UNITED NATIONS SUDANO-SAHELIAN OFFICE

BUREAU DES NATIONS UNI P6UR LA REGION SOUDANO-SAI

ONE UNITED NATIONS PLAZA NEW YORK N Y 10017

INTEROFFICE

M E M O R A N D U M

To:

M r . Timothy S. Rothermel, D i r e c t o r Division f o r Global and I n t e r r e g i o n a l Programmes, UNDP

mob: 3 0

A p r i l 1990

FILE U N S O / I N T / G E N
SUIDOIMITIDPWMEIWENSIOM

mow P e t e r B r a n n e r Director

S U E L J E C T I N T / 8 9 / 0 6 2 , Improved Cookstoves Dissemination Impact Study

1. T h a n k y o u f o r y o u r memorandum o f 1 6 J a n u a r y 1 9 9 0 o n t i above s u b j e c t , b r i n g i n g t o o u r a t t e n t i o n t h e l a u n c h i n g o f i p r o j e c t I N T / 8 9 / 0 6 2 - I m p r o v e d Cookstoves D i s s e m i n a t i o n Impz S t u d y. W e n o t e t h a t t h e s t u d y a i m s a t d e v e l o p i n g a standardized methodology f o r evaluating improved cookstove! programmes ( I C P s ) , w h i c h c o u l d c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o more o b j e c t i v e a s s e s s m e n t o f t h e i m p a c t o f t h e s e programme! and f a c i l i t a t e a b e t t e r c o m p a r i s o n o f t h e r e s u l t s f r o m different evaluations. 2. U N S O , i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e W o r l d B a n k , UNIFEM, a l other agencies, h a s been supporting ICPs i n various countr: of t h e Sudano-Sahelian region. W e r e c e n t l y c a r r i e d out a desk r e v i e w o f o u r programme, a c o p y o f w h i c h i s a t t a c h e d . 3. O n e o f t h e c o n c l u s i o n s f r o m o u r r e v i e w w a s t h a t a m o n in-depth s t u d y, f o c u s s i n g mainly on impact assessment, i s needed. W e a r e p l e a s e d t o n o t e t h a t t h i s w i l l b e c a r r i e d ( by t h e P r o j e c t I N T / 8 9 / 0 6 2 , a n d we l o o k f o r w a r d t o r e c e i v i n ( the r e s u l t s o f t h e s t u d y. 4. I n t h e meantime, w e would b e g l a d t o cooperate w i t h y( by s h a r i n g o u r e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h I C P s i n t h e S u d a n o - S a h e l .

USSOls I m p r o v e d C o o k i n g S t o v e s Programme i n BABEL

A. G e n e r a l 1. A s p a r t o f i t s m a n d a t e , UNSO h a s b e e n i m p l e m e n t i n g v a r i c programmes a i m e d a t a r r e s t i n g t h e p r o c e s s o f e c o l o g i c a l degradation i n t h e r e g i o n o f which d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n and deforestation a r e t h e primary causes. T h i s e f f o r t includes a s s i s t a n c e t o G o v e r n m e n t s o f t h e SSR c o u n t r i e s i n p l a n n i n g a r c o o r d i n a t i o n , i n i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f programmes a i m e d a t c o n s e r v a t i o n a n d management o f p r o d u c t i v e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s , in desertification control.

