load bus.
When the system voltage (Vth) drops, the DVR injects a series voltage V
DVR
through the
injection transformer so that the desired load voltage magnitude V
L
can be maintained. The
series injected voltage of the DVR can be written as,
V
DVR
=V
L
+Z
th
I
L
-V
th
(1)
Here, I
L
is load current and is given by
IL =
(PI +]I)
II

When VL is considered as a reference, equation -1 can be written as
V
DVR
= V
L

0
+Z
th
I
L
(- ) -V
th


Here , and are the angle of V
DVR
, Z
th
andV
th
respectively
,
is the load power factor angle,
=tan
-1
(Q
L
/P
L
)
the complex power injection of the DVR can be written as,
S
DVR
=V
DVR
I
L
*






15

5.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the operating principles of DSTATCOM. The DSTATCOM is
basically one of the custom power devices. It is nothing but a STATCOM but used at the
Distribution level. The key component of the DSTATCOM is a power VSC that is based on
high power electronics technologies.
The Distribution STATCOM is a versatile device for providing reactive compensation
in ac networks. The control of reactive power is achieved via the regulation of a controlled
voltage source behind the leakage impedance of a transformer, in much the same way as a
conventional synchronous compensator. However, unlike the conventional synchronous
compensator, which is essentially a synchronous generator where the field current is used to
adjust the regulated voltage, the DSTATCOM uses an electronic voltage sourced converter
(VSC), to achieve the same regulation task. The fast control of the VSC permits the
STATCOM to have a rapid rate of response.
The DSTATCOM is the solid-state based power converter version of the SVC.
Operating as a shunt connected SVC, its capacitive or inductive output currents can be
controlled independently from PWM technique. Because of the fast-switching characteristic
of power converters, the DSTATCOM provides much faster response. DSTATCOM is a
shunt connected, reactive compensation equipment, which is capable of generating and or
absorbing reactive power whose output can be varied so as to maintain control of specific
parameters of the electric power system. DSTATCOM employ solid state power switching
devices, hence, it provides rapid controllability of the three phase voltages, both in magnitude
and phase angle.


16

5.2 PRINCIPLE OF DSTATCOM
Basically, the DSTATCOM system is comprised of three main parts: a VSC, a set of
coupling reactors and a controller. The basic principle of a DSTATCOM connected in a
power system is the generation of a controllable ac voltage source by a voltage source
converter (VSC) connected to a dc capacitor (energy storage device). The ac voltage source,
in general, appears behind a transformer leakage reactance. The active and reactive power
transfer between the power system and the DSTATCOM is caused by the voltage difference
across this reactance. The DSTATCOM is connected in shunt with the power networks at
customer side, where the voltage-quality problem is a concern. All required voltages and
currents are measured and are fed into the controller to be compared with the commands. The
controller then performs feedback control and outputs a set of switching signals to drive the
main semiconductor switches (IGBTs, which are used at the distribution level) of the power
converter accordingly. The basic diagram of the DSTATCOM is illustrated in Fig5.2


The ac voltage control is achieved by firing angle control. Ideally the output voltage of the
VSC is in phase with the bus voltage. In steady state, the dc side capacitance is maintained at
a fixed voltage and there is no real power exchange, except for losses.



17

5.3 PRINCIPLE OF VOLTAGE REGULATION

5.3.1 Voltage regulation without D-Statcom
Consider a simple phasor as shown in fig. 5.4. It consists of a source voltage V
s
, V
L
is
the load voltage and load current I
L
. Without a voltage compensator the load voltage drop
caused by the load current I
L
. The change in load voltage is V.
V=V
s-
V
L
=Z
s
*I
L
I
L
=
(PL-]L)
vL

V=(R
s
+jX
s
)*(
(PL-]L)
vL
)
V=Vr
+
Vx
So, the voltage change has a component Vr in phase with Vth and component Vx having
lagging phase difference.



18

5.3.2 Voltage regulation with DSTATCOM
Now consider a compensator connected to the system. It is as shown in Fig 5.3.2 shows
vector diagram with voltage compensation. By adding a compensator in parallel with the load,
it is possible to supply voltage equal to Load voltage by controlling the current of the
compensator.

