S.T.

Nagarajan
Electrical Engineering Department
Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
email:selukka@yahoo.com

Narendra Kumar
Electrical Engineering Department
Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
email:dnk_1963@yahoo.com

Abstract This paper presents a Genetic Algorithm (GA)
based control strategy to design more effective and robust
auxiliary control of Static VAR System (SVS) for Sub
Synchronous Resonance (SSR) damping improvement. The
problem of tuning all the control parameters for effective
stabilization of multiple torsional modes over various system
conditions is formulated into a standardized optimization
problem and optimized using GA for improving SSR damping.
The studies have been carried out on First IEEE bench mark
model. With the proposed GA, the problem is efficiently solved
and the auxiliary controller of SVS is optimized over a wide
operating range. Eigenvalue analysis using a linearized system
model has been conducted on the test system to validate the
approach and the designed SVS based auxiliary controller. A
simulation study, using a nonlinear system model, has been
carried out to illustrate the performance of the proposed SVS
control strategy under large disturbance conditions. This
corroborates the outcome of the eigenvalue analysis.

Keywords Genetic Algorithm; Static VAR System; Sub
Synchronous resonance; Torsional oscillations.
I. INTRODUCTION
Series capacitors have been placed on transmission lines to
enhance transmission capability by partially compensating line
reactance. However, the series capacitors, coupled with line
reactance will trigger oscillatory modes inherent in the
mechanical system of turbine generators, resulting in Sub
Synchronous resonance (SSR), which if not properly handled,
would result in the failure of the turbine-generator shaft [1,2].
To prevent generator shaft oscillations, from damages caused
by SSR various devices such as excitation controller [3] and
thyristor controlled Static Var compensator have been
proposed [4]. SVS has been employed to an increasing extent
in the modern power system due to its capability to work as
Var generation and absorption systems. Besides, voltage
control and improvement of transmission capability SVS in
coordination with auxiliary controllers [5] can be used for
damping of Sub Synchronous oscillations. However, the
controller designed with this method may not work
satisfactorily in practice since it is optimized only under one
condition and may not guarantee optimization or even stability
at other operating conditions. In order to achieve simultaneous
stabilization of power system, genetic algorithms are proposed
in this paper for design of SVS auxiliary controller. GA is a
powerful tool for optimization based on genetics and evolution
theory. Genetic algorithms have been applied widely in the
field of engineering for optimization. The problem of selecting
the parameters of the SVS auxiliary controller can be
described mathematically as a mini-max optimization problem
solved by genetic algorithms with an eigenvalue based
objective function.
In the present paper the power system model used is a
modified IEEE first Bench mark model in which the shunt
parameters of the transmission network are duly taken into
account. SVS is considered to be located at middle of the line
[6] due to its optimum performance. The purpose of this paper
is to select the best SVS auxiliary controller parameters in
such a way that the resulting controller will provide enough
damping over entire operation space considered. It is found
that all the modes of SSR in series compensated line are
effectively damped and performance of the line is enhanced by
selecting the parameters of auxiliary controller with GA.
II. SYSTEM MODEL
The study system considered is as shown in Fig.1. It
consists of two steam turbine driven synchronous generators
supplying bulk power to a large system over a single circuit
series compensated long transmission line connected to an
infinite bus. The power system model used is a modified IEEE
first Bench mark Model [7] in which the shunt parameters of
the transmission network are duly taken into account. An SVS
of fixed capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor (FC-TCR) type
is considered located at the middle of the transmission line
that provides continuously controllable reactive power at its
terminals. The series compensation is applied at the sending
end.

Fig. 1. Study system
A. Generator
In the detailed machine model shown in Fig. 2 used here
[8- 9], the stator is represented by a dependent current source
GA Based SVS Control Strategy for Mitigation
of SSR in Series Compensated Power System
978-1-4673-0766-6/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE


parallel with the inductance. The generator model includes the
field winding f and a damper winding h along d-axis and
two damper windings g and k along q-axis.


b
d
f
h
a
k
g
q
c
| axis
Q axis
q axis
o axis
D axis
d axis
u
u r
o

Fig. 2. Schematic layout of windings of synchronous machine and their two-
axis representation.