2. T h e r e i s n o d o u b t t h a t d e f o r e s t a t i o n h a s b e e n o n e o f t h ( most s e r i o u s c a u s e s o f e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e g r a d a t i o n i n t h e 2 2 c o u n t r i e s o f t h e SSR. I n m o s t c o u n t r i e s , t h e u n d e r l y i n g c a u ! the problem has been t h e r a p i d i n c r e a s e i n p o p u l a t i o n , t h e r e l n e c e s s i t a t i n g e x t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e a n d h i g h demand f o r wood: e n e r g y a n d wood r e s o u r c e s s u c h a s c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l a n d f o d d e r f o r a n i m a l s . F o r m o s t c o u n t r i e s , t h e demand f o r wood resources o u t s t r i p s t h e s u p p l y s o t h a t t h e n e t r e s u l t i s reduction o f growing s t o c k and t h e r e f o r e d e f o r e s t a t i o n . 3. T o c o u n t e r a c t d e f o r e s t a t i o n a n d i t s a t t e n d a n t c o n s e q u e n o , f d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n , UNSO h a s b e e n a s s i s t i n g t h e c o u n t r i e s o f in pursuing v a r i o u s o p t i o n s . T h e s e i n c l u d e : i ) I n c r e a s i n g wood r e s o u r c e s s u p p l y t h r o u g h a f f o r e s t s r e f o r e s t a t i o n ( E t h i o p i a ) , a g r o f o r e s t r y, community f o r e s t r y, r e s t o c k i n g o f gumbelt ( S u d a n ) ; e t c .

i i ) W o o d r e s o u r c e demand r e d u c t i o n a n d management t h r o improved w o o d f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s a n d w a s reduction;

i i i ) Wo o d r e s o u r c e s s u b s t i t u t i o n b y o t h e r b i o m a s s o r n o biomass f o r m s o f f u e l ( e . g . w i n d e n e r g y ( S o m a l i a , Ve r d e I s l a n d s , S u d a n ) .

4 . T h e i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g s t o v e s programme h a s b e e n t h e m a i r a c t i v i t y r e l a t i n g t o t h e wood r e s o u r c e s demand r e d u c t i o n a n d management o p t i o n . T h i s p a p e r r e v i e w s U N S O ' s p a s t e x p e r i e n c t h i s programme i n t h e S a h e l . T h e p a p e r a l s o r e f l e c t s o n t h e m a j o r c h a l l e n g e s o f i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g s t o v e programmes i n g e r end makes s u g g e s t i o n s f o r t h e i r f u r t h e r i m p r o v e m e n t .

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B. I m p o r t a n c e o f W o o d f u e l E n e r g y i n t h e SSR

5. T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f w o o d f u e l e n e r g y i n t h e S S R c o u n t r i e s c be d e m o n s t r a t e d b y s t u d i e s f r o m K e n y a ( B e i j e r I n s t i t u t e 1 9 8 0 ) Ghana ( W o r l d B a n k 1 9 8 6 ) w h i c h i n d i c a t e t h a t w o o d f u e l ( w o o d a : c h a r c o a l ) c o n s t i t u t e 69% a n d 72% r e s p e c t i v e l y o f t h e t o t a l n a t i o n a l e n e r g y demand i n t h e c o u n t r y . T h i s e n e r g y i s u s e d almost e x c l u s i v e l y f o r household: c o o k i n c , s p a c e h e a t i n g and lighting.

