Treaty 1. 2. The act of treating for the adjustment of differences, as for forming an agreement; negotiation.

An agreement so made; specifically, an agreement, league, or contract between two or more nations or sovereigns, formally signed by commissioners properly authorized, and solemnly ratified by the several sovereigns, or the supreme power of each state; an agreement between two or more independent states; as, a treaty of peace; a treaty of alliance. A proposal tending to an agreement. A treatise; a tract.

3. 4.

Treatises Some of the pre-eminent legal scholars in the last century concentrated their legal studies in a specific area of the law. Their writings about that area of the law have been compiled into a treatise. A treatise is a combination of a summary of the law and commentary on the law. A legal treatise often summarizes a rule of law and describes the application of that rule of law in various jurisdictions. Treatises may also include a historical perspective on the development of the law and commentary stating the commentator's view of the rule of law. Treatises are often useful for providing the legal researcher with an in-depth understanding of a specific legal principle. Boolean Operators Boolean operators define the relationships between words or groups of words. Use AND OR To Narrow search and retrieve records containing all of the words it separates. Broaden search and retrieve records containing any of the words it separates. The | can be used instead of 'or' (e.g., 'mouse | mice | rat' is equivalent to 'mouse or mice or rat'). Narrow search and retrieve records that do not contain the term following it. Group words or phrases when combining Boolean phrases and to show the order in which relationships should be considered: e.g., '(mouse or mice) and (gene or pseudogene)

( ) NEAR NOT AND OR To ensure that a search containing different operators performs as you intend, use parentheses: e.g., 'calder and (painting not (sculpture or mobiles))'. Note: Depending on how the Boolean Operator AND is used with the Keyword Field (KW) results may be slightly different. Remember the keyword field automatically searches the Abstract(AB), Descriptor (DE), and TItle (TI) fields together. If a database has the Identifier(ID) field that field is also searched. For example: KW=(nasa and mir) is processed as TI=(nasa and mir) or AB=(nasa and mir) or DE=(nasa and mir) or ID=(nasa and mir) KW=(nasa) and Kw=(mir) is processed as (TI=(nasa) or AB=(nasa) or DE=(nasa) or ID=(nasa)) and (TI=(mir) or AB=(mir) or DE=(mir) or ID=(mir)) Proximity Searching Proximity searches limit the number of words between your search terms. Use To No Find words as a phrase, e.g., life stage transitions retrieves Operator records containing the three words immediately adjacent to one another and in the same order. WITHIN "X" Find words within a specified radius, e.g., carbon within 3 fiber retrieves records that contain carbon and fiber in any order and within a three word radius of one other. Any number may be used to determine the proximity radius. Find words within 10 words of each other, e.g., (women near violence) retrieves records that contain women and violence in any order and within a 10 word radius of one other. Note: near is the same as within 10.

NEAR

NOT ()

BEFORE Finds words in a relative order, e.g., social before security. Note: adjacency is not implied. AFTER Finds words that contain words in the relative order specified with the after expression, e.g., scope after science. Note: adjacency is not implied.

Note: Search queries containing several operators search in the following order:

Note: Use double quotes " " to search for "near", "before", or "after" as a term or part of a phrase, e.g., "near" death experience. Wildcard Symbols Wildcard symbols can expand the scope of your search.

Use For * * Truncation. This expands a search term to include all forms of a root word, e.g., patent* retrieves patent, patents, patentable, patented,etc. Multi-character wildcard for finding alternative spellings. Use to indicate an unlimited number of characters within a word, e.g., behavi*rretrieves behaviour or behavior. Single-character wildcard for finding alternative spellings. The ? represents a single character; two ?? represent two characters; three ??? represent three characters, and so on. Use within or at the end of a word, e.g., wom?n finds woman as well as women, and carbon fib?? finds carbon fiber or carbon fibre.

Note: Only words with characters equal to the number of ?'s present are retrieved, e.g., cell? retrieves cells and cello but not cell. Three characters are required before truncation, therefore h*ophilia will not function in our database. Tip: When looking for singular and plural forms of short words that have a common root, such as cell, the truncation symbol may retrieve too many irrelevant words, while the wildcard symbol may retrieve too few words. In such a case, do not use wildcards and instead OR together the forms of the word you want, e.g., cell or cells. Boolean and Proximity Operators The basic Boolean operators AND, OR & NOT may be used in the database. They can also be represented by symbols: + symbol can be used in place of AND , symbol can be used in place of OR - symbol can be used in place of NOT These symbols are automatically recognized as operators by default, but this feature can be disabled from the settings menu; the main reason to do this would be to search for phrases containing hyphens. When the option is not turned off, hyphens in text strings are interpreted to mean the Boolean operator not. In February of 2008, the system introduced the capability to combine a range of search queries using the terms AND= and OR=, with a colon operator to specify the range. For example, AND=1:4 will combine search strings 1, 2, 3, and 4 using AND operators between the searches, so that only results common to all four search sets will be found. Similarly, OR=1:4 will combine searches 1, 2, 3,

