C H A P T E R

1
Length, area and volume
What you will learn
1.1 Conversion of units 1.2 Length 1.3 Pythagoras theorem 1.4 Area 1.5 Surface areaprisms and pyramids 1.6 Surface areaspheres and cones 1.7 Volumeprisms, pyramids and cones 1.8 Volumespheres 1.9 Scientific applications

VELS
Number
Carry out exact arithmetic computations involving fractions and irrational numbers such as square roots Use appropriate estimates to evaluate the reasonableness of the results of calculations involving rational and irrational numbers Carry out computations to a required accuracy in terms of decimal place

Tower of Terror
The Tower of Terror at Dreamworld on the Gold Coast is one of the fastest rides in the world. The towers electromagnetically powered Escape pod accelerates to a speed of 160 km/h in 7 seconds. After rising to a height of 38 stories, there is a 100 m freefall where riders experience 6.5 seconds of weightlessness. After just 18 months of operation, the Tower of Terror introduced its 1 000 000th passenger and had travelled 56 668 kmthe equivalent distance to almost 1.5 trips around the world. Over 600 tonnes of steel and 1200 cubic metres of concrete were used to build the Tower of Terror.

Space
Represent two- and three-dimensional shapes using lines, curves, polygons and circles Make representations using perspective, isometric drawings, nets and computer-generated images Recognise and describe boundaries, surfaces and interiors of common plane and three-dimensional shapes

Measurement, chance and data

Estimate and measure length, area, surface area, mass, volume, capacity and angle Select and use appropriate units, converting between units as required Calculate constant rates such as the density of substances, concentration of fluids, average speed and pollution levels Decide on acceptable or tolerable levels of error in a given situation Interpret and use mensuration formulas for calculating the perimeter, surface area and volume of familiar two- and three-dimensional shapes and simple composites of these shapes Use Pythagoras theorem to obtain lengths of sides, angles and the area of right-angled triangles

Working mathematically
Formulate generalisations and arguments in natural language and symbolic form Choose, use and develop mathematical models and procedures to solve problems set in a wide range of practical contexts Use technology to analyse the exponential function

llshe ki

EA

CH E

Do now
c f 230 (10)2 1.38 (1000)2

et

Evaluate the following. a d 2 100 0.043 (100)2 b e 5 (10)2 62900 1000

Evaluate the following. a b c d A l w if l 3 and w 7 A b h if b 10 and h 3 A1 2 b h if b 2 and h 3.8 A1 2 (a b)h if a 2, b 3 and h 4 b

1m 3 cm 3m
5 cm

Find the perimeter of these shapes. a c

3 cm

Use these rules to find the circumference (C ) and area (A) of these circles correct to one decimal place. Remember C 2r and A r2 where r is the radius. a
2m 12 cm 3.9 km

Use Pythagoras theorem a2 b2 c2 to find the value of the unknown in these triangles. Round to one decimal place where necessary. a
c 3

b
1

12

13

Answers
1 a 200 b 0.05 c 2.3 d 430 e 62.9 f 1 38 0000 2 a 21 b 30 c 3.8 d 10 3 a 12 cm b 7 m c 32 cm 4 a C 12.6 m, A 12.6 m2 b C 37.7 cm, A 113.1 cm2 c C 24.5 km, A 47.8 km2 5 a c 5 b c 2.2 c a 5

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

1.1

Conversion of units

The most commonly used metric units are based on millimetres (mm), centimetres (cm), metres (m) and kilometres (km). Simple one, two or three-dimensional diagrams can help to convert units of length, area and volume. When converting between square metres (m2) and square centimetres (cm2) for example, it helps to draw a square of one of the larger unit, labelling the side lengths using the smaller unit. The multiplying factor can then be determined as shown.
100 cm

1 m2

100 cm

1 m2 = 100 100 = 10000 cm2

Many non-metric imperial units of measurement are commonly referred to in our society. Some of these and other metric units are described here. LENGTH Inches Feet Miles Squares Hectares (ha) Acre Millilitres (mL) Litres (L) 1 inch 2.54 cm 25.4 mm 1 foot 12 inches 30.48 cm 1 mile 1.609 km 1609 m 1 square 100 square feet 9.29 m2 1 hectare 10 000 m2 1 1 acre 640 square miles 1 millilitre 1 cm2 1 litre 1000 mL 1000 cm3

AREA

VOLUME

Key ideas
When converting units: use a diagram to help determine the multiplying or dividing factor use multiplication if converting to a smaller unit use division if converting to a larger unit Base unit mm cm m km 1000 (1000)2 (1000)3 100 (100)2 (100)3 Length 10 Area (10)2 Volume (10)3

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

Example 1 Convert these measurements into the units given in brackets. a 8.2 km (m)
Solution

930 cm2 (m2)

c
Explanation
1 km 1000 m

3.72 cm3 (mm3)

1 km 1000 m 8.2 km 8.2 1000 8200 m 2 1 m (100)2 10 000 cm2 930 cm 930 10 000 0.093 m2 1 cm3 (10)3
2

1 m2

100 cm

100 cm

1000 mm3 3.72 cm 3.72 1000 3720 mm3

3

10 mm 1 cm3 10 mm 10 mm

Exercise 1A
Example

1a

Convert the following length measurements into the units given in brackets. a d g 4 cm (mm) 300 m (km) 0.0127 m (cm) b e h 0.096 m (cm) 800 cm (m) 5102 mm (cm) c f i 0.001 km (m) 297 m (km) 0.0032 km (m)

Example

1b

Convert the following area measurements into the units given in brackets. a 3000 mm2 (cm2) b 29 800 cm2 (m2) c 205 000 m2 (km2) d g 0.5 m2 (cm2) 0.023 m2 (cm2) 2 cm3 (mm3) 5700 mm3 (cm3) 0.13 m3 (cm3) e h b e h 5 km2 (m2) 537 cm2 (mm2) 0.2 m3 (cm3) 28 300 000 m3 (km3) 0.000 001 km3 (m3) f i c f i 0.0001 km2 (m2) 0.0027 km2 (m2) 0.015 km3 (m3) 762 000 cm3 (m3) 2.094 cm3 (mm3)