6. A l m o s t 100% o f r u r a l h o u s e h o l d s ( w h o m a k e u p b e t w e e n 7 5 ' 85% o f p o p u l a t i o n ) a r e d e p e n d e n t o n w o o d f u e l e n e r g y ( m a i n l y f u e l w o o d ) f o r e n e r g y . A b o u t 85% o f t h e u r b a n p o p u l a t i o n a l s i depend o n w o o d f u e l e n e r g y , m a i n l y a s c h a r c o a l . F o r e x a m p l e , Guinea B i s s a u ' s u r b a n a r e a s , 80% o f w o o d f u e l i s u s e d a s c h a r and 20% a s f u e l w o o d ( 1 9 8 4 ESMAP R e p o r t ) w h i l e f o r S e n e g a l , 5 charcoal i s u s e d i n u r b a n c e n t r e s . I n B u r k i n a Faso, 96% o f household energy needs a r e met f r o m fuelwood (1983 Energy Ba Report). 7 . T h e s o c i o - e c o n o m i c s i t u a t i o n o f m o s t SSR c o u n t r i e s ( a n d developing countries f o r t h a t matter) r e s t r i c t s both t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f d i f f e r e n t types o f f u e l s and t h e i n t r o d u c t i o more m o d e r n f o r m s o f e n e r g y s u p p l y . F o r e x a m p l e , i n c o u n t r i with geo-thermal o r h y d r o - e l e c t r i c power p o t e n t i a l , t h e h i g h of i n s t a l l a t i o n l i m i t s t h e i r establishment. B e c a u s e t h e cos petroleum i s a l r e a d y absorbing a s i g n i f i c a n t p r o p o r t i o n o f t f o r e i g n e x c h a n g e e a r n i n g s o f t h e SSR c o u n t r i e s ( e . g . 4 5 % f o r Kenya i n 1 9 8 0 ) , i t i s n o t f e a s i b l e t o c o n s i d e r p e t r o l e u m - b a s products i n t h e foreseeable f u t u r e . I t should a l s o be recog t h a t s o c i a l a t t i t u d e s t o w a r d s wood ( c o n s i d e r e d a f r e e good i rural areas) l i m i t p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f s u b s t i t u t i o n with a l t e r r that has a cash value. C. J u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r I m p r o v e d C o o k i n g S t o v e s P r o g r a m m e

8. A s d i s c u s s e d i n S e c t i o n B a b o v e , w o o d f u e l ( f u e l w o o d a n c charcoal together) i s t h e most important source o f energy i : SSR c o u n t r i e s , m a k i n g u p a b o u t 70% o f n a t i o n a l e n e r g y demanc Most o f t h i s i s u s e d i n f o r m o f f u e l w o o d , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n r l areas and a s c h a r c o a l , m a i n l y i n urban c e n t r e s .

9. I n o r d e r t o m e e t t h e demand f o r w o o d f u e l , t r e e s , s h r u b ! bushes h a v e t o b e c u t d o w n . B e c a u s e o f t h e g r o w i n g p o p u l a t t h e demand f o r wood e n e r g y i s a l s o i n c r e a s i n g t o s u c h a n e x ' t h a t i n most c o u n t r i e s t h e r a t e a t which t r e e s a r e being harvested i s h i g h e r t h a n t h e r a t e a t which t h e y can b e r e p l either n a t u r a l l y o r through planting. ,

10. V e r y f e w c o u n t r i e s o f t h e SSR h a v e t a k e n a n i n v e n t o r y o f t h e i r woodfuel supply/demand s i t u a t i o n . I t i s however c l e a r most o f t h e m a r e i n a w o o d f u e l d e f i c i t s i t u a t i o n . I n t h e caE Burkina Faso, t h e a c c e s s i b l e fuelwood s u p p l i e s w e r e estimatec 3.5 m i l l i o n c u b i c meters ( F o r e s t r y D e p t . ) . U N D P / W o r l d Bank (1986) o n t h e o t h e r hand e s t i m a t e d consumption t o b e a b o u t 5 million cubic meters p . a . , p u t t i n g t h e country a t a d e f i c i t ( 1.6 m i l l i o n c u b i c meters p . a . A s i m i l a r s t u d y f o r Kenya (Be. I n s t i t u t e 1 9 8 0 ) e s t i m a t e d a t o t a l demand o f 2 0 . 4 1 m i l l i o n t o against a s u s t a i n a b l e y i e l d o f 11 . 0 7 m i l l i o n tonnes, f o r a d e f i c i t o f 9 . 3 4 m i l l i o n tonnes. A f e w exceptions i n c l u d e Glt which h a s a n e t wood s u r p l u s w i t h a n a v a i l a b l e s u p p l y o f 1 2 . m i l l i o n t o n n e s p . a . a n d t o t a l demand o f 9 . 6 m i l l i o n t o n n e s p C o u n t r i e s s u c h a s Cameroun, G u i n e a , G u i n e a B i s s a u a n d Uganda also be expected t o have a n e t surplus though f i g u r e s a r e no a v a i l a b l e . I t s h o u l d , h o w e v e r, b e n o t e d t h a t o n a l o c a l b a s fuelwood s h o r t a g e s c a n b e e x p e c t e d , f o r example i n n o r t h e r n Ghana, C a m e r o u n a n d N o r t h - e a s t e r n U g a n d a .

