BOROBUDUR

Borobudur, or Barabudur, is a 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist Temple in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The monument consists of six square platforms topped by three circular platforms, and is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. A main dome, located at the center of the top platform, is surrounded by 72 Buddha statues seated inside a perforated stupa.

ETYMOLOGY In Indonesian, ancient temples are referred to as candi; thus locals refer to "Borobudur Temple" as Candi Borobudur. The term candi also loosely describes ancient structures, for example gates and baths. The origins of the name Borobudur however are unclear, although the original names of most ancient Indonesian temples are no longer known. The name Borobudur was first written in Sir Thomas Raffles' book on Javan history. Raffles wrote about a monument called borobudur, but there are no older documents suggesting the same name. The only old Javanese manuscript that hints at the monument as a holy Buddhist sanctuary is Nagarakretagama, written by Mpu Prapanca in 1365. ARCHTIECTURE

SHWE DAGON
The Shwedagon Pagoda (officially titled Shwedagon Zedi Daw ), also known in English as the Great Dagon Pagoda and the Golden Pagoda, is a 99 metres (325 ft gilded pagoda and stupa located in Yangon, Burma. The pagoda lies to the west of Kandawgyi Lake, on Singuttara Hill, thus dominating the skyline of the city. It is the most sacred Buddhist pagoda for the Burmese with relics of the past four Buddhas enshrined within: the staff of Kakusandha, the water filter of Kogamana, a piece of the robe of Kassapa and eight strands of hair from Gautama, the historical Buddha.Uppatasanti Pagoda is an exact replica of Shwedagon Pagoda in Naypyidaw, the new capital of Burma. HISTORY According to legend, the Shwedagon Pagoda has existed for more than 2,600 years, making it the oldest historical pagoda in Burma and the world. According to tradition, two merchant brothers, Taphussa and Bhallika, from the land of Ramanya, met the Lord Gautama Buddha during his lifetime and received eight of the Buddha's hairs in BC 588. The brothers traveled back to their homeland in Burma and, with the help of the local ruler, King Okkalapa of Burma, found Singuttara Hill, where relics of other Buddhas preceding Gautama Buddha had been enshrined. When the king opened the golden casket in which the brothers had carried the hairs, incredible things happened: DESIGN There are four entrances to the Paya that lead up a flight of steps to the on Singuttara Hill. The eastern and southern approaches have vendors selling books, good luck charms, Buddha images, candles, gold leaf, incense sticks, prayer flags, streamers, miniature umbrellas and flowers. A pair of giant leogryphs called chinthe guard the entrances and the image in the shrine at the top of the steps from the south is that of the second Buddha, Konagamana. The base or plinth of the stupa is made of bricks covered with gold

plates. Above the base are terraces that only monks and men can access. Next is the bell-shaped part of the stupa. Above that is the turban, then the inverted almsbowl, inverted and upright lotus petals, the banana bud and then the crown. The crown or umbrella is tipped with 5,448 diamonds and 2,317 rubies. Immediately before the diamond bud is a flag-shaped. The very top, the diamond bud is tipped with a 76 carat (15 g) diamond. The gold seen on the stupa is made of genuine gold plates, covering the brick structure and attached by traditional rivets. Myanmar people all over the country, as well as monarchs in its history, have donated gold to the pagoda to maintain it. The practice continues to this day after being started in the 15th century by the Mon Queen Shin Sawbu, who gave her weight in gold.

IVATAN HOUSE
The Ivatan House is a unique vernacular architecture developed in the province of Batanes. Its compact structure is divided into four areas: the main house, the cooking house, toilet, and bathhouse. During the cold seasons, the cooking house also serves as sleeping quarters. The houses of Ivatan are constructed and repaired through a cooperative system called kayvayvanaan or kamanyiduan. Through this system, houses are fixed with immediate action.

STRUCTURE

Most of the Ivatan houses are built with limestone walls, reed and cogon roofs, strong enough to withstand the numerous typhoons and earthquakes that visit the island on an average of eight times a year. Some houses have roof nets which allow the roofs to last from 25 to 30 years. These nets serve as the roofs' protection against strong winds during typhoons. Only three walls of the house have windows; the fourth wall faces the direction of the strongest typhoon winds. The inside is relatively cool during summer and warm during the rainy season. TYPOLOGIES There are different types of Ivatan houses.
SINADUMPARAN

The sinadumparan or maytuab is the most common type. It is a one-storey structure with a partially submerged basement that functions as a storage area. It has thick stone and lime masonry with walls topped by either a dos aguas or a cuatro aguas roof which is made of an elaborately crafted wood truss system with bamboo, reed rattan, and thatch cover. It has a distinct roof system built with a meter thick cogon bundles done by by no less than twelve persons at the same time. The roof nets, called panpe, are made of strong ropes thrown over the roof and fastened to the ground.
RAKUN

Compared to the sinadumparan, rakuh has bigger floor area with a lower level which functions as the storage area. The walls are made of lime mortar that binds the stones of different sizes. It has two doors and three windows.
JINJIN

Instead of thick stone and lime mortar walls, the jin-jin house has walls made of woven cogon thatch with bamboo or wood RAKUH framework. The roof is made with the distinctive Ivatan multi-layered cogon system.