The rotor flux linkages associated with different windings
result in rotor equations:
q h g k
q k g g
d h f h
d f h f f
I b a a
I b a a
I b a a
I b V b a a
6 8 7
.
5 6 5
.
3 4 3
.
2 1 2 1
.
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + + =




(1)
Where V
f
is field excitation voltage. The above eqns. have
been linearized and transformed to D-Q frame of reference
[8]. The state space model obtained is as follows:
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
R3 R3 R2 R2 R1 R1 R R
R
.
U B + U B + U B + X A = X (2)
| | | |
t
Q D R f R
t
R
i i U V U U A A = A = A A =
3 2 1
, , e o

| |
t
k g h f R
X A A A A =

The output equations are
| | | |
| | | | | | | |
| |
t
Q D
R
t
Q D R
R R R R R R R R R
R R R R R
I I Y I I Y
U D U D U D X C Y
U D X C Y
(

A A = A A =
+ + + =
+ =
. .
2 1
3 4 2 3 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
,
(3)
B. Mechanical System
The six spring mass model as used in the IEEE first bench
mark model [7] describes the mechanical system as shown in
Fig.3.


HP

IP

LPA LPB GEN EXC
Tm1
Tm2 Tm3
Tm4 Te
o1
o2
o3
o4 o5
o6
D12
D23
D34
D45 D56
K12
K23
K34
K45 K56
D11
D22
D33
D44 D55 D66


Fig. 3. Six-Spring-mass model of mechanical system
o
i
= e
i,
i=1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. The corresponding equations are
(

+ o o
e + e +
= e
1
M 2 1 12
2 12 1 12 11
1
1
.
T ) ( K
D ) D D (
M
1
(

+ o o
e + e + + e
= e
2 M 1 2 12
3 23 2 23 22 12 1 12
2
2
.
T ) ( K
D ) D D D ( D
M
1

(
(

+ o o o o
e + e + + e
= e
(
(

+ o o o o
e + e + + e
= e
4
3
M 5 4 45 3 4 34
5 45 4 45 44 34 3 34
4
4
.
M 4 3 34 2 3 23
4 34 3 34 33 23 2 23
3
3
.
T ) ( K ) ( K
D ) D D D ( D
M
1
T ) ( K ) ( K
D ) D D D ( D
M
1

(
(
(

o o
o o e +
e + + e
= e
e 6 5 56
4 5 45 6 56
5 56 55 45 4 45
5
5
.
T ) ( K
) ( K D
) D D D ( D
M
1
| | ) ( K ) D D ( D
M
1
5 6 56 6 66 56 5 56
6
6
.
o o e + e = e


) I i I i ( X T
D Q Q D
"
d e
=
(4)

Where o
1,
o
2,
o
3,
o
4,
o
5,
o
6,
are the angular displacements and

1
,
2,

3,

4,

5,

6
are the angular velocities of different
shaft segments as shown in Fig. 3. Linearising the above
equations the state space model is derived as follows:
| | | | | |
2 M 2 M 1 M 1 M M M
M
.
U B U B X A X + + = (5)
| |
M M M
X C Y = (6)
Where:
| | | | | | | |
t
M
t
Q D M
t
Q D M
t
M
Y i i U I I U X e o e o A A = A A = A A = A A = , ,
2 1

C. Excitation System
The IEEE type I model shown in Fig. 4 represents the
excitation system. Vg represents the generator terminal
voltage and SE is the saturation function. The excitation
system is described by the following equations:

R
sT + 1
1
E
A
A
sT
K
+ 1
Vr max
Vr min
E
E E
sT K +
1
SE = f (Vf)
F
F
sT
sK
+ 1
Vref
Vpss=0
-
-
-
+
VS
-
+
Vr
Vg
Vf