11 . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e w o o d f u e l d e f i c i t i s t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n demand a n d s u p p l y i s m e t f r o m t h e g r o w i n g s t o c k , l e a d i n g t o d e p l e t i o n o f t h e woody b i o m a s s r e s o u r c e s a consequent e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e g r a d a t i o n , m a s s i v e s o i l e r o s i o n , silting o f water reservoirs, lowering o f water table, e t c . Extreme i n s t a n c e s l e a d t o d e s e r t - l i k e c o n d i t i o n s , a s i t u a t i c t h a t i s much m o r e c e r t a i n t o o c c u r i n t h e a r i d , s e m i - a r i d a r sub-humid s i t u a t i o n s t h a t p e r t a i n s t o m o s t S S R c o u n t r i e s . Drought c o n d i t i o n o n l y e x a c e r b a t e s t h e s i t u a t i o n . 12. I n t h e c a s e o f B u r k i n a F a s o , t h e above p r o b l e m l e d a UNDP/World B a n k ( 1 9 8 6 ) ESMAP s t u d y t o c o n c l u d e

" t h e t r e n d towards d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n i n t h i s a r e a could slowed down b y a c o m b i n a t i o n o f : ( a ) I m p r o v e d w o o d s t o l (b) t r a n s p o r t o f f u e l w o o d f r o m s u r p l u s a r e a s ; ( c ) n a t l f o r e s t management a n d r u r a l f o r e s t r y ; a n d ( d ) s u b s t i t i by k e r o s e n e a n d / o r g a s . D. b a s i c C o n c e p t s a n d P r i n c i p l e s

1 3 . T h e r e i s g e n e r a l a g r e e m e n t among p l a n n e r s a n d r e s e a r c h t h a t i f we a r e t o c u r b a n d / o r r e v e r s e t h e d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n p a r i s i n g f r o m d e f o r e s t a t i o n , o n e o f t h e v i t a l o p t i o n s i s woo demand r e d u c t i o n t h r o u g h p r o m o t i o n o f m o r e r a t i o n a l u t i l i z a o f w o o d f u e l e n e r g y, p a r t i c u l a r l y a t household l e v e l . T h i s u n d e r s t a n d a b l e c o n s i d e r i n g t h a t u p t o 90% o f a l l t h e wood t cut i s used s o l e l y f o r cooking and h e a t i n g purposes.

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14. T h e t r a d i t i o n a l c o o k i n g m e t h o d f o r m o s t r u r a l p o p u l a t i o r over t h e t h r e e - s t o n e open f i r e u s i n g fuelwood. T h i s cooking method h a s a n e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y l e v e l o f 5 - 1 5 % . T h e m a i n c o c devices u s i n g charcoal a r e t h e m e t a l l i c stoves, w h i c h have ar energy e f f i c i e n c y o f 15-25% a n d a r e u s e d m a i n l y i n u r b a n c e n t

