Date: 13.12.

2006

Formulation and calculation of isoparametric finite element matrixes

-Formulation of structural elements (plate and general shell elements)

Andres Mena (PhD student) Institute of Structural Engineering, ETH

Plate and general shell element

Shell element definition

zz = 0 (stress perpendicular to the midsurface)

Plate and general shell element

Content
- Formulation of the plane stress element - Formulation of the plate element - Rotational stiffness perpendicular to the element surface - The patch test and the incompatible displacement modes - The general shell element

Plate and general shell element

Plane stress element (4 nodes)

v2 u2 2 1 v1 u1

Linear static analysis

K=F
Stiffness matrix (K)

v4 u3 3 v4 y 4 u4

K=

k11 k12 k . . k 13 17 k22 k23 . . k27 k33 . .

k18 k28

. .

. .

symm

k77

k78 k88

T = [u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3, u4, v4] FT = [Fu1, Fv1, Fu2, Fv2, Fu3, Fv3, Fu4, Fv4]

Plate and general shell element

Plane stress element (4 nodes)

-1 r 1 -1 s 1 v2 u2 2 1 s v1 u1 r = 1, s = 1 h1 = (1+r) (1+s) / 4 r v4 u3 3 v4 y 4 u4 h2 = (1-r) (1+s) / 4 h3 = (1-r) (1-s) / 4 h4 = (1+r) (1-s) / 4 Displacement and Coordinate Interpolation

u(r,s) = hi (r,s) ui
i=1 4

v(r,s) = hi (r,s) vi
i=1

Plate and general shell element

Target: Volume evaluated in natural coordinates

where by using numerical integration instead of explicit integration, where tij = thickness at the integration point ij = weighting factor

Integration points (ri, sj) to evaluate Fij of a 4-node plane stress element -1 r 1 -1 s 1

Bij , Jij , C are unknowns ?????

Plate and general shell element

Matrixes Jij and Bij

Shape functions to calculate the Jacobian (Jij)

x(r,s) = hi (r,s) xi
i=1

Shape functions to interpolate displacements

u(r,s) = hi (r,s) ui
i=1

Plate and general shell element

=
3x1

Bij

3x8

8x1

Bij evaluated at the integration points (ri,sj)

Plate and general shell element

Plane stress and isotropic material =
3x3

8x8

8x3 3x3 3x8

v2 u2 2 1

v1

Stiffness matrix (K)

u1 k11 k12 k . . k 13 17 k22 k23 . . k27 k33 . . k18 k28

K=
8x8

v4 u3 3 v4 4 u4

. .

. .

symm

k77

k78 k88

Plate and general shell element

Calculation of stress
T

Strains and stresses are calculated at the integration points

This example correspond to a 9-node element with 3x3 Gauss points

Plate and general shell element

Plate bending element (4 nodes)

w1 w2 y2 x2 1 2
4

x1 y1

K=F
Stiffness matrix (K)
4

w3 y3 3

K=
4

k11 k12 k . . k 13 111 k112 k22 k23 . . k211 k212 k33 . . .

. .

x3 z y x

symm

k1111 k1112 k1212

T = [w1, x1, y1, w2, x2, y2, w3, x3, y3, w4, x4, y4] FT = [Fz1, Mx1, My1, Fz2, Mx2, My2, Fz3, Mx3, My3, Fz4, Mx4, My4]

Plate and general shell element

Plate bending element (4 nodes)

-1 r 1 -1 s 1 Displacement, Rotation and Coordinate Interpolation
4

w(r,s) = hi (r,s) wi
i=1 4

x(r,s)= - hi (r,s) yi
i=1

y(r,s) = hi (r,s) xi
i=1

h1 = (1+r) (1+s) / 4 h2

Plate and general shell element

Area evaluated in natural coordinates dA = det J dr ds Shear force

Bending moment

k (shear correction factor for rectangular cross sections) = 5/6

Plate and general shell element

12x1

3x1

3x12 12x1

2x1

2x12 12x1

12x12

12x3 3x3 3x12

12x2 2x2 2x12

Bk and B are valuated at the integration points (ri,sj) w1 w2 y2 x2 1 2

4 4

x1 y1

Fext = K * u
12x1

12x12 12x1

w3 y3 3

Fext =
Linear shape functions to interpolate area forces

x3

Plate and general shell element

Shear locking elimination

Shear strains Incorrect interpolation at the corner nodes

w(r,s) = hi (r,s) wi
i=1 4

x(r,s)= - hi (r,s) yi
i=1

y(r,s) = hi (r,s) xi
i=1

h1 = (1+r) (1+s) / 4 h2 Correct evaluation that eliminates the shear locking in the 4-node plate bending element

Plate and general shell element

Shell element

Rotational stiffness perpendicular to the element surface is not defined

Easy solution

One elegant solutions is to add a real rotational stiffness for z,

Plate and general shell element

Patch elements to test the performance of the shell element

Test of the plane stress element

It shows incompatibility of displacements To overcome this deficiency, incompatible displacement modes are added

Plate and general shell element

Incompatible displacement modes

Stiffness matrix (K)

Correction of the incompatible strain-displacement matrix

12x1 12x12

12x1

Stiffness matrix (8x8) is obtained by applying static condensation (kCC kCI kII-1 kIC) u = R
8x8 8x1 8x1

Plate and general shell element

Higher order patch tests

For the plane stress element For the plate bending element

Plate and general shell element

General Shell element

Analysis of complex shell geometries
-1 r 1 -1 s 1 -1 t 1 r = 1, s = 1

Plate and general shell element

General Shell element

Coordinate interpolation
z y

in plane yz

r = 1, s = 1 -1 t 1 For t = 1 x = x1 y = y1 + 0.5 * 0.80.2 * (-1/2) z = z1 + 0.5 * 0.80.2 * (1/2) For t = -1 x = x1 y = y1 + -0.5 * 0.80.2 * (-1/2) z = z1 + -0.5 * 0.80.2 * (1/2)

Plate and general shell element

General Shell element

Displacement interpolation

Strain displacement matrix B(r,s,t)

B(r,s,t)

Plate and general shell element

General Shell element

Stress-strain law

Plate and general shell element

General Shell element

Shear locking

9-node shell element

Plate and general shell element

Boundary conditions

Solid element

Shell element

CONCLUSIONS
- To select properly plane stress, bending plate or shell. - Compatibility of element degrees of freedom. - Methodology to overcome shear locking. - Evaluate the element performance of FEM programs or codes using the patch tests. - To use shell elements instead of 3D elements - To use quadrilateral shell elements instead of triangular.

THANK YOU