Example

1c

Convert these volume measurements into the units given in brackets. a d g

Find the total sum of these measurements. Express your answer in the units given in brackets. a c e g i 10 cm, 18 mm (mm) 453 km, 258 m (km) 0.3 m2, 251 cm2 (cm2) 482 000 mm3, 2.5 cm3 (mm3) 6 640 000 mm3, 0.000 32 m3 (cm3) b d f h 1.2 m, 19 cm, 83 mm (cm) 400 mm2, 11.5 cm2 (cm2) 0.000 03 km2, 9 m2, 37 000 000 cm2 (m2) 0.000 51 km3, 27 300 m3 (m3)

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Convert these special measurements into the units given in brackets. Hint: Use the conversion information given on page 5 to help you. a 5.5 miles (km) b 54 inches (feet) c 10.5 inches (cm) d 3218 m (miles) e 5.7 ha (m2) f 247 cm3 (L) g 8.2 L (mL) h 5.5 m3 (mL) i 10 squares (square feet) 3 2 j k 1 km (ha) l 2 m (L) 152 000 mL (m3) An athlete has completed three quarters of a 5-km marathon. How many metres does the athlete have left to run? A snail is moving at a rate of 43 mm every minute. How many centimetres will the snail move in 5 minutes? A rectangle of length 30 cm and width 185 mm is to be cut from a piece of paper measuring 0.5 m2 in area. Find the area remaining in cm2. These measurement conversions require more that one step as they skip one metric unit. Convert to the measurement shown in the brackets. a 20 000 cm (km) b 0.0045 m (mm) c 10 m2 (mm2) d 0.000 22 km2 (cm2) e 670 000 mm3 (m3) f 0.000 000 0002 km3 (cm3) 2 A farmer intends to plough an area of 3000 m for vegetable growing and 1.5 ha for cropping. Find the total area, in hectares, that the farmer will plough. How many containers holding 1000 cm3 (1 L) of water will you need to fill 1 m3? A crate with a volume of 0.5 m3 is packed with 1585 spheres each of volume 172 cm3. Find the volume in m3 of air space remaining in the crate.

6 7 8 9

10

11 12

Enrichment
13

Th

While measurement in the modern world is dominated by metric units, it can be useful to understand some commonly used non-metric units. Round each of the following to one decimal place and use the information given in the introduction to help. a b c d Find the area in m2 of 30 squares of housing space. Find the number of ha in 100 square miles of bush land. Find the area in m2 of a 1 4 -acre block. Find the area in ha of 1000 acres of land.

14

As a backyard landscaper, Larry requires enough soil mulch to cover an area equal 1 to 8 of an acre. Other information regarding the thickness of mulch for particular areas for the landscaping job is as follows: 100 square metres requires mulch 10 cm thick 850 square feet requires mulch 20 cm thick 1 50 ha requires mulch 25 cm thick the remainder requires mulch 5 cm thick

Find how many cubic metres of mulch are required for the complete job.

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

1.2
Key ideas

Length

Length measurements are common in many areas of mathematics, science and engineering and are clearly associated with the basic measures of perimeter and circumference, which will be studied here.

Perimeter is the distance around the outside of a 2-dimensional shape. Line segments with the same markings are of equal length. Circumference is defined as the distance around the outside of a circle. d Circumference 2r or d z y

P 2x y z

Example 2 Consider the given 2-dimensional shape. a b c Find the perimeter of the shape if x 2.6. Find x if the perimeter is 11.9 m. Write an expression for x in terms of the perimeter P .
Solution
2.1 m 3.4 m 4.5 m xm

Explanation

a b

Perimeter 4.5 2.1 3.4 2.6 12.6 m 11.9 4.5 2.1 3.4 x 10 x x 1.9 P 4.5 2.1 3.4 x 10 x x P 10

Simply add up the lengths of all sides using x 2.6 Use P 11.9 Simplify Subtract 10 from both sides Use P for the perimeter Simplify Make x the subject

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Example 3 If a circle has radius r cm, find the following and round to two decimal places, where necessary. a b c The circumference of a circle if r 2.5 A rule for r in terms of the circumference C The radius of a circle with a circumference of 10 cm
Explanation
r cm

Solution

Circumference 2r 2(2.5) 15.71 cm C 2r C r 2 r C 2 10 2 1.59

Write the rule Substitute r 2.5 Evaluate and round Write the rule Divide both sides by 2

Substitute C 10 Evaluate and round

Exercise 1B
Example

Consider the given 2-dimensional shape. a b c Find the perimeter of the shape if x 7. Find x if the perimeter is 23 cm. Write an expression for x in terms of the perimeter P . Find the perimeter of the shape if x 2.3. Find x if the perimeter is 12 m. Write an expression for x in terms of the perimeter P .
6 cm

x cm

11 cm

Consider the given 2-dimensional shape. a b c

3.1 m

xm

4.3 m

Find the perimeter of these shapes. a

220 m 2.6 km 185 m

0.5 km

c
34 cm

12 cm 32 cm

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

Example

If a circle has radius r cm, find the following and round to two decimal places, where necessary. a b c The circumference of a circle if r 12 A rule for r in terms of the circumference C The radius of a circle with a circumference of 35 m

rm

Find the circumference of these circles, correct to two decimal places. a

18 cm

b
19.44 mm

1.07 km

a b

Rearrange the formula for the circumference of a circle, C 2r, to express r in terms of C. Find, correct to two decimal places, the radius of the circle with the given circumferences. i 35 cm ii 1.85 m iii 0.27 km

Find expressions for the perimeter (P) of these shapes using the pronumerals given. a
l

b
w l

c
x z

d
a

e
l

f
s

Find the value of x for these shapes with the given perimeters. a
2 5 x 7 x Perimeter = 17 5.3 Perimeter = 22.9 Perimeter = 0.072 2x

10

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

d
2.8 2x

e
3.72

11.61

f
1.5x 3x

7.89

2x Perimeter = 10.5

Perimeter = 16.2

Perimeter = 46.44

Find the perimeter of these composite shapes correct to two decimal places. a b
7.9

1.5 3.6 0.3

3.6

f
6 12

10

2.2

Enrichment
10 Consider a rectangle with perimeter P, length l and width w. a b c d e 11
l

Th

Express l in terms of w and P. Express l in terms of w if P 10. If P 10, state the range of all possible values of w. If P 10, state the range of all possible values of l. Explore other common shapes and answer similar question to parts a to d above. You may need to choose new pronumerals.