15. T h e t r a d i t i o n a l c o o k i n g d e v i c e s h a v e t h e d i s a d v a n t a g e (DJ l o o s i n g t o o much h e a t t o t h e s u r r o u n d i n g , i n s t e a d o f t r a n s f e l i t t o t h e p o t . T h e t e c h n i c a l challenge t h e r e f o r e has been tc design cooking devices t h a t w i l l o p t i m i z e o n f u e l s a v i n g . S i devices must a l l o w f o r complete combustion o f t h e f u e l and el t h a t maximum u s e i s m a d e o f t h e h e a t g e n e r a t e d f o r t h e i n t e n c purpose. T h i s c a l l s f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n o f p r i n c i p l e s o f h e t r a n s f e r, namely r a d i a t i o n , convection and conduction. 16. T h e b a s i c o b j e c t i v e o f t h e i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g s t o v e s p r o j i is t o promote t h e development, p r o d u c t i o n and t h e adoption o i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g d e v i c e s i n t h e r e s p e c t i v e SSR c o u n t r i e s a n d t h e r e b y i m p a c t o n w o o d f u e l demand a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l d e g r a d a t I t has been demonstrated t h a t under optimal c o n d i t i o n s , t h e e ff i c i e n c y o f improved 3-stone devices can be r a i s e d up t o 2 while t h a t o f improved m e t a l l i c stoves can be r a i s e d t o 30-5 (Hankins 1 9 8 7 ) . I n t h e o r y t h e r e f o r e , t h i s t e c h n o l o g y h a s t h p , o t e n t i a l o f c u t t i n g wood demand a t h o u s e h o l d l e v e l b y h a l f . 17. B e s i d e s t e c h n i c a l c h a l l e n g e s , i t i s i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e improved c o o k i n g d e v i c e s c o n f o r m t o t h e s o c i o - c u l t u r a l expectations o f end users and t h a t t h e y are economically a ff o r d a b l e . F o r example, t h e r u r a l communities f o r t h e most consider fuelwood a f r e e good, i n v e s t n o t h i n g on t h e cooking device - which f o r t h e most p a r t i s f l e x i b l e i n terms o f s i z fuelwood, p o t s i z e and number o f p o t s i t c a n h a n d l e a t one t Incorporating these socio-cultural requirements i n the desig the stoves poses a formidable challenge t o t h e designers. S i m i l a r l y, t h e need t o produce q u a l i t y stoves ( p a r t i c u l a r l y terms o f d u r a b i l i t y ) u n d e r t h e c o n s t r a i n t o f a f f o r d a b i l i t y a poses q u i t e a c h a l l e n g e . E. S c o p e a n d R a n g e o f P r o g r a m m e A c t i v i t i e s i n t h e S a h e l

18. I m p r o v e d c o o k i n g s t o v e s p r o j e c t s h a v e a t t r a c t e d c o n s i d e i n t e r e s t a m o n g t h e SSR c o u n t r i e s a s a n o p t i o n f o r w o o d f u e l e c o n s e r v a t i o n . B o t h G o v e r n m e n t a n d NGO p r o j e c t s a r e t o b e f c side by s i d e i n most countries, o f t e n w i t h support from b i l a t e r a l a n d m u l t i l a t e r a l d o n o r a g e n c i e s , s u c h a s USAID and ( m a i n l y i n E a s t A f r i c a ) a n d t h e UN S y s t e m ( m a i n l y i n W e s t Africa).

t h e W o r l d B a n k , U N I F E M a n d w i t h t h e UNDP I P F s . T o d a t e , UNSC contribution t o the energy conservation sector over the l a s t years i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y $13 m i l l i o n a l l o c a t e d a s f o l l o w s Improved c o o k i n g s t o v e s p r o j e c t s : Alternative energy sources : (mainly Cape Ve r d e I s l a n d s , Somalia a n d Sudan) . Others 6 6 0 . . . 5 2 3 million million million 1

Ta b l e 1 g i v e s t h e l i s t o f UNSO s u p p o r t e d i m p r o v e d c o o k i s t o v e s p r o j e c t s i n t h e SSR. I t s h o u l d h o w e v e r b e n o t e d t h a t these r e f l e c t o n l y p r o j e c t s which a r e w h o l l y energy r e l a t e d where t h e e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n a c t i v i t i e s a r e a m a j o r compone F. T y p e s o f Stoves

20. I n g e n e r a l , t h e r e a r e t h r e e p r i n c i p a l s t o v e s p r o t o t y p e s a r e b e i n g p r o m o t e d f o r h o u s e h o l d u s e i n t h e SSR c o u n t r i e s a) I m p r o v e d 3 - s t o n e s t o v e s : g e n e r a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d o f m i x t u r e o f mud a n d s t r a w a n d d e s i g n e d t o u s e f u e l v in r u r a l areas - non portable and w i t h e f f i c i e n c y 15-25%; e . g . B a l a n k a n g S t o v e - G a m b i a .