Is =Ish +I
L

















V
th
I
L
Vs

I
s
R
t
h
jIsXth
Figure 5.5 phasor diagram for compensated
I
s
Ish
19

6.1 INTRODUCTION
A controller is required to control or to operate both D-Statcom and DVR during the
fault condition only. Load voltage is sensed and passed through a sequence analyzer. The
magnitude of the actual voltage is compared with reference voltage i.e Vref. Pulse width
modulated(PWM) control system is applied for inverter switching so as to generate a three
phase 50Hz sinusoidal voltage at the load terminals. Switching frequency in the range of few
KHz. The IGBT Inverter is controlled with PI controller in order to maintain 1p.u voltage at
the load side. An advantage of proportional pulse integral controller is an actuating signal
which is the difference between the reference voltage and feedback load voltage. Output of
the controller is in the form of an angle , which introduces additional phase-lag/lead in the
three-phase voltage. The output of error detector is the missing voltage. The controller output
when compared at PWM signal generator hence, the result in the desired firing sequence.

6.2 PHASE MODULATION
The sinusoidal signal V
control
phase modulated by means of the angle are,
V
A
=Sin (t + ) V
B
=sin (t + -2/3) V
C
=sin (t + +2/3)

Figure 6.2 phase modulation of the control angle .
This modulated signal is compaired with triangular signal and generates the switching signals
for the converter valves. The main parameters of the sinusoidal PWM scheme are the
amplitude modulation index of signal, and the frequency modulation index of the triangular
signal. The modulating angle is applied to the PWM generator in phase A. the angles for
Phase B and phase C are shifted by 120 and 240 lagging respectively. The speed of
response is clearly shown in the simulation result shown.
20


7.1 PARAMETERS OF DVR TEST SYSTEM
The test system consists of 13KV, 50Hz generation system (considered to be source).
This source, feeding two transmission lines through a three winding transformer connected in
Y// 13/115/115 KV. Such transmission lines feed two distribution network through two
transformer connected in /Y, 115/11KV.
Table-7.1 system parameters
Sr. No. System Quantities Standards
1 Source 13KV, 50Hz 100MVA
2 Three winding transformer 100MVA,Y// 13/115/115 KV
3 Impedance of transmission line1 R1=0.05/Km, L1=0.4806 H/Km
4 Impedance of transmission line2 R2=1m/Km, L2=5mH/KM
5 Two winding transformer 100MVA,50Hz, /Y 115/11 KV
6 Injection transformer 100MVA, 50Hz,/Y 11/11KV
7 Load on bus1 P=6.05MW(resisitive load)
8 Load on bus2 P=3.4922KW Q=2MVAR(highly inductive)
9 Inverter parameters IGBT based, 3 arms, 6 pulse, carrier
Frequency=1080Hz
10 PI controller Kp=0.5, Ki=50, Sample time=50s


7.2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF THE DVR TEST SYSTEM


21

In the above test system we have a generating unit of 13KV, 50Hz which is considered as
source of 100MVA. The test system is constructed with concerning the DVR actuation. The
output from the source is fed to the primary of tertiary winding transformer. Now, further two
parallel feeders of 11KV each are drawn with the help of two winding transformer. In one of
the feeder (L2) DVR is connected in series and on other line fault is applied to creat sag or
swell.

7.3 SIMULINK MODEL OF TEST SYSTEM AND RESULTS
7.3.1 Simulation of test system without fault and without DVR
This simulink model presents the test system without any fault and without
connecting custom device like DVR.
Figure 7.2 Simulink model of test system without fault and without DVR





22

7.3.2 Simulation Results without fault and without DVR
The following result shows the system when considering no fault and no connection
of DVR. RMS value of Voltage in p.u, instantaneous voltages, line to line voltage and phase
voltage of the simulation result shown in the following figure.7.3, 7.4, 7.5 and 7.6
respectively. The line to line voltage is 11KV and phase voltage is 6.3508V is measured.
Figure 7.3 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
Figure 7.4 Instantaneous value in p.u at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
23

Figure 7.5 line to line voltage (KV) at load side
Figure 7.6 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side.


