Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard

Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments
Johannes Fink March 20, 2008

Factorial Experiments

Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

For what is this good?

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Quite General Method

For what is this good?

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Quite General Method Getting Knowledge about a System

For what is this good?

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Quite General Method Getting Knowledge about a System Usage in Formulation

For what is this good?

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Quite General Method Getting Knowledge about a System Usage in Formulation Usage in Optimization Problems

For what is this good?

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Quite General Method Getting Knowledge about a System Usage in Formulation Usage in Optimization Problems Usage during Manufacture

Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance

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Time Series Example

Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Conventional Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method

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Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Conventional Method: 10 Experiments

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method

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Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Simplex Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Simplex Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Simplex Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Simplex Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Simplex Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Simplex Method: 5 Experiments

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Discussion of Simplex Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Advantage: Moving quickly to the optimum.

Discussion of Simplex Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Advantage: Moving quickly to the optimum. Disadvantage: More difcult for more than 2 variables

Discussion of Simplex Method

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Advantage: Moving quickly to the optimum. Disadvantage: More difcult for more than 2 variables Disadvantage: Essentially no information about behavior.

Factorial Design: Make it

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Factorial Design: Get the Contour

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

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Factorial Design

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

How to make it

Factorial Design

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Table: Dependence of the Gel Time and the Mold Release Time on the Addition of Curing Agent and Accelerator

Curing Agent % 1.25 1.25 1.75 1.75

Accelerator % 1.25 1.75 1.25 1.75

Gelation Time [min.] 35 15 10 3

Demolding Time [min.] 330 30 300 210

Response Function

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Z = am + aa A + ac C + aa,c AC

(1)

Factorial Design: Encoded Variables

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method

Table: Dependence of the Gel Time and the Mold Release Time on the Addition of Curing Agent and Accelerator, Use of Coded Variables

Curing Agent 1 1 +1 +1

Accelerator

Gelation Time [min.] 35 15 10 3

Demolding Time [min.] 330 30 300 210

Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

1 +1 1 +1

Evaluation

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4

= am = = = = am am am am

+ + + + +

aa A +

ac C

aa,c AC

aa (1) + ac (1) + aa,c (+1) aa (+1) + ac (1) + aa,c (1) aa (1) + ac (+1) + aa,c (1) aa (+1) + ac (+1) + aa,c (+1)

Evaluation

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4

= am = = = = am am am am

+ + + + +

aa A +

ac C

aa,c AC | 1 | +1 | 1 | +1

aa (1) + ac (1) + aa,c (+1) aa (+1) + ac (1) + aa,c (1) aa (1) + ac (+1) + aa,c (1) aa (+1) + ac (+1) + aa,c (+1)

Evaluation

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4

= am = = = = am am am am

+ + + + +

aa A +

ac C

aa,c AC | 1 | 1 | +1 | +1

aa (1) + ac (1) + aa,c (+1) aa (+1) + ac (1) + aa,c (1) aa (1) + ac (+1) + aa,c (1) aa (+1) + ac (+1) + aa,c (+1)

Evaluation

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Z Z1 Z2 Z3 Z4

= am = = = = am am am am

+ + + + +

aa A +

ac C

aa,c AC | +1 | 1 | 1 | +1

aa (1) + ac (1) + aa,c (+1) aa (+1) + ac (1) + aa,c (1) aa (1) + ac (+1) + aa,c (1) aa (+1) + ac (+1) + aa,c (+1)

Contour Diagram

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Use Mathematica to create a contour diagram. ContourPlot[f , {x , xmin , xmax }, {y , ymin , ymax }] generates a contour plot of f as a function of x and y . Or else, in a simple case: x f and resolve to x or y and plot it.

Contour Diagram
1

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

0.5

Acelerator

0 5 min. 10 min. 15 min. 20 min. 25 min.

-0.5

-1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Catalyst

Figure: Contour Diagram for Inuence of Catalyst and Accelerator, Curing time

Contour Diagram
1

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

0.5 60 min. 90 min. 120 min. 150 min. 180 min. 210 min. 240 min. 270 min. 300 min.

Acelerator

-0.5

-1 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1

Catalyst

Figure: Contour Diagram for Inuence of Catalyst and Accelerator, Demolding time

Standard Notation

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method

Table: Dependence of the Gel Time on the Addition of Curing Agent and Accelerator

Curing Agent: Accelerator: Curing Agent + +

: 1.25%, +: 1.75% : 1.25%, +: 1.75% Accelerator Gelation Time [min.] + + 35 15 10 3

Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Standard Notation

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Table: Set Up of a Complete Factorial Design, Demolding Time, Composite

Factor + A: Resin Resin Comp. X Resin Comp. Y No. 3 7 2 5 8 1 4 6 A + + + + B + + + + C + + + + B: Catalyst 1.2 % 0.5 % Time 47.5 39.4 48.2 37.8 69.8 54.9 68.5 57.2 Var 1 a b ab c ac bc abc C: Temperature [C] 25C 18C +52.913 11.175 +0.025 +0.325 +19.375 1.925 +0.475 +1.475

Notes

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

First column No.: Randomization Observe the ordering of parameters in column. Factor A, Resin: is a discontinuous variable! Factor C, Temperature: + is higher than . However, it could be likewise reverse.