The exact perimeter of a circle with radius 2 can be expressed as C 2(2) 4. Find the perimeter of these shapes using exact values. a
3 cm 5m

1 km

12

Use exact values (e.g. 6) to find the answers to each shape in question 9 above.

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

11

1.3

Pythagoras theorem

Pythagoras theorem is a relationship linking the side lengths of a right-angled triangle. Given two sides of a right-angled triangle, Pythagoras theorem can be used to find the length of the third side. This has applications in both two and three dimensions.

Key idea
Pythagoras theorem states that: The sum of the squares of the two shorter sides of a right-angled triangle equals the square of the hypotenuse. i.e. in this triangle a 2 b 2 c 2

Example 4 Find the length of the unknown side in these rightangled triangles, correct to two decimal places. a
5 cm x cm ym 1.5 m

1.1 m

9 cm

Solution

Explanation
2 2

c a b x2 52 92 106 x 1106 10.30 The length of the unknown side is 10.30 cm.
2

Substitute the two shorter sides a 5 and b 9 or a 9 and b 5 Square root both sides

a2 b2 c2 y 1.12 1.52 y2 1.52 1.12 1.04 y 11.04 1.02 The length of the unknown side is 1.02 m.
2

Substitute the shorter side b 1.1 and the hypotenuse c 1.5 Subtract 1.12 from both sides Square root both sides

12

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Example 5 Consider a cuboid ABCDEFGH with the side lengths AB 7, AE 4 and EH 2. Find: a b BE, leaving your answer in surd form BH, correct to two decimal places
H D A C E B F G

Solution

Explanation

a
4

Draw the appropriate triangle

c2 a2 b2 BE 2 42 72 65 BE 165 b
H 2 E 65 B

Substitute a 4 and b 7 Solve for BE exactly Leaving intermediate answers in surd form reduces the chance of accumulating errors. Draw the appropriate triangle Substitute HE 2 and EB 165

c2 a2 b2 BH 2 22 ( 165)2 4 65 69 BE 169 8.31

Note ( 165)2 165 165 65

Exercise 1C
Example

4a

Use Pythagoras theorem to find the length of the hypotenuse for these right-angled triangles. Round your answers to two decimal places where necessary. a
3 cm 5m 4 cm

10 m

c
15 km

7 km

d
1.8 mm

0.2 mm

0.37 km

0.21 km

72.1 cm

27.3 cm

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

13

Example

4b

Find the length of the unknown side in these right-angled triangles, correct to two decimal places. a
2m 5m

b
12 m

0.3 m

0.7 m 9m

0.71 cm 1.32 cm

e
19.3 cm 24.2 cm

0.14 cm

0.11 cm

Use Pythagoras theorem to find the distance between points A and B in these diagrams, correct to two decimal places. a
A B 1.2 m 2.6 m

b
1.6 cm A

3 cm 3.5 cm B 1.9 cm

c
49 m

35 m

26 m A B 19.7 km A B

5.3 cm A 5.3 cm

A 2.1 km

B 0.5 km

f
17.2 km

1.8 km 14.3 km

B
Example

For each of the cuboids ABCDEFGH, find: i ii a BE, leaving your answer in surd form BH, correct to two decimal places H b H D G
D E A 3 5 B C 2 F

c
C 14
A 1 B F

H D E

G 3

G A 8

F 4 B

d
D E

H C

G 9 F 2 8 B

14

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Find the value of x, correct to two decimal places, in these 3-dimensional diagrams. a
x mm 9.3 mm 11.4 mm 3 cm

b
3.7 m

xm 15.5 m

c
x cm 5 cm

xm 2m 1.5 m 3m

6.7 km 6.2 km x km 8.2 km

2.93 cm 5.31 cm x cm 4.04 cm

Starting at a point A on a runway, an aircraft increases its speed and, after 400 metres, lifts off at B. At a height of 350 metres the aircraft has travelled a further 750 metres horizontally. A At this point, find the total actual distance that the aircraft has travelled, correct to the nearest metre. a

350 m B

Find the length of the longest rod, correct to one decimal place, that will fit inside these objects: i cylinder with diameter 10 cm and height 20 cm ii cuboid with side lengths 10 cm, 20 cm and 10 cm Investigate the length of the longest rod that will fit in other solids.

Enrichment
8 A piece of ribbon is used to decorate the interior of a room with dimensions 4.5 metres long, 3.5 metres wide and 3 metres high, as shown. a
A 3m E D B

Th

F Find the length of ribbon, correct 4.5 m to two decimal places, required to G connect from: H 3.5 m i A to H ii E to B iii A to C iv A to G via C v E to C via D vi E to C directly Find the shortest length of ribbon required, correct to two decimal places, to reach from A to G if the ribbon is not allowed to reach across open space.

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

15

1.4
Key ideas

Area
3m

Area is a measure of surface and is expressed as a number of square units. Clearly, by the inspection of a simple diagram, a rectangle with side lengths 2 m and 3 m has an area of 6 square metres or 6 m2. For rectangles and other basic shapes, we can use area formulas to help us count the number of square units.