Fig. 4. IEEE type- I excitation system model
r
E
f
E
E E
f
.
V
T
1
V
T
) S K (
V +
+
=
r
F E
F
S
E
f
F E
E E F
S
.
V
T T
K
V
T
1
V
T T
) S K ( K
V +
+
=
ref
A
A
A
A
r
A
S
A
A
r
.
V
T
K
Vg
T
K
V
T
1
V
T
K
V + =
(7)
After linearising the eqn.7 the state and output equations are:
E E E E
E
.
U ] B [ X ] A [ X + = (8)
E E E
X ] C [ Y = (9)


Where X
E
= [AV
f
AV
s
AV
r
]
t
, U
E
= AV
g
, Y
E
= AV
f

D. Network
The transmission line is represented by lumped parameter -
circuit as shown in Fig 5. The network has been represented
by its axis equivalent circuit, which is identical with the
positive sequence network. The governing nonlinear
differential equations of the network are derived as follows


Fig. 5. o-axis representation of network
1
T2
2
T2
1
V
L
1
V
L
1
dt
di
=

2 2 3
2
i
L
R
V
L
1
V
L
1

dt
di
=

4 3 4
4
i
L
R
V
L
1
V
L
1
dt
di
=

5
A

A
d
4
A

V
L
1
dt
dI
L
" L
V
L
1
i
L
Ra
dt
di
+ =


1 2
2
i
C
1
i
C
1
dt
dV
=

4
n
3
n
2
n
3
i
C
1
i
C
1
i
C
1
dt
dV
+ =

4
4
i
C
1
i
C
1
dt
dV
=

5
i
C
1
dt
dV
se
=
(10)
Where, L
A
= L
T1
+ L
d
and C
n
= 2C + C
FC
, and I

is the
current of the dependent current source. Similarly, the
equations can be derived for the |- network. The o-| network
equations are then transformed to D-Q frame of reference. The
state and output equations of network are:
3 3 2 2 1
.
] [ ] [ ] [ ] [
N N N N N N N N
N U B U B U B X A X + + + = (11)
N N3 N3
N N2 N2
N3 N3 N2 N2 N1 N1 N N1 N1
]X [C Y
]X [C Y
]U [D ]U [D ]U [D ]X [C Y
=
=
+ + + =
(12)
Where

| |
t
N2 N1 N
X X X =

| |
5D 4D 3D 2D D D 4 2D 1D N1
V V V V I I l l X =
| |
5Q 4Q 3Q 2Q Q Q 4 2Q 1Q N2
V V V V I I l l X =
| | | | | |
t
3Q D 3 3 N
t
Q D N2
t
gQ gD N
V V Y , i i Y , V V Y
1
= = =
| | | |
t
Q
.
D
.
3 N
t
Q D 2 N
t
3Q 3D 1 N
I I U , l l U , i i U
(

= = =

E. Static VAR system
Fig.6 shows a small signal model of a general SVS. The
terminal voltage perturbations V
3
and the SVS incremental
current i
3
weighted by the factor K
D
representing current
droop are fed to the reference junction. T
M
represents the
measurement time constant, which for simplicity is assumed to
be equal for both voltage and current measurements. The
voltage regulator is assumed to be a proportional- integral (PI)
controller. Thyristor control action is represented by an
average dead time T
D
and a firing delay time Ts. B is the
variation in TCR susceptance. V
F
represents the incremental
auxiliary control signal.

Fig. 6. SVS control system with auxiliary feedback
The , axes currents entering TCR from the network are
expressed as:
3Q 0 3D
S
S
3D
S
3D
.
i i
L
R
V
L
1
i =
(13)
3D 0 3Q
S
S
3Q
S
.
3Q
i i
L
R
V
L
1
i + =
(14)
Where R
S
, L
S
represent TCR resistance and inductances
respectively. The other equations describing the SVS model
are:
F 2 ref
1
.
V Z V Z + =
( )
2
M
3 D 3
M
2
.
Z
T
1
i K V
T
1
Z =

F
S
P
ref
S
P
3
S
2
S
P
1
S
1
3
.
V
T
K
V
T
K
Z
T
1
Z
T
K
Z
T
K
Z + =

( )
D 3
.
T B z B =
(15)
Where V
3
, i
3
are incremental magnitudes of SVS voltage
and TCR current, respectively. V
ref
is the reference voltage
perturbation and V
F
is the auxiliary controller output.
Linearising above equations and putting in state space form
we get:
3 s 3 s 2 s 2 s 1 s 1 s s s
.
S
U ] B [ U ] B [ U ] B [ X ] A [ X + + + =
(16)