b) I m p r o v e d p o r t a b l e m e t a l l i c s t o v e s f o r c h a r c o a l : usually consist o f a metal casing l i n e d with insu] material, u s u a l l y c l a y, and having an e f f i c i e n c y c 50%; e . g . K e n y a c e r a m i c J i k o - K e n y a M a l g a c h e t y p e Guinea B i s s a u .

c) I m p r o v e d p o r t a b l e m e t a l l i c f u e l w o o d s t o v e s : u s u a made o f a m e t a l p a r t ( F i r e - b o x ) l i n e d w i t h i n s u l a . material b u t designed f o r use o f fuelwood instead charcoal, w i t h a n e f f i c i e n c y o f 15-30%; e . g . K u n m b i l i s t o v e - Kenya. Within each category a r e t o be found v a r i o u s designs g under d i f f e r e n t names i n d i f f e r e n t c a t e g o r i e s a n d d i f f e r i n g e f f i c i e n c y depending on t h e m a t e r i a l s used and t h e technica d e s i g n . M o d i f i c a t i o n s a r e a l s o i n c o r p o r a t e d i n some d e s i g n a l l o w f o r d i f f e r e n t s i z e s and number o f p o t s .

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21. M o s t improved c o o k i n g s t o v e s a r e designed t o g o t h r o u g h various stages: a. B a s e l i n e Survey f o r needs/resources a v a i l a b i l i t y assessment; b. S t o v e d e s i g n a n d t e s t i n g p h a s e ( t e c h n i c a l p h a s e ) ;

c. F i e l d t e s t i n g and m o n i t o r i n g ( a l s o t e c h n i c a l phase:

d. E v a l u a t i o n a n d m o d i f i c a t i o n o f d e s i g n s a s n e c e s s a r ] e. D e m o n s t r a t i o n / e x t e n s i o n and m a r k e t s e n s i t i z a t i o n , (includes promoting adoption); f . T r a i n i n g o f artisans and r u r a l population f o r t h e manufacture o f s t o v e s ; g. F u l l s c a l e implementation;

h. R e v i e w and a d j u s t m e n t s .

Monitoring and evaluation a r e a c r i t i c a l aspect i n ever: stage o f t h e p r o j e c t ' s implementation i n o r d e r t o ensure tha the v a r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s a r e w e l l coordinated and synchronized

22. C o m m u n i t y p a r t i c i p a t i o n i s a c r u c i a l a s p e c t o f i m p r o v e d cooking s t o v e s p r o j e c t s , i f widespread a d o p t i o n o f t h e i m p r o devices i s t o b e a c h i e v e d . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e involvement o , women a t a l l s t a g e s o f p r o j e c t d e s i g n a n d i m p l e m e n t a t i o n i s c r i t i c a l s i n c e t h e y a r e t h e segment o f t h e community i n v o l v e ( fuelwood c o l l e c t i o n , c o o k i n g o f f o o d a n d o v e r a l l k i t c h e n management. M o s t o f t h e p a s t i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g s t o v e s p r o j e c ' be c h a r a c t e r i z e d a s t e c h n o l o g y d r i v e n , a f a c t o r t h a t , t o a 1 , extent, may have contributed t o t h e n o n - i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f f e a s i b l e s o l u t i o n s - p a r t i c u l a r l y a s r e l a t e s t o household en, use. R a r e l y w e r e t h e p r o j e c t s i m p l e m e n t a t i o n preceeded b y b a s e l i n e s t u d i e s t o i d e n t i f y t h e t a r g e t consumers, t h e i r s o o c u l t u r a l p r e f e r e n c e s , o r t h e i r economic w e l l - b e i n g . P l a n n e r project s t a f f o f t e n s t a r t e d o f f w i t h preconceived i d e a s on peoples t a s t e s and cooking p a t t e r n s , t h e n designed t h e s t o v e went o n t o p r o m o t e a n d d i s s e m i n a t e t h e m w i t h o u t a d e q u a t e f e e from consumers. I t i s now a c c e p t e d t h a t t h i s a p p r o a c h m u s t , Change i f t h e s e p r o j e c t s a r e t o s u c c e e d . I n p a r t i c u l a r , w o n airust b e t h e p r i m a r y p l a y e r s a n d b e i n v o l v e d a t a l l s t a g e s o f project implementation. P r o j e c t conception should s t a r t w i t problem/needs i d e n t i f i c a t i o n b y t h e communities t h e m s e l v e s , the p r o j e c t s t a f f a c t i n g o n l y a s c a t a l y s t s .