2m

Area = 6 m2

The area of a 2-dimensional shape can be defined as the number of square units contained within its boundaries. Some common area formulas are as follows: Triangle Square Rectangle w l
2 Area l2

h b Area Trapezium a h b Area 1 (a b)h 2 1 bh 2

Area lw Parallelogram x h b Area bh

Rhombus y

1 xy 2 The rule for the area of a circle is: Area Area r 2 r

Example 6 Find the area of these basic shapes, correct to two decimal places where necessary. a
3 cm 2 cm 5 cm

b
3.3 m 5.8 m

c
1.06 km

16

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Solution

Explanation

1 A (a b)h 2 1 (3 5)2 2 8 cm2 A 1 bh 2 1 (5.8)(3.3) 2 9.57 m2

The shape is a trapezium Substitute a 3, b 5 and h 2 Simplify and include the correct units The shape is a triangle Substitute b 5.8 and h 3.3 Simplify and include the correct units The shape is a circle The radius is half the diameter Round to the correct number of decimal places

A r 2 (0.53)2 0.88 km2

Example 7 Find the value of the pronumeral for these basic shapes, rounding to two decimal places where necessary. a
Area = 11 mm2 2.3 mm l mm

1.3 m Area = 0.5 m2 am 0.4 m

Solution

Explanation

A lw 11 l 2.3 11 l 2.3 4.78 1 A (a b)h 2 1 0.5 (a 1.3) 0.4 2 0.5 0.2(a 1.3) 2.5 a 1.3 a 1.2

Use the rectangle area formula Substitute A 11 and w 2.3 Divide both sides by 2.3

Use the trapezium area formula Substitute A 0.5, b 1.3 and h 0.4 Simplify Divide both sides by 0.2 Subtract 1.3 from both sides

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

17

Exercise 1D
Example

Find the area of these basic shapes, rounding to two decimal places where necessary. a
5 cm 10.5 m

5.2 m

1.3 km 2.8 km

d
0.3 mm 0.1 mm 0.2 mm

e
7m

10 cm 23 m

20 cm

g
64 m

0.4 mm

2 3

km

0.25 mm

1 4

km

j
3 km

0.82 m

10 cm

1.37 m

2 cm

6 cm

Example

Find the value of the pronumeral for these basic shapes, rounding to two decimal places where necessary. a
5.2 cm w cm Area = 15 cm2 Area = 206 m2

b
lm

1.8 km h km Area = 1.3 km2

d
2.8 m 1.3 m

5.34 mm h mm Area = 10.21 mm2

f
18 m

am Area = 2.5 m2 xm Area = 80 m2

g
r cm

dm

dm

Area = 5 cm2

Area = 0.21 m2 Area = 26 km2

18

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

A lawn area is made up of a semicircular region with diameter 6.5 metres and a triangular region of length 8.2 metres, as shown. Find the total area of lawn, to one decimal place. An L-shaped concrete slab being prepared for the foundation of a new house is made up of two rectangles with dimensions 3 metres by 2 metres and 10 metres by 6 metres. a b
8.2 m

6.5 m

Find the total area of the concrete slab. If two bags of cement are required for every 5 square metres of concrete, how many whole bags of cement will need to be purchased for the job?

Find the area of these composite shapes rounding to two decimal places where necessary. a b
4m 5 cm 10 m 7m

c
1.7 m 1.8 m

1.6 m

28 km 18 km

f
0.25 m

0.3 m

4.2 mm

26 km

0.7 m

Enrichment
6 Consider a trapezium with area A, parallel side lengths a and b and height h.
a h b

Th

A1 2 (a b)h

a b

c 7

Rearrange the area formula to express a in terms of A, b and h. Hence, find the value of a for these given values of A, b and h. i A 10, b 10, h 1.5 ii A 0.6, b 1.3, h 0.2 iii A 10, b 5, h 4 Sketch the trapezium with the dimensions found in part b (iii) above. What shape have you drawn?

Use exact values (e.g. 1 3) to find the area of the shapes in question 5 a, c and e.

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

19

1.5

Surface areaprisms and pyramids

Three-dimensional objects have outside surfaces which can be categorised into one or more different shapes. A cylindrical can, for example, has two circular ends and a curved surface which could be rolled out to form a rectangle.

Key ideas
The total surface area (TSA) of a three-dimensional object can be found by finding the sum of the areas of each of the shapes that make up the surface of the object. A net is two-dimensional illustration of all the surfaces of a solid object. The following is the net for a cyliner. Diagram Net r r h 2p r h TSA 2 circles 1 rectangle 2r 2 2r h 2r (r h)

Example 8 Find the total surface area (TSA) of these objects. Round to two decimal places where necessary. a
8 cm 3 cm 5 cm

b
5.3 m

c
22 mm

1.7 m

25 mm

20

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Solution

Explanation

TSA 2 (8 3) 2 (5 3) 2 (8 5) 158 cm2

Draw the net of the solid

5 cm 3 cm 8 cm 3 cm 5 cm 3 cm

TSA 2 circles 1 rectangle 2r2 2rh 2(1.7)2 2(1.7) 5.3 74.77 m2 TSA 1 square 4 triangles 1 l2 4 bh 2 1 252 4 25 22 2 1725 mm2

1.7 m 2r

5.3 m

1.7 m

22 mm 25 mm

Exercise 1E
Example

Find the TSA of these objects. Round your answers to two decimal places where necessary. a
6 cm 5.1 mm 1.3 mm 3 cm

b
2.7 mm

11 cm

3 cm

26 cm

d
9.2 m

12.8 m

e
8 cm

0.2 m

0.3 m 5 cm

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

21

Find the TSA of these objects. a b

5 mm

25 m 10 m 8.66 m

1.2 cm

7 mm 4 mm

3 mm

8.5 mm

10 mm

0.5 cm 1.2 cm 1.5 cm

1.4 m 2.1 m

11 mm

3 mm 0.76 cm 0.8 cm

1.9 m 2.3 m

4.8 m

Use Pythagoras theorem to determine any unknown side lengths and find the TSA of these objects, correct to one decimal place. a b
1.8 3.2

c
7

7 2 3

1.4

8 10

d
20

e
33 26 12

f
5.2 1.8

Find the TSA of the outside of a pipe of radius 85 cm and length 4.5 m correct to two decimal places. What is the minimum amount of paper required to wrap a box with dimensions 25 cm wide, 32 cm long and 20 cm high?

22

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

The roof of a rectangular dog kennel is to be made with sheets of tin cut into two isosceles triangles and two isosceles trapeziums as shown. a

50 cm h1 h2 60 m

90 cm Use Pythagoras theorem to find: 1m i the height of the isosceles trapeziums (h1) correct to 3 decimal places 80 cm ii the height of the isosceles triangles (h2) correct to 3 decimal places Find the TSA of tin required to make the roof of the kennel, correct to one decimal place.