0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
24

7.3.3 Simulink model of test system with fault but without DVR
In this simulink model we have system which fed the two buses or feeders through
two winding transformer as shown. On the upper bus we are applying the 3phase Line to
ground fault(3LG) , here we are not considering the presence of DVR and have to observe the
effect on voltages on the lower bus(second bus or second feeder).
Figure 7.7 Simulink model withfault without DVR
7.3.4 Simulation Result of test system with fault and without DVR
From the following results it is observed that during the fault time i.e 0.4-0.6 sec, the
voltage sag to some finite value. Since the fault is on upper bus, hence sag may be 70-80% .
The sag on the lower bus at the load side is nearly 10-15% , and measured the line to line
voltage value and phase voltage value during fault time is 10.1KV and 6.01KV respectively.
Such observation can be found fromthe following figures.
Figure 7.8 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time(sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
25

Figure 7.9 Instantaneous value in p.u at load side.
Figure 7.10 line to line voltage (KV) at load side
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time (sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
Time(sec)
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
K
V
)
26

Figure 7.11 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side.
7.3.5 Simulink model of test system with fault and with DVR
In this simulink model we have system which fed the two buses or feeders through
two winding transformer as shown. On the upper bus we are applying the three phase Line to
ground fault (3LG). And on the lower bus we have connected the DVR because in this bus
sag is low and custom device can compensate easily. The system is shown in following fig.
Figure 7.12 simulation test system with DVR
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
27

7.3.6 Simulation Results with fault and with DVR
From the following results it is clear that the DVR compensate the voltage sag during
the fault time 0.4-0.6 sec. the compensated results of sag with respective rms value of
voltage, instantaneous value, line to line voltage and phase voltages are shown in fig, 7.13,
7.14, 7.15 and 7.16 respectively. The fig.7.17 shows the amount of voltage injected by the
DVR which is nearly 0.5KV. The battery voltage is found to be 6.2KV.
Figure 7.13 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
Figure 7.14 instantaneous values in p.u at load side.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
28

Figure 7.15 line to line voltage (KV) at load side
Figure 7.16 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side.
Figure 7.17 Injected voltage by DVR
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
29

7.3.7 Simulation of test system for voltage swells without DVR
The following simulink model represent the creation of swell for the time 0.4-0.6 sec.
to create the swell capacitor switching is proposed on lower bus.
Figure 7.18 simulink model of test system for voltage swell.

7.3.8 Simulation Results for voltage swell without DVR
During the capacitor switching the voltage is swell to 10-15% of its normal value at
the interval of 0.4-0.6, which are shown in the following fig. 7.19, 7.20, 7.21 and 7.22
represent rms value of voltage in p.u, three phase instantaneous value in p.u, line to line
voltage and phase voltage in KV respectively. The line to line voltage and phase voltage
during the 0.4-0.6 are 0.77KV and 0.445KV respectively.
Figure 7.19 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
30

Figure 7.20 Instantaneous value in p.u at load side.
Figure 7.21 line to line voltage (KV) at load side.
Figure 7.22 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
31

7.3.9 Simulation of test system for voltage swells with DVR
In the following simulink model we are considering the working of DVR to eliminate
the swell during the capacitor switching.

Figure 7.23 simulation test system for voltage swell with DVR.
7.3.10 Simulation Results for voltage swell with DVR
From the following results it is clear that the DVR compensate the voltage swell
during the switching time 0.4-0.6 sec. the compensated results of swell with respective rms
value of voltage, instantaneous value, line to line voltage and phase voltages are shown in fig,
7.24, 7.25, 7.26 and 7.27 respectively.
Figure 7.24 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
32

Figure 7.25 instantaneous values in p.u at load side.
Figure 7.26 line to line voltage (KV) at load side.
Figure 7.27 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
33

8.1 PARAMETERS OF D-STATCOM TEST SYSTEM
The test system consists of 230KV, 50Hz transmission line (considered to be source).
This source, feeding two distribution network through a three winding transformer connected
in Y// 230/11/11 KV.
Table-8.1 system parameters
Sr. No. System Quantities Standards
1 Source 230KV, 50Hz 100MVA
2 Three winding transformer 100MVA,Y/Y/Y 230/11/11 KV
3 Load on bus1 P=1.776MW, Q=65.26MVAR(highly inductive)
4 Load on bus2 P=385.124KW Q=2MVAR(highly inductive)
5 Injection transformer 100MVA, 50Hz,/Y 11/11KV
6 Inverter parameters IGBT based, 3 arms, 6 pulse, carrier
Frequency=1080Hz

8.2 SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF THE DVR TEST SYSTEM

In the above test system we have a transmission line of 230KV, 50Hz which is considered as
source of 100MVA. The test system is constructed with concerning the D-Statcom actuation.
The source is fed to the primary of tertiary winding transformer. Now, further two parallel
feeders of 11KV each are drawn from secondary winding the transformer. In one of the
feeder D-STATCOM is connected in shunt and on other line two parallels loads are
connected. The fault is applied at load side to create sag or swell.
34