The SVS bus voltage V
3
and current i
3
in terms of D, Q
axis components are expressed as:
2
3Q
2
3D
2
3
V V V + = , and
2
3Q
2
3D
2
3
i i i + = (17)
Linearising eqn. (17), the output eqn. is obtained as:
Y
S
= [C
S
] X
S
+ [D
S
] U
S1
(18)
Where:
X
S
= [i
3D
i
3Q
Z
1
Z
2
Z
3
B ]
t
; U
S1
= [
3Q 3D
V V ]
t

U
S2
= [
ref
V ]; U
S3
= [
F
V ]; Y
S
= [
3Q 3D
i i ]
t
F. Auxiliary control
The auxiliary signal U
C
is implemented through a first
order auxiliary controller which is assumed to be
( )
(

+
+
= =
2
1
B
C
F
sT 1
sT 1
K
U
V
s G

This can be equivalently written as
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 1 B 2 1 B
sT 1 / T / T 1 K T / T K s G + + + =



Fig. 7. General first-order auxiliary controller

The state and output equations are given by
| | | |
C C C C
C U B X A X + =
.
(19)
| | | |
C C C C C
U D X C Y + =

(20)
Where
| |
F c c c
V Y , Z X A = =
, | |
2 c
T / 1 A =

| | | | | |
2 1 2 1
/ , 1 ), / 1 ( T T K D C T T K B
B c c B c
= = =


Three different types of locally derivable signals have been
applied to SVS in the study system.
A. Bus Frequency Auxiliary Signal
The auxiliary control signal in this case is the deviation in
the frequency of the SVS bus. The angle of SVS bus (bus 3) is
given by
D
Q
V
V
Q
3
3 1
3
tan

=
(21)
Where V
3D
and V
3Q
are direct and quadrature axis SVS bus
voltages, so the bus frequency will be
| |
D Q Q D SVS
V V V V
V
f
3 3 3 3 2
30
1

=
(22)
After linearising equation (22), the deviation in the reactive
power f
svs
which is taken as the auxiliary control signal U
C

D
Q
Q
D
svs
V
V
V
V
V
V
f Uc
3 2
3
3
3 2
3
3

A A = A =
(23)
B. Reactive Power Auxiliary Signal
The auxiliary control signal in this case is the deviation in
the line reactive power entering the SVS bus. The reactive
power entering the SVS bus can be expressed as:
D Q Q D
i V i V Q
3 3 3
=
(24)

Where i
D
, i
Q
and V
3D
, V
3Q
are the D-Q axis components of the
line current i and the SVS bus voltage V
3
respectively.
Linearising eqn. (24) gives the deviation in the reactive power
Q
3
which is taken as the auxiliary control signal U
C
.
3Q D D 3Q 3D Q Q 3D 3 C
V i i V V i i V Q U + = =

(25)
C. Combined Reactive power and frequency Auxiliary Signal
The auxiliary controller signal in this case is the
combination of the line reactive power and the bus frequency
signals [5] with the objective of utilizing the beneficial
contribution of both signals towards improving the dynamic
and transient performance of the system. The control scheme
for the composite controller is illustrated in Fig.8. The
auxiliary control signals U
C1
and U
C2
correspond, respectively,
to the line reactive power and the bus frequency deviations,
which are derived at the SVS bus.