Enrichment
7 Find the exact TSA in terms of for a cylinder with the given dimensions. a b 8 a
r

Th

r 1 and h 2 r1 2 and h 5
h

Prove the given TSA rules by drawing a net and showing working. b c
h

TSA = 2r(r + h) TSA = 6l2

l TSA = b(2h + b)

If the TSA of a cylinder is given by the rule TSA 2r(r h), find the height, to two decimal places, of a cylinder if the radius is 2 m and the TSA is: a 35 m2 b 122 m2 Can you find the exact radius of the base of a cylinder if its TSA is 8 cm2 and its height is 3 cm? For a cylinder of fixed TSA, try to find the maximum and minimum radius and height lengths possible. Explore different TSA measurements and write a conclusion.

10 11

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

23

1.6

Surface areaspheres and cones

The rule for the surface area of a cone can be considered by drawing a net including a circle (base) and sector (curved surface). The surface area formula of a sphere is more difficult to prove and can be achieved using mathematics normally studied at Year 12 or university level.

Key ideas
Cone total surface area

TSA (cone) r 2 rs r (r s) Sphere total surface area

TSA (sphere) 4r 2

Example 9 Find the total surface area (TSA) of these solids, correct to two decimal places. a sphere with radius 5 mm b cone with radius 2 m and slant height 4.5 m
4.5 m

5 mm 2m

24

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Solution

Explanation
2

TSA 4r 4(5)2 314.16 mm2 TSA r2 rs (2)2 (2) (4.5) 40.84 m2

Write the appropriate formula Substitute r 5 Evaluate, round and use the correct units Write the appropriate formula Substitute r 2 and s 4.5 Evaluate, round and use the correct units

Exercise 1F
Example

9a

Find the TSA of a sphere with the given dimensions, correct to two decimal places. a d radius 2 cm radius 13 mm
9 mm

b radius 5 m e radius 17 cm b
0.5 m 0.8 m

c radius 10.5 m f diameter km c

11 km

Example

9b

Find the TSA of these cones, correct to two decimal places. a

12 mm

15 km

Find the area of the curved surface only of these cones, correct to two decimal places. a
10 m 1.5 cm 2m

1.1 cm

c
26 mm 48 mm

Two marbles have radii 1 cm and 2 cm. Find the difference in their total surface areas, correct to one decimal place. Party hats A and B are in the shape of open cones with no base. Hat A has radius 7 cm and slant height 25 cm and hat B has radius 9 cm and slant height 22 cm. Which hat has a greater surface area? A cone has height 10 and radius 3. a b Use Pythagoras theorem to find the slant height of the cone, and express your answer using surds. Find the TSA of the cone, correct to one decimal place.

10

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

25

A hemisphere sits on a cone and two height measurements are given as shown. Find: a b c the radius of the hemisphere the slant height of the cone, correct to two decimal places 10 cm the TSA of the object, correct to one decimal place
5m 15 cm

Find the TSA for these objects, correct to two decimal places. a b
0.7 cm 4 mm 1.3 cm

8 mm

d
5m 3m 1m

3 cm

2 cm

2m
Th

2 cm

Enrichment
9 Using the formula TSA r(r s), find the slant height (s) of a cone to one decimal place with radius 2 cm and TSA as follows. a 20 cm2 b 150 cm2 Consider the rule for the surface area S of a sphere with radius r: S 4r2. a b Express r in terms of S. Find the radius of a sphere with these surface areas, correct to two decimal places. 100 cm2 i ii 0.35 m2
Object
Plan view 5m

10

11

A sculpture consists of a square-based pyramid sitting on the flat side of a hemisphere of radius 5 metres, as shown. The total height of the sculpture is 11 metres. a b c d

11 m

Find the side length of the base of the pyramid in surd form. Find the height of the pyramid. 5m Find the height of the triangular faces on the pyramid in surd form. Find the TSA of the sculpture to two decimal places.

12 13

Express the TSA of the objects in question 8 using exact values. By researching the radius of the earth, find an approximate surface area of the earth in km2.

26

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

1.7

Volumeprisms, pyramids and cones

Volume is the word used to describe the amount of space contained within the outside surfaces of a three-dimensional object, and it is measured in cubic units. Three common groups of objects considered here are the prism, the pyramid and the cone. A prism has a constant cross-section.

Key ideas
Prisms The volume of a prism is equal to the area of the constant cross-section (A) multiplied by its height. volume area (cross-section) height
cross-section height

For a cuboid (rectangular prism): volume l w h

h w l
cuboid

For a cylinder: volume r2h

h r
cylinder

Pyramids and cones The volume of a pyramid or cone is one-third of the volume of a prism with the same base area: volume 1 area (base) height 3 1 Ah 3

base square-based pyramid h

For a cone: volume 1 2 r h 3

base cone

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

27

Example 10 Find the volume of the following prisms, correct to two decimal places where necessary. a
4m

2 cm

2m

3m

6 cm

Solution

Explanation

V lwh 234 24 m3 V r2h (2)2 6 75.40 cm3 Example 11

The prism is a cuboid (rectangular prism) Substitute l 2, w 3 and h 4 The prism is a cylinder with base area r2 Substitute r 2 and h 6 Evaulate and round

Find the volume of this pyramid and cone, correct to two decimal places. a
1.3 m

23 mm

1.4 m 1.2 m

29 mm

Solution

Explanation

1 V Ah 3 1 (l w)h 3 1 (1.4 1.2)1.3 3 0.73 m3 1 V Ah 3 1 r2h 3 1 (11.5)2 29 3 4016.26 mm3

The pyramid has a rectangular base of area lw Substitute l 1.4, w 1.2 and h 1.3 Evaulate and round

The cone has a circular base of area r2 Substitute r 23 2 11.5 and h 29 Evaulate and round

28

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Exercise 1G
Example

10a

Find the volume of the following cuboids. a

2 cm 4 cm 5 cm 35 m 30 m 10 m 3.5 mm

c
7 mm 10.6 mm

Example

10b

Find the volume of the following cylinders, correct to two decimal places. a
10 m 14 m 5m