- 7 -

G. C h a l l e n g e s a n d C o n s t r a i n t s t o I m p r o v e d C o o k s t o v e s P r o l e c 23. O n p r o j e c t s c o n c e p t i o n a n d a p p r o a c h e s t o p r o b l e m s o l u t i o In s p i t e o f t h e overwhelming enthusiasm f o r improved coo stoves p r o j e c t s i n t h e S a h e l , t h e r e has been a tendency i n t h past t o f o c u s i n a piecemeal f a s h i o n upon t h e s o l u t i o n a f t e r a s i m p l i s t i c i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f t h e problem. T h e proposed solution o f t e n involve introduction o f energy r e l a t e d t e c h n o l o g i e s s u c h a s t h e i m p r o v e d c h a r c o a l s t o v e s o r wood s t o under t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t a q u i c k f i x i s n e e d e d a n d t h a t t e c h n o l o g y i s t h e i s s u e . M o s t programmes t h e r e f o r e h a v e , i n past, embarked on massive improved cookstoves design and t e s t exercises, w i t h o u t adequate understanding o f t h e s o c i a l , econ and p o l i t i c a l d i m e n s i o n s w h i c h t h e t e c h n o l o g y w a s m e a n t t o s c I t i s n o w h o w e v e r, a c c e p t e d t h a t t h e s e a r e t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t s t a r t i n g p o i n t s t o a n y improved cooking stoves p r o j e c t . 2 4 . A p p r o p r i a t e n e s s o f t h e t e c h n o l o g y.

I t i s a f a c t t h a t t h e technology o f energy conservation w e l l u n d e r s t o o d . N u m e r o u s e x p e r i e n c e s a n d p r a c t i c a l examples these c a n b e borrowed f r o m Europe a n d N o r t h America f r o m whic b a s i c p r i n c i p l e s a n d p r o v e n k n o w l e d g e may b e u s e f u l l y a d o p t e c a p p l i c a t i o n i n developing c o u n t r i e s . I t i s however important recognize t h e need t o adopt t h e technology s o a s t o meet t h e t a r g e t consumer's s o c i a l , economic and c u l t u r a l e x p e c t a t i o n s Some f a c t o r s t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n a d o p t i n g t h e t e c h n o l o g y f o r rural areas include: N o ( o r v e r y l i t t l e ) expenses involved f o r stoves Minimal implements needed ( 3 s t o n e s i n most cases) Direct contact o f p o t w i t h f i r e - r a p i d cooking - E a s e o f regulating heat intensity A b i l i t y t o t a k e any s i z e o f pot (adjusting stones) - A b i l i t y t o take various sizes o f firewood - C a n save firewood through extinguishing f i r e .

A f a c t o r o f t e n overlooked by stove designers, i s t h a t t so-called heat l o s s t o t h e surrounding serves t o h e a t t h e s p f o r t h e f a m i l y, a f e a t u r e o f t e n l a c k i n g w i t h improved stoves The g e n e r a l c o n c l u s i o n h e r e i s t h a t t h e c h a l l e n g e t o improved c o o k i n g s t o v e s p r o j e c t s i s n o t s o much a t e c h n o l o g i issue b u t t h e a b i l i t y t o adopt t h e technology under t h e p r e v a i l i n g social-economic and c u l t u r a l s e t t i n g s .