IFUGAO HOUSE
The Ifugao houses were usually similar in architectural designs but they differ in decorative details depending on the tribes. Their houses were harmoniously located with the contour of the rice terraces. The one-room house of the Ifugao commonly know to them as fale. The exterior of the house seems to be nothing but a pyramid resting on four posts, while the interior space is enclosed by slanting walls and ceiling that appears to be spherical that are formed by the loft.

FUNCTIONAL LEVELS The Ifugao House have three functional levels: the ground floor, the second level for the living quarters and the third level which was used as the granary. The ground level the posts have wooden discs which was called oliang to prevent rats from entering the house. The second level or the living area was accessible through a removable ladder. The social affairs, eating, cooking and sleeping are all done in this area. At the third level there was the patie, it is a shelf that extends from the wallboards outwards to the underside of the roof. It serves as the storage area and as a structural support to the roof. Inside the house was embellished rows of skulls of animals offered to gods during their annual rituals and also as a source of pride to the homeowner

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN The Ifugao house is sturdily crafted of timber from amugawan trees raised on four posts, which was buried 50 centimeters below the ground and locked in with stones. The four wooden posts that rest upon the pavement and support two wooden girders, which also supports three wooden transverse joists. The floor joists, floor silts, vertical studs and horizontal beams rests on the post and girders at about head level from a cage. The floor boards were fitted between the joists. The wooden sides of the house slant outward and rise up to the waist, this forms the lower half of the wall. The upper half of the wall is formed by the inner side of the roof. This creates a dark, windowless chamber which suggests a womb. The roof system rests on the house cage. The steeply pitched pyramidal roof is covered with thick layers of thatch or cogon, this insulate the house from the heat of the sun and from the torrential rail.
TIANGA

The Tianga is a cooperative effort of the people within a neighborhood to dismantle, relocate and reassemble a house into its new location. The house of the Ifugaos can be totally dismantled due to the indigenous all wood construction system that they use. The house can be dismantled, relocated and reassembled in a day. The relocation may be due to sale, inheritance or change of place to cultivate.

TOROGAN HOUSE
The Torogan is the ancestral house of the upper-class Maranao in the Lanao Region of Mindanao. It is the dwelling place of the datu along with his wives and children.There could not be any house larger than torogan of the datu within the sultanate, for this signifies rank, prestige and wealth. ARCHITECTURE The Maranaos have three types of house: lawig the small houses, mala-a-walai the large houses and the torogan. The existing torogans were built by the community and the slaves for the datu in 1800s. This house of the datu has no partitions and it is a multifamily dwelling where all the wives and the children of the datu lived. The windows of torogan are slits and richly framed in wood panels with okirdesigns located in front of the house. The communal kitchen is half a meter lower than the main house is both used for cooking and eating. The distinct high gable roof of the torogan, thin at the apex and gracefully flaring out to the eaves, sits on a huge structures enclosed by slabs of timber and lifted more than two meters above the ground by a huge trunk of a tree that was set on a rock. The end floor beams lengthen as panolongs the seemed to lift up the whole house. The torogan is suffused with decorations. There were diongal at the apex of the roof, also an intricately carved tinai a walai, okir designs in the floor, on windows and on panolongs. There were also brightly colored weaves or malongs hanging from the rafters, it was hung up using ropes around a particular territory for privacy. The house was built to sway during earthquakes. Twenty-five post of huge tree trunks were not buried but are freestanding. Sometimes, if needed, wooden pegs were used to secure the wood members. These were all used to prevent the house from collapsing. FUNCTION Aside from being used as a dwelling place of the datu, The torogan is also used for a variety of socio-religious gatherings such as weddings, funeral wakes, conferences and even for court proceedings. It is also used as a guest house.

BAHAY NA BATO
In this era, the nipa hut or bahay kubo gave way to the Bahay na bato (stone house) and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. The Bahay na bato, the colonial Filipino house, followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as open ventilation and elevated apartments. The most obvious difference between the two houses would be the materials that was used to build them. The bahay na bato was constructed out of brick and stone rather than the traditional

bamboo materials. It is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and Chinese influences. Excellent preserved examples of these houses of the illustrious Filipinos can be admired in Vigan, Ilocos Sur.[1] In Taal, Batangas, the main street is also lined with examples of the traditional Filipino homes.