Fig. 8. Control scheme for CRPF auxiliary controller
The state and output equations for the CRPF auxiliary
controller are obtained as follows:
| | | |
C1 C1 C1 C1
C1
.
U B X A X + =
| | | |
C2 C2 C2 C2
C2
.
U B X A X + =

| | | |
C1 C1 C1 C1 C1
U D X C Y + =
(26)
| | | |
C2 C2 C2 C2 C2
U D X C Y + =

Where A
C1
, B
C1
, C
C1
and D
C1
are the coefficients, which
correspond to the line reactive power auxiliary controller, and
A
C2
, B
C2
, C
C2
and D
C2
are the coefficients, which correspond to
the bus frequency auxiliary controller.
G. System Model
The overall system model is obtained by combining the
differential equations of each constituent subsystem models
developed above to result in the state equation of overall
system as
| |
ref
V B A + = ] [ X A X
.
(27)

Where
t
C S N E M R
X X X X X X X ] [ =
III. OPTIMAL PARAMETER SELECTION USING GENETIC
ALGORITHM
A. Genetic Algorithm
GA is a search algorithm based on the mechanism of
genetic and natural selection developed by John Holland in
1975. GA can obtain optimal solutions having no derivative
information and without continuity of objective function.
Since GA are global search methods, which simultaneously
search the solution population, the possibility of convergence
to local minima will be reduced and solutions can be obtained
by simple algorithms without complex procedure [12]. The
main features of genetic algorithm are Parameter encoding,
Fitness evaluation, Reproduction, Cross over and Mutation.

B. Genetic Algorithm design of Auxiliary controller for SVS
For Bus Frequency Auxiliary Signal and Reactive Power
Auxiliary Signal. The auxiliary controller parameters are K
B
,
T
1
, T
2
and For CRPF auxiliary controller the parameters are
K
B1
, T
1
, T
2
, K
B2
, T
3
, and T
4
. The steps of genetic algorithm for
optimization is given below
1). The auxiliary controller parameters are coded in form of
double vector as chromosomes and with an initial population
of 20 chromosomes formed randomly. This becomes the first
generation chromosomes.

2). The fitness of the chromosome is tested with the fitness
evaluation function i.e to maximize the stability of the system
under consideration by calculating the eigenvalue the system
and each chromosome is assigned a rank accordingly.
3). Then Selection of parents to cross over for creation of
next generation is done by stochastic uniform method.
Stochastic uniform lays out a line in which each parent
corresponds to a section of the line of length proportional to its
expectation.
4). The reproduction crossover between two parents is set
as 0.8.
5). Mutation functions make small random changes in the
individuals in the population, which provide genetic diversity
and enable the genetic algorithm to search a broader space.
Gaussian method is used which adds a random number to each
vector entry of an individual.
6). The algorithm is repeated from step2 till the objective of
maximizing the stability is attained or fixed number of
generations.
The differential equations of the study system are coded in
MATLAB and GA TOOL BOX is used to optimize the
objective function.
IV. CASE STUDY
The study has been conducted on a system similar to IEEE
first benchmark model. The system consists of two
synchronous generators each of 555MVA amounting to 1110
MVA equivalent synchronous generator supplying power to
an infinite bus over a 400 kV, 600 km long series
compensated single circuit transmission line as in Fig.1. The
system data and torsional spring mass system data are given in
ref [5]. The SVS has been considered located at the middle of
the transmission line for its optimal performance. By
conducting the load flow study the rating of the SVS has been
chosen to be 100 MVAR inductive to 300 MVAR capacitive.
About 50% series compensation is used at the sending end
side of midpoint located SVS.
A. Dynamic Performance
The eigenvalues have been computed for the system
without and with SVS damping schemes for a wide range of
power transfer. Table I presents the eigenvalues for the system
at generator power P
G
=200, 500, and 800 MW without the
proposed SVS control strategy. It is seen that mode 4 is
unstable at Pg=200MW, mode 5 is unstable at Pg=500MW
and modes 0, 1, and 5 are unstable at P
G
=800MW. Performing
a GA search has optimally chosen the parameters for three
types of auxiliary signals. Fig. 9 shows the search by GA.
Table II, III and IV presents the eigenvalues with the proposed
GA optimized SVS control strategy. It is seen that all the
unstable torsional modes are stabilized at P
G
=200, 500, and
800MW with CRPF auxiliary signals and only bus frequency
auxiliary signal or only line reactive power auxiliary signal is
not sufficient to stabilize all modes of SSR.
B. Transient Performance
A digital time domain simulation of the system under large
disturbance conditions has been carried out on the basis of
nonlinear differential equations with all non-linearity and
limits considered.
TABLE I EIGEN VALIES WITHOUT AUXILIARY CONTROLLER
Pg = 200 MW Pg = 500 MW Pg = 800 MW
Mode 5
Mode 4
Mode3
Mode2
Mode1
Mode0

GENARATOR





ELECT.

