CEE 770 Meeting 7 Objectives of This Meeting

Learn Generalized Stiffness Derivative Technique (aka Generalized Virtual Crack Extension techniques) for: Computing G, and its derivatives Using these values to predict single crack tip stability Using these values to predict multiple crack tip stability Using these values to predict shape evolution of a 3D crack
136

Review Pages 72-74, VCE/Stiffness Derivative Methods

Recall from your studies of LEFM theory that energy release rate (aka crack driving force) for a single 2D crack tip, in FEM context, is defined as:
T =1 u Ku uf 2

(43, p.72)

K T f 1 T G =2u u+u a a a

(44, page 73, from Parks, 1975)

Where a is the length of crack, u is the nodal displacement vector, K is the global stiffness matrix, f the global force vector, and nonzero contributions to

K / a

and

f / a occur only over elements adjacent to the crack front.

137

Typical Near-Tip Meshing for a Virtual Crack Extension, a

138

Energy Release Rate and Its Rates

G T K T f =1 u u + u 2 a a a
(44, page 73, from Parks, 1975)

This is OK for a single, 2D crack tip, BUT for more general, multiple crack 2D case, and always for 3D:

Ti
1
Tip 1 2 2 4 3

1 T K T f Gi = u u+u ai ai 2 ai
6 5 4

(69)

5 4

3D crack front 2 1

Sd

2D Multiple Crack System

139

Energy Release Rate and Its Rates: Key Issues

How to compute the derivatives in

accurately?

1 T K T f = u u+u Gi 2 ai ai ai

What is the meaning of a for 3D crack? How to compute higher order derivatives? And why compute them?

140

When Can a 2D Crack Propagate? When Can a 3D Crack Change Shape?

For a 2D system with a single crack, the necessary and sufficient conditions for crack extension are:

G = Gc, and G/a 0

where, G=-/a

Why????

(70)

= Potential energy of the system

G/a = - 2 / a2 Therefore, one needs to be able to calculate both G and G/a accurately. Moreover, in many 2D situations it is possible that the system will have multiple cracks!
141

The Sufficiency Condition of LEFM

P2 P P1 0 G P2 GIc P1 P0 P3 a0 P1 P0 P2
142

P3 P3 a0

The Generalized Virtual Crack Extension Method

Hwang, Wawrzynek, Tayebi, Ingraffea, "On the Virtual Crack Extension Method for Calculation of the Rates of Energy Release Rate, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 59, 521-542, 1998

Provides Gi and Gi/ai for multiple crack systems. subjected to arbitrary thermal loading, crack-face loading, body forces, in 2D/3D/axisymmetric problems, from a single FEA.

1 T K T f = u u+u Gi 2 ai ai ai
2

Non-Zero for these loadings

2 Gi u 1 u K K f f = uT uT u+ + uT a j ai a j 2 aia j a j ai aia j T

(71)

Null for 2D when i = j Non-Zero for 3D

143

How to Compute The Derivatives Analytically and Accurately

For a multiply cracked system, the following expressions are the rates of energy release rate for crack tip i. They are the analytical and generalized version of the stiffness derivative technique (Parks, 1975). Even more general expressions which account for mixed-mode are also available in Hwang et al.,1998:

i j

Gi K T K 1 f = u K a j ai aj aj

f K u + a j a j

1 T f u K ai
T

(72)

i=j
2 2 f K 1T f Gi K 1 f T K 1 f T K T = u K u u u + u K + u ai ai ai ai 2 ai 2 ai ai ai ai 2

(73)

144

How to Compute The Derivatives Analytically and Accurately

Note that: 1. These operations need only be performed on a small number of elements around the crack tip. 2. The element stiffness derivatives can be computed analytically via:

)BT DB]dV k = [B T DB + B T D B + Tr(

v

(74)

B T DB + 2Tr( )(B T DB + B T D B) dV 2 k = 2 B T DB + 2B T D B + BT D 2 B + 2
v

where

(75)
is the virtual strain-like matrix,

where

's are the geometry changes of the meshes due to virtual crack extension.
145

N 1 1 1 =J N 2 n

12 11 = 21 22
2 n

(76)

How to Compute The Derivatives Analytically and Accurately

2 2 2 Gi 1 T 3K T K u T K u u 2 3 u 2u 2 = u ai ai 2 ai ai ai 2 ai

(77)