and 4 so that the end result is additive, representing all unique hits from any of the four search strategies. Proximity operators recognized by the database are the Wn, WFn, and near operators, where the n represents an integer number defining the proximity range: Wn - will search for words that occur within n words of each other, in either order. Users must always enter a number after w, even if the number is 1. WFn the F in this operator can be said to mean fixed: This operator will search for the combination of words within n words of each other, where the words must be in the specified order. Put another way, the operator requires that the first term must occur before the second term. Near the near operator is equal to the operator W5. It searches for words near one another (within five words of each other) in either order. A blank space between words leaving a blank space between two words is equal to a WFn command: the words must be found adjacent to one another in the specified order to return a hit. The default operator for keywords in PatBase is an adjacency operator. ** Boolean, Proximity, and Numeric Operators Boolean and Proximity Operators Innovation supports a number of useful proximity operators. The system allows proximity operators based on the distance by number of terms separating two keywords, and also offers operators that find words in the same paragraph. The function of these operators is consistent throughout the business and patent collections, but they do not retain their original functionality when used in the literature collection. Proximity operators and their definitions are displayed in the chart below:[1][2] Operato r Basic Definition Difference s In Patent Collection s Difference s In Business Collection s Available in Native Languag e Japanes e Search? Difference s In Literature Collection s

SAME

Terms must (No differences in usage) Yes be in the same paragraph,

Works like AND, both terms must be present

in any order (except for literature search)

in any order. Used in address fields, finds terms in the same line of an address. Works like AND, both terms must be present in any order. Used in address fields, finds terms in the same line of an address. Works like NEARn, finds records containing the specified terms within n number of words of each other in any order. NEAR, NEAR0, NEAR1, and NEAR15 all

ADJ

Terms should be next to each other and in order specified

(No differences in usage) Yes

NEARn

(No differences in usage) No

ADJn

Terms should be within nword s of each other and in the order specified

(No differences in usage) No

Terms should be within nword s of each other and in any order

find records that have up to 15 words between the searched words. NEAR2 through NEAR99 search for records containing the specified terms within 2-99 number of words of each other in any order. 99 is currently the upper limit allowed. The searched words can be found in any order.

The system of course permits the major Boolean operators AND, NOT, and OR, which can be used in all collections (including the Native Japanese patent collection). Editor's Note: The inclusion of sentence and paragraph-based proximity operators is very desirable for most patent searchers to have in their arsenal of connectors. Although an empirical study of the benefits of these types of proximity operators is not known to the editor, in general most patent searchers believe the ability to recall keyword hits by their relation to each other in the

NEAR

Terms (No differences in usage) Yes should be next to each other and in any order

context of document structure can improve accuracy, and reduce the number of false hits. Innovation offers the SAME operator, which searches for two words occurring within the same paragraph. Some users may wonder why Thomson has done away with the WITH operator for patent searching, which was offered in MicroPatent PatentWeb, and found words occurring within the same sentence in patent collections. This operator may have been discontinued to encourage users to rely on the NEAR and ADJ operators for more precision. The Thomson Innovation help file gives the following explanation about the use of the WITH operator in the system:[1] The WITH operator is generally expected to operate within the boundaries of a text sentence and text sentence boundaries are not indexed in Thomson Innovation. So, because of this, we do not recommend using WITH in Thomson Innovation. When sentence boundaries are not indexed, WITH behaves identically to SAME which is recommended and supported for use in Thomson Innovation. Note: Some data may retain the period with a double space that denotes a sentence to our search engine. So, if you do use WITH, your results may appear accurate. However, this does not occur consistently enough for WITH to be relied on. In fact, strings of multiple spaces in the data are routinely collapsed to single spaces Default Operators The default operator that will be placed between any two keyword terms in the same field (in most cases) is ADJ (users should remember that ADJ behaves like AND in literature searches (except within address fields)).* Therefore, a title search for (remote control) will perform a phrase search on remote control. The default operator for keyword terms placed in two different text boxes in the fielded search form is AND. Both of these default settings can be changed from the Innovation Preferences page. For between fields, you can choose to use AND, OR, or NOT as your default. For within fields, you can choose to use AND, OR, or ADJ as your default.[1] *The exceptions are the Publication Number (PN) field and single occurrence per record code type fields (like the DWPI Assignee code) where it is not logical to have ADJ as the default operator because there will not be two occurrences in the same record. For these exceptions, the default is always OR (regardless of your preference settings).[1] NOT Operator Restrictions According to the Thomson Innovation help file, the following restrictions apply to the use of the NOT operator:[1]

You cannot use NOT as an operator with the only search criteria entered. Your query must have at least one set of search criteria that is not excluded by the NOT operator. You cannot use NOT as the operator for the first search criteria entered. The first set of search criteria you enter cannot be excluded by the NOT operator.

Operator Precedence The help file states that while query expressions are read from left to right, certain operators are processed before others. The following list shows the order of precedence in which operators are processed:[1] 1 - ADJ, NEAR 2 - SAME 3 - AND, NOT 4 - OR Numeric Operators The following numeric operators can be used in all collections (including Native Japanese content):[1][2] = Equal to. Can be used for dates, numeric terms, and text. <> Not equal to. Can be used for dates and other numeric terms. > Greater than. Can be used for dates and other numeric terms. >= Greater than or equal to. Can be used for dates and other numeric terms. < Less than. Can be used for dates and other numeric terms. <= Less than or equal to. Can be used for dates and other numeric terms. Note that when searching a date range, the dates must be specified in ascending order, e.g., >=20010101 <=20011231.