SVS



NETWORK
-0.0000002 298.1i
0.004919202.86i
-0.0031618160.52i
-0.0015673126.97i
-0.01621298.835i
-0.39188 4.4637i

-0.75178 0.82513i
-2.3959
-26.861
-34.594
-25.873 24.014i

-11.998 248.66i

-547.7 86.546i
-55.414 91.969i
-5.2187 312.34i

-11.589 376.97i
-15.502 706.03i
-11.974 1333.1i
-14.948 1894.9i
-13.45 2522.9i
-3.5 2881.5i
-3.4995 3509.5i

0 .0000001298.1i
-0.0022136202.86i
-0.0065783160.51i
-0.0018003126.97i
-0.0005351398.795i
-0.11298 4.7437i

-0.64143 0.85749i
-2.822
-30.832
-33.16
-25.867 24.205i

-11.954 247.78i

-548.38 87.867i
-53.137 93.462i
-5.2333 312.34i

-11.313 377.86i
-16.017693.33i
-12.269 1320.4i
-14.957 1894.3i
-13.454 2522.3i
-3.4982 2881.4i
-3.4978 3509.4i

0.0000004298.1i
-0.0056965 202.84i
-0.0069181160.55i
-0.0013739126.97i
0.012511 98.759i
0.138174.6432i

-0.80007 0.96857i
-2.8828
-32.539 -0.60326i
-32.539 +0.60326i
-25.928 24.297i

-12.78 250.89i

-546.36 83.851i
-55.456 86.291i
-5.1682 312.34i

-12.238 375.26i
-14.473 735.22i
-11.333 1362.4i
-14.927 1896.6i
-13.437 2524.6i
-3.5041 2881.7i
-3.5036 3509.7i



Fig. 9. Selection of Parameter Values by GA
TABLE II EIGEN VALUES WITH GA OPITMISED SVS BUS FREQUENCY
AUXILIARY CONTROLLER (KB=0.6; T1=0.01; T2=2)
Pg = 200 MW Pg = 500 MW Pg = 800 MW
Mode 5
Mode 4
Mode3
Mode2
Mode1
Mode0

GENARATOR





ELECT.MODE

SVS




NETWORK
0.0000001298.1i
0.0036459 202.87i
-0.0054263 160.52i
-0.0026085 126.98i
-0.030059 98.835i
-0.34031 4.4333i

-0.75732 0.82111i
-2.3928
-26.497
-34.751
-25.846 24.05i

-11.582 250.75i
-543.63 93.236i
-54.366 91.765i
-5.3985 312.32i
-0.52104

-12.445 376.37i
-23.332 704.11i
-8.7432 1331.8i
-15.044 1895i
-13.394 2522.9i
-3.5061 2881.5i
-3.4953 3509.4i

0.00000001298.1i
-0.0092389 202.87i
-0.012003160.51i
-0.003757 126.97i
-0.022002 98.784i
-0.0164454.6015i

-0.65432 0.85139i
-2.8176
-30.621
-33.322
-25.81824.268i

-11.708 250.05i
-544.19 94.666i
-51.711 93.119i
-5.4151 312.32i
-0.54204

-12.272 377.36i
-24.125 691.12i
-8.93531319.1i
-15.053 1894.3i
-13.399 2522.2i
-3.5043 2881.4i
-3.4936 3509.4i

0.0000001298.1i
-0.01565 202.85i
-0.013134 160.5i
-0.0033397 126.97i
-0.0082939 98.742i
0.24817 4.4277i

-0.82428 0.95522i
-2.8789
-32.646 + 1.1949i
-32.646 - 1.1949i
-25.875 24.361i

-12.62 252.78i
-542.57 90.04i
-54.11386.115i
-5.3171 312.32i
-0.55159

-13.137 374.79i
-21.652733.64i
-8.31641361.2i
-15.0261896.6i
-13.38 2524.5i
-3.5103 2881.7i
-3.4993 3509.7i