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method

Table: Incomplete Factorial Design with 3 Variables and 4 Experiments A + + B + + C=AB + + A=BC + + B=AC + +

Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Table: Incomplete Factorial Design with 4 Variables and 8 Experiments (241 ) A + + + + B + + + + C + + + + D=ABC + + + +

Factorial Experiments

Table: Incomplete Factorial Design with 7 Variables and 8 Experiments

A: Temperature B: Moisture content C: Injection pressure D: Nozzle Dimameter E: Post pressure F: Cycle time G: Material A + + + + B + + + + C + + + + D=AB + + + + E=AC + + + + F=BC + + + + G=ABC + + + + Shrinkage% 14.0 16.8 15.0 15.4 27.6 24.0 27.4 22.6

Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Exercise

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Create a spread sheet to solve the calculations SPREADSHEET.XLS

Exercise

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Use the RGP-Function RGP calculates linear regression, among other statistical parameters. Spreadsheet: RGP.XLS

Exercise

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Use the RGP-Function Advantage: It is possible to use even uncoded variables. However, it is better if the variables are balanced in the way as coded variables are. Spreadsheet: RGP02.XLS

A statistical experimental study of the injection molding of optical lenses Xuehong Lu, and Lau Soo Khim Journal of Materials Processing Technology 113, 13, 189195 (2001)
Molding material used in this study: Material: Poly(carbonate) Category: General Purpose Manufacturer: Mitsubishi Trade Name: Iupilon Grade: S-2000 Melt-Flow-Index: 10 g/10 min.

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments

Table: Lenses from Poly(carbonate)

Factor C Mold Temperature [C] 140 60 C + + + + B + + + + A + + + + B Holding Pressure [bar] 1560 1000 Contour error 2.4 4.4 1.4 3.4 2.4 4.4 2.4 5.4 A Injection Speed [mm/s] 100 20 Stress level 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 1.0

Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Sample weight 7.36 7.14 7.59 7.43 7.38 7.25 7.65 7.44

Article

Experiments during Production

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments can be made in running production

Experiments during Production

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments can be made in running production Make a factorial design with small steps

Experiments during Production

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments can be made in running production Make a factorial design with small steps The quality of the product should be tolerable when switching the variables

Experiments during Production

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments can be made in running production Make a factorial design with small steps The quality of the product should be tolerable when switching the variables Switch the parameters during the process

Experiments during Production

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments can be made in running production Make a factorial design with small steps The quality of the product should be tolerable when switching the variables Switch the parameters during the process Observe longer averages

Experiments during Production

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments can be made in running production Make a factorial design with small steps The quality of the product should be tolerable when switching the variables Switch the parameters during the process Observe longer averages Evaluate the experiment in the conventional way

Complicated Target Functions

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Sometimes it is difcult to get a readily measurable target function, e.g., how to measure the stickiness or the tack? Sort the samples according to stickiness, and give marks. This may serve as a target function.

Complicated Target Functions

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

If there are costs and output as target function, there are simple ways to make one target function of them. Z = Z1 + Z2 Z = Z1 Z2 Z = Z1 (1 Z2 ) (2) (3) (4)

etc., etc. Or else evaluate each target function separately and decide after doing the experiment.

Signicance Tests

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Idea: If the results are random numbers, the factors will be also random numbers

Signicance Tests

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Idea: If the results are random numbers, the factors will be also random numbers So test for random numbers

Signicance Tests

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Idea: If the results are random numbers, the factors will be also random numbers So test for random numbers Make a probability plot

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method

Table: Random Results

A + + + + B + + + + C + + + + Z 70 89 29 79 89 11 37 86 1 A B AB C AC BC ABC 61.25 7 3.5 19.74 5.5 -12.25 9.25 12

Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Table: Random Results

Coefcient 12.25 5.5 3.5 5 9.25 12 19.75 y -Position 7.14 21.43 35.71 50 64.29 78.57 92.86 Gau 0.08 0.24 0.39 0.52 0.64 0.73 0.81

Sort coefcients as x -axis. Divide y -axis in 7 equal spaced points and center. Make cumulative Gau distribution.

Probability Plot

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method

Cumulative Normal Distribution

0.8

0.6

Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

0.4

0.2

0 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Coefficients

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method

Table: Non Random Results

Variable A AC B AB BC ABC C Coefcient 11.17 1.92 +0.02 +0.32 +0.47 +1.47 +19.37 y -Position 7.1 21.4 35.7 50 64.3 78.6 92.9 Gau 0.08 0.24 0.39 0.52 0.64 0.73 0.81

Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Probability Plot

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Cumulative Normal Distribution

0.75

0.5

0.25

0 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20

Coefficients

Time Series

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Idea: If a process runs continuously, with unchanged process parameters, uctuations will occur

Time Series

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Idea: If a process runs continuously, with unchanged process parameters, uctuations will occur However, the time average remains constant

Time Series

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Idea: If a process runs continuously, with unchanged process parameters, uctuations will occur However, the time average remains constant If in a process the process parameters are changed, the time average jumps

Time Series

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Idea: If a process runs continuously, with unchanged process parameters, uctuations will occur However, the time average remains constant If in a process the process parameters are changed, the time average jumps However, the time average remains constant at a different level

A Process runs
However, suddenly the quality is lost.
1.5

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

1.0

Data

0.5

0.0

-0.5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Time

Make a Time Series Analysis of the Process

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Calculate the average at a time where the process runs well

Make a Time Series Analysis of the Process

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Calculate the average at a time where the process runs well Add all data points successively

Make a Time Series Analysis of the Process

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Calculate the average at a time where the process runs well Add all data points successively Subtract for every data point the average

Make a Time Series Analysis of the Process

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Calculate the average at a time where the process runs well Add all data points successively Subtract for every data point the average Actually, you have integrated the data with respect to time

Make a Time Series Analysis of the Process

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Calculate the average at a time where the process runs well Add all data points successively Subtract for every data point the average Actually, you have integrated the data with respect to time Plot the data

Time Series of the Process

Factorial Experiments Johannes Fink Introduction Conventional Method Simplex Method

5 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Data

Factorial Designs Evaluation Contour Diagram Standard Notation Incomplete Designs Example Production Target function Signicance Time Series Example

Time