8.3 SIMULINK MODEL OF TEST SYSTEM AND RESULTS
8.3.1 Simulation of test system without fault and without D-STATCOM
This simulink model presents the test system without any fault and no connecting
custom device like DVR.
Figure 8.2 simulink mode without fault and without D-STATCOM.
8.3.2 Simulation Results without fault and without D-STATCOM
The following results shows the system when considering no fault and no connection
of D-STATCOM rms value of Voltage in p.u, instantaneous voltages, line to line voltage and
phase voltage of the simulation result shown in the following figure.8.3, 8.4, 8.5 and 8.6
respectively. The line to line voltage and phase voltage are nearly11KV and 6.3508V is
measured.
Figure 8.3 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
35

Figure 8.4 instantaneous values in p.u at load side.
Figure 8.5 line to line voltage (KV) at load side.
Figure 8.6 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side.


0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
36

8.3.3 Simulation of test system with fault but without D-STATCOM
In this simulink model we have system in which source is connect to primary side of
tertiary transformer as shown. The load is connected to the secondary sides of 11KV.the sag
is create here by providing the switching for the interval of 0.4-0.6 sec.
Figure 8.7 simulation test system without D-STATCOM
8.3.4 Simulation Results with fault but without D-STATCOM
From the following results it is observed that during the fault time i.e 0.4-0.6 sec, the
voltage sag to some finite value.The sag during the fault at the load side is nearly 10-15% ,
and measured the line to line voltage value and phase voltage value during fault time is
10.25KV and 6.01KV respectively. Such observation can be found on the following figures.
Figure 8.8 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
37

Figure 8.9 instantaneous values in p.u at load side.
Figure 8.10 line to line voltage (KV) at load side.
Figure 8.11 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
38

8.3.5 Simulation of test system with D-STATCOM
In this simulink model we have system which fed the load through secondary winding
of tertiary transformer as shown. Out of two parallel loads, sag is created by providing the
switching on one of load. The D-STATCOM is connected to one of the secondary winding of
tertiary transformer .The system is shown in following fig.8.12
Figure 8.12 simulation test system with D-STATCOM
8.3.6 Simulation Results with fault and with D-STATCOM
From the following results it is clear that the D-STATCOM compensate the voltage
sag during the fault time 0.4-0.6 sec. the compensated results of sag with respective rms value
of voltage, instantaneous value, line to line voltage and phase voltages are shown in fig, 8.13,
814, 8.15 and 8.16 respectively. The battery voltage is found to be 28KV.
Figure 8.13 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
39

Figure 8.14 instantaneous values in p.u at load side with fault but without D-STATCOM
Figure 8.15 line to line voltage (KV) at load side. with fault but without D-STATCOM
Figure 8.16 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side. with fault but without D-STATCOM
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
40

8.3.7 Simulation of test system for voltage swells without D-STATCOM
The following simulink model represent the creation of swell for the time 0.4-0.6 sec.
to create the swell switch is closed for the interval of 0.4-0.6 sec. As shown in following fig.
Figure 8.17 Simulation of test system for voltage swells without D-STATCOM.
8.3.7 Simulation Results for voltage swell without D-STATCOM
The voltage swell is created by closing the switch during 0.4-0.6 sec. The swell of 10-15% of
its normal value is found at the interval of 0.4-0.6 sec, which is shown in the following fig.
8.18, 8.19, 8.20 and 8.21 representing rms value of voltage in pu, three phase instantaneous
value in p.u, line to line voltage and phase voltage in KV respectively. The line to line
voltage and phase voltage during the 0.4-0.6 are 0.93KV and 0.588KV respectively.
Figure 8.18 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
41

Figure 8.19 instantaneous values in p.u at load side.
Figure 8.20 line to line voltage (KV) at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
42


Figure 8.21 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side.
8.3.8 Simulation of test system for voltage swells with D-STATCOM
In the following simulink model we are considering the working of D-STATCOM to
eliminate the swell during the switching of load.
Figure 8.22 simulation test system for voltage swell with D-STATCOM

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
43

8.3.9 Simulation of test system for voltage swells with D-STATCOM
From the following results it is clear that the DVR compensate the voltage swell
during the switching time 0.4-0.6 sec. the compensated results of swell with respective rms
value of voltage, instantaneous value, line to line voltage and phase voltages are shown in fig,
8.23, 8.24, 8.25 and 8.26 respectively.
Figure 8.23 Voltage Vrms( p.u) at load side.
Figure 8.24 instantaneous values in p.u at load side.
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
P
.
U
)
44

Figure 8.25 line to line voltage (KV) at load side.
Figure 8.26 Phase Voltage (KV) at load side.