The load flow study has been carried out for calculating
the operating point. The fourth order Runge-Kutta method has
been used for solving the system non-linear differential
equations. The natural damping of the system has been
considered to be zero so that the effect of controlling-scheme
can be examined exclusively. Disturbance is simulated by
20% sudden increase in input torque for 0.1 sec. The Fig. 10
shows the transient responses of the system without any
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Generation
F
it
n
e
s
s

v
a
lu
e
Best: 3.0818e-006 Mean: 4.2421


Best f itness
Mean f itness
CRPF CONTROLLER

auxiliary controller. It can be seen that the oscillations are
sustained and growing and the system is unstable. Fig. 11
shows the dynamic response curves when the proposed GA
Optimized CRPF SVS auxiliary controller is applied. It is seen
that the Torsional oscillations due Subsynchronous resonance
(SSR) are effectively damped out and the system becomes
stable.
TABLE III EIGEN VALUES WITH GA OPITMISED SVS REACTIVE AUXILIARY
CONTROLLER (KB=1.3635; T1=0.056488; T2= 1.749)
Pg = 200 MW Pg = 500 MW Pg = 800 MW
Mode 5
Mode 4
Mode3
Mode2
Mode1
Mode0

GENARATOR





ELECT.MODE

SVS




NETWORK
-0.0000007 298.1i
0.024094 202.76i
-0.056595 160.62i
-0.0057697126.98i
-0.026967 98.871i
-0.47094 4.8567i

-1.2597 1.0996i
-2.15
-26.831
-33.696
-26.054 24.06i

-2.2384173.26i

-548.1182.314i
-61.279137.98i
-5.2633312.36i
-3.8675

-12.694430.88i
-16.042697.19i
-11.8481324.8i
-14.9711886.9i
-13.466 2514.8i
-3.50132881.5i
-3.50053509.5i

-0 .0000006298.1i
0.028917202.77i
-0.13968 160.61i
-0.0050162 126.97i
-0.0071083 98.853i
-0.17994 5.2008i

-1.0806 1.2564i
-2.0399
-28.802
-33.274
-25.99224.289i

0.047954169.01i

-548.783.317i
-62.091144.98i
-5.2763312.33i
-4.3337

-12.259432.38i
-16.56683.69i
-12.141312i
-14.9821886.2i
-13.472514.2i
-3.49972881.4i
-3.49873509.4i

- 0.0000005 298.1i
0.048376 202.77i
-0.036448 160.58i
-0.003814 126.97i
-0.000777 98.847i
-0.022955 4.7581i

-1.42812.0152i
-1.4533
-29.425
-33.591
-25.98224.49i

-7.0807176.25i

-546.7678.655i
-58.485 138.15i
-5.2351 312.31i
-4.4957

-12.999427.37i
-14.945725.98i
-11.21354.7i
-14.9541888.5i
-13.4512516.5i
-3.50572881.7i
-3.50453509.7i

TABLE IV EIGEN VALUES WITH GA OPITMISED SVS CRPF AUXILIARY
CONTROLLER (KB1=.062; T1=0.887; T2= .89, KB2=0.017; T1=0.141; T2= 0.466)
Pg = 200 MW Pg = 500 MW Pg = 800 MW
Mode 5
Mode 4
Mode3
Mode2
Mode1
Mode0

GENARATOR





ELECT.MODE

SVS




NETWORK
-0298.1i
-0.00093551202.87i
-0.005314160.52i
-0.0021917126.97i
-0.02959698.839i
-0.402394.4781i

-0.417480.54116i
-2.4534
-28.572
-2.1512
-25.17525.81i

-12.415259.47i

-539.35105.95i
-38.53434.071i
-5.4457311.96i
-71.941
-1.1208

-10.828378.24i
-27.772701.61i
-6.42531331.3i
-15.1021895.1i
-13.3572522.8i
-3.51072881.5i
-3.492 3509.4i