3 u T 2 f u T K u 2 u f T f +2 + 2 +u 2 ai 3 ai ai ai ai a i a i a i

K u 1 f u =K ai ai ai

and

2 K u 2K 2u 1 f 2 u 2 2 2 = K ai ai ai ai ai

3k = [ 3 B T DB + 3 2 BT D B + 3 BT D 2 B + B T D 3 B]dV
v

[2
v

T )B T DB dV Tr ( ( B T DB + B T D B ) + 2 B DB + 6

) B B = 6(
3 3

) dV + 3 [ 2 BT DB + 2 B T D B + B T D 2 B ] Tr (
v

(78)
146

How to Compute The Derivatives Analytically and Accurately

You also need the force derivatives when relevant, assembled from elemental derivatives from the virtually perturbed elements:

f e f = a e a 2f 2 fe = 2 2 a e a
For example, if there is crack face pressure, p

(79)

) N T p ] ds f e = N T p ds = [N T p + Tr (
s s

(80)

) N T p + 2 N T p] ds 2 f e = 2 N T p ds = [N T 2 p + 2Tr (
s

147

If You Want Stress Intensity Rather Than Energy Release Rate Derivatives
Then, where H = E for plane stress and H = E/(1 - 2) for plane strain:

(KI )i =

Gi H
H Gi
2

(K I )i 1 Gi = 2 aj a j
2
2

(81)

(KI )i 1 Gi H 1 Gi = 2 2 2 ai Gi 4Gi ai ai

H Gi

(82)

148

Example: Stability of Multiple 2D Crack Systems

Key issue: a/d ratio and its effect on crack tip interaction Applied Uniform Displacement = 0.5 in.

Think: When a/d is very small

a
and as a/d grows d =2 in. .and finally?

E=29000ksi

Deformed shape

Applied Uniform Displacement

149

Computed Energy Release Rates and Rates of Energy Release Rates

Total Rates of G
300 Energy Release Rate, G 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 1 2 3 4 5

a
Top, Bottom Cracks

Top Crack

Middle Crack

Bottom Crack

0.5
Middle Crack

119 94 16 21 -27

42 21 12 -3 -16

117 94 19 16 -18

1 2 3 4

Crack Length, a

Observe: one can use the generalized VCE technique to predict sensitivity coefficients, strength of crack interaction, and propagation stability of multiple 2D crack systems.
150

2D, Mixed-Mode Case

As previously discussed, we can decompose energy release rate into components from symmetric and anti-symmetric fields (p.86-88)

Gi = (GI )i + (GII )i

(GI )i = 1 (uI )T K uI + (uI )T f I

2

ai

ai
,

(GII )i = (uII )
Then,

1 2

K T f uII + (uII ) II ai ai

(83)

For i j

(GI )i T = (uI ) aj

f I K 1T f I K 1 f K I K uI + uI K ai ai a j a j a j a j
T
T

(GII )i K f II K 1 T f II T K 1 f II uII K uII + K = (u II ) ai ai a j a j a j a j a j

(84)

151

2D, Mixed-Mode Case

For i = j
2 (GI )i T K K T K 1 1 f I uI (uI ) K = (uI ) 2 uI ai ai ai ai ai 2

2 f I K 1 T f I fI T +u uI K + ai 2 ai ai , ai

(85)

2 (GII )i 1 T K K T K 1 f II = (u II ) K uII (uII ) 2 uII ai ai ai ai ai 2

2 f II K 1T f II f II T + uII K +u a i ai ai ai 2
T

(86)

152

Crack Growth Model: Principle of Minimum Potential Energy

(a)

Maximize = (a0) (a0 +a) w.r.t. Next Crack Extension a = G0 a + 1/2 G0 a

a0 G(a) G0 G0 a0 WE NEED TO KNOW G and dG for Multiple Planar/Non-Planar Crack Systems in 2D/3D Under Arbitrary Loading a a a a

153

Three Dimensional Problem: Find New Crack Front Shape, a(s)

1 Maximize = G (s ) a(s ) + G (s ) a(s ) ds 2 Crack
Front

w.r.t a(s) subjected to

A =

Crack Front

a(s )ds

(87)

Piecewise Linearly Approximate G(s), a(s), G(s) along the crack front.

G(s) s G i G j Gk ai aj ak a(s)

Crack front

154

Three Dimensional Problem: Find New Crack Front Shape, a(s)

This problem is at the current state-of-the-art. For some interesting insights and examples, see
Hwang, Wawrzynek, Ingraffea, " On the virtual crack extension method for calculating the derivatives of energy release rates for a 3D planar crack of arbitrary shape under mode-I loading", Engineering Fracture Mechanics, 68, 7, 925-947, 2001.

155