2 cm 1.5 cm

c
12 m

Find the volume of the following prisms, rounding your answers to two decimal places where necessary. a
2 km 10 km 3.5 cm 3 km 7 cm

8 cm

c
2m 7m

3m

3m

A = 5 cm2 A cm2 2 cm

e
0.38 m 0.12 m

21.2 cm 18.3 cm 24.5 cm

Example

11a

Find the volume of the following pyramids. a

3 cm

b
18 m

5 km

12 km 2 cm 13 m
Example

11 m

5 km

11b

Find the volume of the following cones, correct to two decimal places. a b
1.6 mm

c
20 m

2.6 m

60 m 3.5 mm

1.1 m

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

29

6 7 8

What volume of ice cream, correct to one decimal place, fills a cone of radius 3 cm and height 15 cm? Assume that the ice cream is level with the top of the cone. What volume of air is contained in a perspex square-based pyramid with base side length 8 cm and height 6 cm? Find the volume of these composite objects, rounding to two decimal places where necessary. a
6m

b
5 cm

c
2.5 m 15 m

8m 3m 6 cm 7.5 m

d
3.8 mm

f
2.6 m 4.2 m 2.8 m

10 m

1.5 mm 5.2 mm

7.1 m

9 10 11
Th

Use the rule V r2h to find the height of a cylinder, to one decimal place, with radius 6 cm and volume 62 cm3.
2 Use the rule V 1 3 r h to find the base radius of a cone, to one decimal place, with height 23 cm and volume 336 cm3.

10 m3 of water is poured into a rectangular tank 2 metres wide, 3 metres long and 2 metres high. How high up the sides of the tank, correct to one decimal place, will the water rise?

Enrichment
A heap of grain in the shape of a cone is being formed when wheat is unloaded from a ship onto a dock platform. Round the following to two decimal places. a b At 1 p.m. the heap is 2 metres high and 3 metres wide. Find the volume of wheat in the heap. At 3 p.m. the heap is 7 metres high and 10 metres wide. Find the difference in the volume of wheat to that at 1 p.m. If at 4 p.m. the heap is 12 metres wide and has a volume of 350 m3, find the height of the heap. If at 5 p.m. the height of the heap is 10 metres and it has a volume of 400 m3, find the diameter of the heap.

12

c d 13

If the volume of a cylinder has the same numerical value as its TSA, express: a r in terms of h b h in terms of r Explore this same question for other solids.

30

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Using technology to find lengths, areas and volumes

Graphics and CAS calculator programs can be used to find various lengths, areas and volumes for two- and three-dimensional objects. Example: Write and execute a program which finds: a the circumference and area of a circle b the volume of a cone correct to two decimal places
TI 84 plus family TI 89 family

T T

sp I -n ire

A PP I E ND

a Press PRGM and select NEW, Create New. Then type a name e.g. CIRCLE and press b. Type the program using the PRGM menus for most of the functions. Use I/O for Input and Disp Execute/run the program by pressing PRGM and EXEC. b Define a new program and type the code. Fix 2 rounds the answer to two decimal places.

a Go to the Program editor and select NEW. Then type a name e.g. circ and press b twice. Type the program using the F menus for most of the functions. Use I/O for Input and Disp Execute/run the program type circ() in the home screen and press b. b Define a new program and type the code. Fix 2 rounds the answer to two decimal places.

Exercise Write and execute programs to find the following. Area of a triangle. Test: b 3 cm, h 1 cm i ii b 15 m, h 22 m b Area of a trapezium. Test: a 5 cm, b 3 cm, h 1 cm ii a 2.1 cm, b 3.7 cm, h 4.8 m i c Volume and surface area of a sphere. Test: r 5.5 mm i ii r 0.04 mm d Volume and surface area of a cone. Test: r 10 cm, h 15 cm i ii r 0.5 mm, h 0.75 mm Suggestion: Include in your program a line that calculates the slant height s. a

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

31

X X

1.8
Key idea

Volumespheres
r

Spheres have a circular cross-section which varies in size depending on how far the cross-section is drawn from the centre of the sphere.

The volume of a sphere depends on its radius r and is given by: 4 volume r 3 3

Example 12 Find the volume of a sphere of radius 3 cm, correct to two decimal places.
3 cm

Solution

Explanation

4 4 V r 3 (3)3 113.10 cm3 3 3

Write the rule Substitute r 3 Evaluate and round

Example 13 Find the radius of a sphere with volume 10 m3 correct to two decimal places.

r V = 10 m3

Solution

Explanation

4 V r 3 3 4 10 r 3 3 30 4r 3 15 r3 2 3 15 r 1.34 m A 2

Substitute V 10 Multiply both sides by 3 Divide both sides by 4 Take the cube root of both sides to make r the subject

32

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Example 14 Find the volume of this composite object, using exact values.

5 cm

7 cm

Solution

Explanation

Radius r 7 5 2 cm 4 1 1 V r3 r2h 2 3 3 4 1 1 (2)3 (2)2(5) 2 3 3 16 20 36 12 cm3 3 3 3

First find the radius r cm 1 Volume (sphere) cone 2 Substitute r 3 and h 5 Simplify and add the fractions Express the exact answer in terms of

Exercise 1H
Example

12

Find the volume of the following spheres, correct to two decimal places. a
2 cm 38 mm

0.5 m

d
18 cm

0.92 km

1.36 m

2 3

Find the approximate volume of air in a hot-air balloon of radius 7.5 metre, correct to the nearest cubic metre. A square box with dimensions 30 cm long, 30 cm wide and 30 cm high holds 50 tennis balls of radius 3 cm. Find: a b c the volume of 1 tennis ball, correct to two decimal places the volume of 50 tennis balls, correct to one decimal place the volume in the box not taken up by the tennis balls, correct to one decimal place

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

33

Example

13

Find the radius of these spheres with the given volumes, correct to two decimal places. a
r V = 15 cm3

b
r

c
r

V = 180 cm3

V = 0.52 km3

5
Example

800 cm3 of water is pumped into an expanding spherical storage bag. Find the diameter of the bag after all the water has been pumped in, correct to one decimal place. Find the volume of the following composite objects, using exact values. a
1m

14

b
13 m

3m

19 m

2 cm

28 cm

e
2.0 m 2m

hollow

20 cm 2m 1 cm
Th

Enrichment
7 A spherical party balloon is blown up to help decorate a room. a b 8 Find the volume of air, correct to two decimal places, needed for the balloon to be: i 10 cm wide ii 20 cm wide iii 30 cm wide If the balloon pops when the volume of air reaches 120 000 cm3, find the diameter of the balloon at the point when it pops, correct to two decimal places.