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
x 10
4
Time
V
o
l
t
a
g
e
(
K
V
)
45

9.1 CONCLUSION
The thesis has presented the study and simulation model of custom power equipment,
namely D-STATCOM and DVR, and applied them for power quality problem such as voltage
sag and voltage swell. The highly develop graphic facilities available in MATLAB is used to
conduct all the aspect of model implementation and to carry out extensive simulation studies.
A controller which is based on closed loop technique is used which generate error signals and
this signals are used to trigger the switches of inverter using pulse width modulation (PWM)
scheme in the D-STATCOM and DVR, this PWM control scheme only requires voltage
measurements. The simulations are carried out for both sag and swell on 11KV feeder using
both D-Statcom and DVR as custom power devices and it has been found that DVR provide
excellent voltage regulation capabilities. It is also observed that the DVR capacity for power
compensation and voltage regulation depends mainly on two factors that is, the rating of the
dc storage device and the coupling transformer.

9.2 FUTURE SCOPE
The following point can be consider for future extension of work
The control circuit can be change. The other controller like fuzzy, PQ technique
and adaptive PI fuzzy controller may employ in the compensation scheme.
Result can be improve by considering the operation with multi-level inverter
Both custom devices can be established for active loads like wind turbine and
solar source.

















46

REFERENCES
[1] N.G.Hingorani,Flexible AC Transmission, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 30, pp.40-44,1993.
[2] N.G.Hingorani, Introducing Custom Power, IEEE Spectrum, vol. 32 pp.41-48,1995.
[3] Anaya-Lara O, Acha E., Modeling and analysis of custom power system by
PSCAD/EMTDC, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol.17, and Issue: 1, Jan.
2002. Pp.266-272.
[4] M.J.H.Bollen, Voltage sags in three-phase system Power Engineering Review,
IEEE, Vol.21 Issue:9, Sept.2001.pp.8-11.
[5] Haque. M.H, Compensation of distribution system voltage sag by DVR and D-
STATCOM. Power Tech. proceeding. 2001IEEE Porto, vol.11, Issue: Sept. 2001
pp.10-13
[6] Arindam Ghosh, Performance Comparision of VSC-Based Shunt and Series
Compensators Used for Load Voltage Control in Distribution System.IEEE
Transaction on power delivery, vol.26, No.1, Jan, 2011. pp.268-278.
[7] Arindam Ghosh, Copensation of Distribution System Voltage Using DVR. IEEE
Transaction on power delivery, vol.17, No.4, Oct. 2002. pp.1030-1036.
[8] H.P Tiwari and Sunil Kumar Gupta Dynamic Voltage Restorer against Voltage Sag
International of Innovation, Management and Technology vol.03, pp. 232-237,2010.
[9] C.S Chang, Y.S Ho, The Influence of Motor Load on the Voltage Restoration
Capability of Dynamic Voltage Restorer. Power System Technology, Proceedings,
Power Con, International Conference, vol.2,pp. 637-642,2000.
[10] M.H. Rashid, Power Electronics 2
nd
edition, Elsevier, Inc, Publication, Californial,
U.S.A 2007.
[11] Rakosh Das Begamudre, Extra High Voltage AC Transmission Engineering, 2nd
Edition, New Age International Limited, New Delhi 1990.
[12] Majid Moradlou and Hamid R. Karshenas, Design Strategy for Optimum Rating
Selection of Interline DVRIEEE, VOL. 26, NO. 1, Jan, 2011.






47

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS
Sr.
No.
Authors Title of Paper Name of
International
Journals /
International
Conference
Place and date of
Publication with
Citation Index
1
Akil
Ahemad,
Prof. N.T.
Sahu


Simulation of DVR
in power system.



National Conference
On Advances In
Engineering And
Technology.


Anjuman College of
Engineering &
Technology. Sadar,
Nagpur-440001
March 13, 2012

2
Akil
Ahemad,
Prof. N.T.
Sahu


Performance of
DVR in Power
system.

International
conference on
Interdisciplinary
Research and
Development in
Management,
Engineering,
Technology and
Social Sciences
(ICMETSS) 2012.

Choice Institute of
Management Studies
& Research, Pune.
28
th
and 29
th
April,
2012.











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