Some design strategies used: 1. Envelope 1.1 High pitched Tile or Nipa-thatched roof keep the house cool 1.2 Double Envelope. The Galeria at the east and west side of the house serves as an outer corridor facade to block the sun and reduce the summer heat 1.3 Thick stone walls was common for the lower floor to keep the house cool and make the house earthquake-proof. 2. Lighting 2.1 Side Lighting - large sliding capiz window panels all around the house. 2.2 Top Lighting - transoms above the exterior doors and windows 2.3 Shading devices - To block glare and sun, you can close the window but light can still diffused into the house thru the tranlucency of the capiz windows. Some houses have wide awnings for additional shading. Some have "sibi" (shading device above the windows) to block both rain and sun. 3. Cooling 3.1 Cross Ventilation - The house utilizes high ceilings and windowsfor cross ventilation. That is why the a high roof pitch was necessary. In addition, right below the sliding window panels are the "barandulya" (open balusters) which allows breeze to funnel thru the house even when the windows are closed. The interior walls do not go all the way up to the ceiling allowing breeze to travel from room to room. 3.2 Stack Ventilation - Some houses have vented dormers on the roof to allow hot air inside the house to escape. 4. Water 4.1 Water Catchment Systems - Some houses collects rain water and stores them in a tank or cistern with its base above the highest floor level and uses gravity to siphon water out of the tank. Water is siphoned for potable (usually the water is boiled first) and non-potable uses. 5. Life Cycle 5.1 These houses are still standing... now that's sustainability! 5.2 These houses could be made, or broken down, a piece at a time. they were built not in solid blocks but in countless parts and members. Thus assembling and disassembling was easy... that's reuseabilty/recycling at its best!

NIPA HUT
The nipa hut also known as bahay kubo, is an indigenous house used in the Philippines. The native house has traditionally been constructed with bamboo tied together and covered with a thatched roof using nipa/anahaw leaves. Nipa huts were the native houses of the indigenous people of the Philippines before the Spaniards arrived. They are still used today, especially in rural areas. Different architectural designs are present among the different ethnolinguistic groups in the country, although all of them conform to being stilt houses, similar to those found in neighboring countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, and other countries of Southeast Asia. A nipa hut is an icon of Philippine culture as it represents the Filipino value of bayanihan, which refers to a spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective.

ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES Solar Wind Hydropower Tidal Power Solar Power Biomass Geothermal

1.

Solar Power

Benefits Abundant No greenhouse gases, few other pollutants Simple, minimal repair needed Cheap over the long term

Detriments Retrofitting needed if structure is not already designed as passive solar Has limitations, night, some locations better such as south rather than north facing slopes Initial capital outlay can be high

Types of Solar Power Active Solar Power

- Energy from sun is stored in a thermal mass -This also refers to electrical generation using solar power -Two ways to do this are photovoltaic cells and huge commercial electric facilities -This shows the diagram for the house seen in the previous slide. The PV panels are on the roof Large-scale Solar Electric Site -These facilities use solar power to heat water to form steam. The steam goes to generate electricity just as in fossil fuel or nuclear electric plants. -No release of air pollutants -No electricity generated at night -They do work on cloudy days, though. Passive Solar Power

-Works on the principle that hot air rises and cool air sinks (convection) -Solar heats air and it moves through convection through the structure or to thermal mass Some solar power history Solar power furnace was used by Lavoisier to discover elements, particularly nitrogen Solar power water distillation used by French Foreign Legion and still used today! 2. Wind power

-Can be used for mechanical tasks, e.g. pumping water -Can be used for generation of electricity for direct use or storage in batteries -Mechanical Power Windmills -High torque, low-speed to pump water, grind grain, saw wood Electrical Power Windmills -High speed, low torque machines -Will turn themselves off if wind speed exceeds their limits

Effects of windpower No greenhouse gases Few other pollutants Cheap Abundant Simple Some noise pollution Metal blades interfere with TV & radio reception Aesthetic pollution No evidence for bird death, but can kill bats

3.

Hydropower

Negative effects of Hydropower Loss of species (aquatic & terrestrial) Loss of normal nutrient flow down river Changes temperature of water, too Flooding the land Displacement of local inhabitants Local climatic changes Tectonic activities (Earthquakes)

Positive Effects of Hydropower 4. Tidal Power Can generate electricity Can do mechanical work, e.g. grind grain No greenhouse gases Initial construction provides jobs

Essentially entails placing a dam across an ocean inlet and harnessing the energy as water moves in and out with the tides Positive & negative effects are same as hydropower

4.

Biomass Energy Biomass Pros Burning biomass gets rid of solid waste Creates energy Creates new markets for crops May cause more grasslands to be planted to corn Creates solid waste from ash Biomass Cons

Burning biomass releases CO2 and other gases associated with combustion

5.

Geothermal Energy Pros Can be used for electricity generation, space heating, cooking & low temperature industrial Pros Inexpensive after initial outlay Pros No greenhouse gas emission Cons same problems as we see with oil drilling Cons Localized distribution How does it work? Drill to deep, hot rock a. b. c. Either wet system where heated water belowground is used Dry system sends aboveground water belowground to get heated Resulting steam can be used for a number of purposes

An energy mix Using more than one form of energy to meet needs is an important way to ensure long-term energy needs will be met Just as in ecosystem ecology, we find that Diversity = Stability Depending on only one form of energy leaves nation vulnerable to all sorts of problems