An open rectangular container 85 cm long, 30 cm wide and 45 cm high is initially full of liquid. When 25 marbles of radius 1 cm are placed into the container, some liquid spills over the edges as a result. Find: a b c the initial volume of liquid in the container the volume of 1 marble correct to two decimal places the volume of liquid that spills over the edges of the container after all the marbles have been added, correct to one decimal place

34

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

1.9

Scientific applications

Measurement calculations are commonplace in all areas of science. In this section we look at two of these measurements: density and concentration.

Key ideas
Density is defined as the mass or weight of a substance per cubic unit of volume. mass density or mass density volume volume Concentration is associated with the purity of dissolved substances and will be considered here using percentages. volume of substance 100 concentration ( % ) total volume 1

Example 15 The density of a solid steel object is 500 kg per m3. If the object is cylindrical in shape with radius 0.5 metres and height 1.5 m, find the mass of the object, correct to one decimal place.
Solution Explanation

1.5 m 0.5 m

V r 2h (0.5)2 1.5 1.178 m3 mass 1.178 500 589.0 The mass of the object is 589.0 kg. Example 16

First find the volume of the the cylinder Use a sufficient number of decimal places to ensure you do not accumulate errors later mass density volume

An experiment involves mixing 20 cm3 of pure acid into a container half full of water. The container is rectangular in shape and is 5 cm wide, 7 cm long and 4 cm high. Find the concentration of acid in the water, correct to two decimal places.

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

35

Solution

Explanation

1 574 2 70 cm3 20 100 Concentration 90 22.22% The concentration of acid is 22.22%. V(water)

First find the volume of water V (acid) 100 total volume

concentration (%)

Exercise 1I
Example

15

Find the total mass of these objects with the given densities, correct to one decimal place where necessary. a
3m 1m

1m 2m

6 cm

2m Density = 50 kg per m3 Density = 100 kg per m3

10 cm 5 cm Density = 0.05 kg per cm3

Find the density of a compound with the given mass and volume measurements, rounding to two decimal places where necessary. a b c mass 30 kg, volume 0.4 m3 mass 10 g, volume 2 cm3 mass 550 kg, volume 1.8 m3

Example

16

Find the concentration of acid as a percentage if 10 cm3 of pure acid is mixed into the given containers which are half full (half the volume) of water. Give your answers correct to two decimal places. a
10 cm 5 cm

b
12 cm

6 cm

8 cm

2 cm

Find the volume of pure acid required to give the following concentrations and total volumes. a b c concentration 25%, total volume 100 cm3 concentration 10%, total volume 90 m3 concentration 32%, total volume 1.8 L

36

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Find the amount of space (volume) occupied by 100 kg of rock with a density of 750 kg per m3, correct to two decimal places. Five solid plastic spheres of radius 1.3 m are arranged to form an art piece. If the density of the plastic is 25 kg per m3, find the total mass of the art piece correct to two decimal places A non-organic farmer mixes 5 litres of chemical weedicide into a three-quarter full tank of water. The tank is cylindrical, with diameter 1 metre and height 1.5 metres. Find: a b c the number of litres of water in the tank, correct to three decimal places the concentration of the weedicide after it has been added to the water, correct to two decimal places what possible diameter and height measurements for the tanks would make the concentration of acid 1%

Enrichment
8 The density of solids depends somewhat on how molecules are packed together. Molecules represented as spheres are tightly packed if they are arranged in a triangular form. The following relates to this packing arrangement. a Find the length AC for three circles, each of radius 1 cm, as shown. Use exact values.
1 cm A

Th

b Find the total height of four spheres, each of radius 1 cm, if they are packed to form a triangular-based pyramid. Use exact values. First note that AB 2BC for an equilateral triangle (shown). Pythagoras theorem can be used to prove this, but this is difficult.
A

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

37

W O R K

N G Measurement

Mathematically

E PL Comm Th DLT

1 Developing formulas
Prove the given formulas for the following shapes by showing mathematical steps. Use the details provided in the diagrams to help. The first one is completed for you. For parts a to e you can assume only that the area of a rectangle is the product of the length and width. For f and g you can assume only that the area of a circle is given by A r2. For h you can assume only that the area of a parallelogram is given by A bh. For part i you can use the area formulas of a rectangle and a triangle. a Parallelogram A bh Proof A Area (rectangle) b lw h bh b Triangle (1) A 1 2 bh
h x b y

Triangle (2) A 1 2 bh
h x b

Rhombus A 1 2 xy

Kite A 1 2 xy
x

Essential Mathematics VELS Projects

2 Circle A 1 4 d

2 Semicircle A 1 8 d

r
d

h
a h

Trapezium (method 1) A1 2 (a b)h

Trapezium (method 2) A1 2 (a b)h

a h + b a h

38

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

2 Packing spheres
Heights of packing arrangements
Use the diagrams below to find the total height of these arranged spheres if each sphere has a radius of 1 cm. Joining the centres of the spheres gives the following diagrams.
Square Square pyramid Triangular pyramid

A maximum number of spheres

Find the maximum number of spheres able to be packed into a box 20 cm long, 10 cm wide and 10 cm high if the following packing styles are used. Note that spheres should not be allowed to appear above the level of the top of the box. a b c square square pyramid triangular pyramid

Varying packing arrangements

Find the maximum number of spheres of radius 1 cm that can fit inside a box 20 cm long, 10 cm wide and 10 cm high if a combination of packing styles are allowed to be used.

3 Designing milk cartons

Essential Mathematics VELS Projects
Milk cartons are to be designed to hold 1 litre of milk. They are to be made in the shape of a square-based prism with a triangular top, as shown. Between 10 cm3and 50 cm3 of spare air space must be designed into each carton and the carton must be at least 22 cm high.
h

1-litre carton
Design the 1-litre milk carton and show your design by drawing a diagram marking all side measurements.