-0298.1i
-0.010974202.86i
-0.010195160.51i
-0.0032841126.97i
-0.035654 98.791i
-0.194955.0383i

-0.284860.50596i
-3.0027
-32.24
-2.1536
-26.43425.529i

-12.172259.12i

-539.91107.81i
-26.8737.046i
-5.4644312i
-86.305
-1.122

-10.841379.38i
-28.716689.15i
-6.54841318.4i
-15.1071894.4i
-13.3642522.2i
-3.50872881.4i
-3.49053509.4i
-0298.1i
-0.016826202.84i
-0.012143160.5i
-0.0034733126.97i
-0.03238398.741i
-0.0117425.8686i

-0.275310.52117i
-3.1658
-33.178
-2.1524
-26.75524.852i

-12.665260.9i

-538.52 103.24i
-21.072 32.952i
-5.3471 312.04i
-103.02
-1.1232

-12.016376.76i
-25.774732.74i
-6.12431360.4i
-15.0781896.7i
-13.3442524.4i
-3.51452881.7i
-3.49623509.7i

V. CONCLUSION
A GA optimized SVS control strategy has been developed
for damping torsional oscillations due to subsynchronous
resonance (SSR) in a series compensated power system. The
proposed GA optimized SVS control strategy utilizes the
effectiveness of GA to optimize SVS auxiliary control signals.
Eigen value analysis has been carried out using a linearized
model of the power system with and without incorporating the
proposed strategy. It is seen that the unstable torsional modes
are effectively stabilized using the proposed SVS control
strategy.

Fig. 10. Response curves without any auxiliary controller

Fig. 11. Response curves with (GA OPTIMISED CRPF) SVS control
VI. REFERENCES
[1] P.M.Anderson, B.L. Agrewal, and J.E.Van Ness, Subsynchronous
resonace in power system, IEEE Press, New York, 1990.
[2] IEEE Sub synchronous Resonance working group of the System
Dynamic Performance Subcommittee-Power System Engineering
Committee Counter measures to Sub synchronous Resonance
Problems, IEEE Trans. Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol.5. PAS-99,
Sept.1980, pp 1810-1818.
[3] Li Wang, Damping of torsional oscillations using excitation control of
synchronous generator: The IEEE Second Benchmark Model
investigation, IEEE Trans. Energy Conversion, Vol 6, no.1, 1991,
pp.1810-1818.
[4] O.Wasynczuk, Damping subsynchronous resonance using reactive
power control, IEEE Trans.PAS, vol.100, no.3, 1981, pp.1096-1104.
[5] Naredra Kumar, M.P. Dave, Application of Auxiliary Controlled Static
Var System for damping Subsynchronous Resonance in Power
Systems, Electric Power System Research, vol.37, 1996, pp 189-201.
[6] Zhenyu Huang, Boon Teck Ooi, Power Transfer Capability of Long
Transmission Lines with Midpoint Sited FACTS and HVDC, IEEE
Trans on Power Engineering Review, vol. 22, no.5, pp.51-53, May 2002.
[7] IEEE SSR Task Force, First benchmark model for computer simulation
of subsynchronous resonance, IEEE Trans. On PAS, vol. PAS-96,1977,
pp. 1565-1572.
[8] R.S.Ramsaw, K.R.Padiyar, Generalized system model for slip ring
machines, IEEE Proc. vol. 120, no. 6, 1973, pp.647-658.
[9] K. R. Padiyar, R.K. Varma, Damping torque analysis of static var
system controllers, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, vol. 6, no.2,
1991, pp.458-465.
[10] S.K. Gupta, Narendra Kumar, A.K. Gupta,Damping subsynchronous
resonance in power systems, IEE Proc. on Generation, Transmission,
and Distribution, vol. 149, no.6, 2002, pp. 679-688.
[11] Fouad A. A. and Khu K. T., Damping of torsional oscillations in power
systems with series compensated lines, IEEE Trans. on PAS, vol. PAS
97, no.3, 1978, pp. 744-753.
[12] David E.Gold Berg, Genetic Algorithms in Search Optimization &
Machine Learning, Pearson Education, 2004.