Restricted surface area

Repeat part 1 with the extra condition that the total surface area of the carton is to be between 690 cm2 and 700 cm2.

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

39

Chapter summary

Review

Conversion of units
Base unit mm cm m km 1000 (1000)2 (1000)3 100 (100)2 (100)3 Length 10 Area (10)2 Volume (10)3

Length Perimeter is the distance around the outside of a shape Circumference C 2r d Pythagoras theorem a2 b2 c2

c b

Area Square Rectangle Triangle Rhombus Parallelogram Trapezium Circle

A l2 A lw A1 2 bh A1 2 xy A bh A1 2 (a b)h A r2

Exact values (surds) can be used when Pythagoras theorem is applied in succession as in problems involving three dimensions. Total surface area (TSA) TSA is the sum of all the areas of the outside surfaces of an object.

Volume V(prism) area(cross-section) height

crosssection height

Cylinder TSA 2r 2 2rh

r h r

2r r

V(cylinder) r 2h Sphere TSA 4r 2

r

r h

V(pyramid) 1 3 area(base) height

h

Cone TSA r 2 rs
s

base
2 V(cone) 1 3 r h

h r

3 V(sphere) 4 3 r

Scientific applications mass density or mass density volume volume volume of substance 100 concentration (%) total volume 1

40

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Multiple choice questions

Review

1 2

The sum of 0.0001 km2, 26 m2 and 370 000 cm2 written using m2 is A 3 700 260 001 m2 B 496 m2 C 163 m2 D 64 m2 2 cm The perimeter of this composite shape is closest to A 22 cm B 33 cm C 66 cm 7 cm D 52 cm E 28 cm

E 26 m2

A right-angled triangle has hypotenuse 3 metres and one other side 2.1 metres. The length of the remaining side is closest to A 6.9 m B 4.6 m C 13.4 m D 2.1 m E 3.7 m A circular grain storage container of diameter 3 metres is placed on a block of land in the shape of a parallelogram with base length 40 metres and height 13 metres. The area of land not covered by the container is closest to A 511 m2 B 253 m2 C 232 m2 D 492 m2 E 513 m2 A cylindrical can has a paper label glued to its curved surface. If the can has a radius of 3.5 cm and height 12.2 cm, the area of the label correct to one decimal place is A 85.4 cm2 B 351.9 cm2 C 268.3 m2 D 549.8 cm2 E 137.4 cm2 The difference between the total surface area of a sphere with radius 2 cm and a cone with radius 2 cm and slant height 6 cm is A 25 cm2 B 0 cm2 C cm2 D 6 cm2 E 12.7 cm2 The volume of this composite solid is closest to A 9 m2 B 16 m2 C 30 m2 3m 2 2 D 37 m E 94 m
1m 3m

The volume of air in a sphere is 100 cm3. The radius of the sphere, correct to two decimal places is A 1.67 cm B 10.00 cm C 2.82 cm D 23.87 cm E 2.88 cm A meteorite has density 1300 kg/m3 and volume 0.15 m3. The mass of the meteroite is A 0.00015 kg B 8667 kg C 195 kg D 1300 kg E 0.15 kg

Short-answer questions
1 Convert the given measurements to the units in the brackets. a 0.23 m (cm) b 270 mm2 (cm2) c 2.6 m3 (cm3) d 8.372 litres (cm3) e 6.25 km (miles) f 0.0003 km2 (cm2)

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

41

Review

Find the perimeter of these shapes, correct to two decimal places, using Pythagoras theorem where necessary. a b c 3.75 m 7 cm 1.37 mm
3 cm 2.6 m 10 cm 2.5 mm

3.17 mm

For a cuboid with dimensions 2, 4 and 7 units as shown, use Pythagoras theorem to find: H a AF leaving your answer in surd form b AG to two decimal places
D C E 7 4 B

G 2 F

Find the area of these shapes, correct to two decimal places. a b

2.3 cm 4.1 cm 23.5 m

c
4.1 mm

1.6 mm

1.5 mm

Find (i) the perimeter and (ii) the area of these composite shapes correct to two decimal places. a b c 5
6

5m 1.5 cm 12 m

Find (i) the total surface area and (ii) the volume of these solids correct to two decimal places where necessary. a b c 4.6 mm
12 cm 18 cm 1.1 mm 10 cm 10 cm 13 cm

42

Essential Mathematics VELS Edition Year 10

Find the mass of a plastic cylinder with radius 75 mm and height 22 cm if its density is 8.5 kg per m3, correct to three decimal places. b A circular cone of radius 2.5 cm and height 12 cm is half filled (half the volume) with water. If 10 cm3 of pure acid is mixed with the water in the cone, find the final acid concentration expressed as a percentage, correct to one decimal place.

Review

Extended-response questions
1 A water ski ramp consists of a rectangular floatation container and a triangular angled section as shown.

1m cm 2m 8m

a What volume of air is contained within the entire ramp structure? b Find the length of the angled ramp (c metres), correct to 1 decimal place. The entire structure is to be painted with a waterproof paint costing $20 per litre. One litre of paint covers 25 square metres. c Find the total surface area of the ramp, correct to one decimal place. d Find the number of litres and the cost of paint required for the job. Assume you cannot buy anything less than one litre of paint at a time. A circular school oval of radius 50 metres is marked with chalk to form a square pitch as shown. a State the diagonal length of the square. b Use Pythagoras theorem to find the side of the square, correct to three decimal places. c Find the area of the square pitch. d Find the percentage area of the oval not part of the square pitch. Round to the nearest whole percent. Two athletes challenge each other to a one-lap race around the oval. Athlete A runs around the outside of the oval at an average rate of 10 m/s. Athlete B runs around the outside of the square at an average rate of 9 m/s. Athlete Bs average running speed is less because of the need to slow down at each corner. e Find who comes first, and the time difference, correct to the nearest hundreth of a second.
MC

T E ST
D&D

Chapter 1 Length, area and volume

43

T E ST