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25. Q u a l i t y c o n t r o l a n d a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f s t o v e s .

25.a. A m a j o r c h a l l e n g e t o most improved cooking s t o v e s p r o j e c t s has been t h e need t o s t r i k e a balance between t h e quality o f stoves construction materials and craftsmanship a the need t o maintain t h e c o s t a t a f f o r d a b l e l e v e l ( r e l a t i v e t r a d i t i o n a l stoves). T h e l a t e r requirement necessitates son compromise i n q u a l i t y w h i c h i n i t s e l f may l e a d t o l o w a c c e p t a b i l i t y o f t h e s t o v e s . F o r t h e most p a r t , m o s t r e t a i l s t o v e s a r e made f r o m o l d o i l d r u m s w h i c h a r e made f r o m l i g h t sheet m e t a l . C o n s e q u e n t l y, t h e l i f e o f most s t o v e s i s v e r y s h o r t , 6 - 1 2 m o n t h s . E x p e r i e n c e s w i t h mud s t o v e s i n Gambia indicate t h a t t h e s e need s u b s t a n t i a l r e p a i r and maintenance, problem n o t a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t r a d i t i o n a l c o o k i n g s t o v e s . S t u i n M a l i (Mine To m e t y 1 9 8 9 ) a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t n e a r l y a l l p e a who h a d i m p r o v e d 3 - s t o n e c o o k i n g s t o v e s h a d h a d t o r e p a i r t h a p p l i a n c e s a n d o v e r 50% o f t h e m h a d a b a n d o n e d , a n d w o u l d n o t renew t h e i r s t o v e s . O t h e r p r o b l e m s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h i m p r o v e d stone s t o v e s i n c l u d e t h e i r i n a b i l i t y t o h a n d l e l a r g e p o t s needed d u r i n g f e a s t s , a n d t h e f a c t t h a t y o u c a n n o t c o n s t r u c t during r a i n y seasons. P r o b l e m o f maintenance and d u r a b i l i t y mud s t o v e s w a s a l s o c i t e d a s a m a j o r c o n s t r a i n t t o s t o v e a c c e p t a b i l i t y b y t h e r u r a l p e o p l e i n Gambia.

25.b. A n o t h e r f a c t o r t h a t has a bearing on t h e q u a l i t y c s t o v e s i s t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f some r a w m a t e r i a l s . T h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f e m p t y o i l d r u m s i n Gambia c o u p l e d w i t h l a c k c r e d i t f a c i l i t i e s t o purchase unused m a t e r i a l c o n s t r a i n e d production ( 1 9 8 4 ) . F r o m a n economic f e a s i b i l i t y c o n s i d e r a t i however, u s e o f i m p o r t e d r a w m a t e r i a l s w o u l d p u s h p r o d u c t c c beyond a f f o r d a b l e l e v e l , a n d u s e d o i l - d r u m s , w h e n e v e r a v a i l E w i l l remain t h e main raw m a t e r i a l f o r m e t a l l i c stoves.

25.c. A t h i r d a n d m o r e p e r t i n e n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e dE t o which t h e p r o d u c t s ( i m p r o v e d cooking s t o v e s ) h a v e been ac by t h e c o n s u m e r s . T h e M a l i S t u d y ( To m e t y 1 9 8 9 ) a n d t h e Senec Study ( S e e d 1 9 8 7 ) t o g e t h e r w i t h e x p e r i e n c e s f r o m B u r k i n a F a 5 p r o j e c t i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e acceptance l e v e l f o r improved port m e t a l l i c s t o v e i n u r b a n a r e a s i s medium t o h i g h . F o r examp] M a l i , 8 0 % o f u s e r s o f i m p r o v e d p o r t a b l e m e t a l l i c s t o v e s were s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e stoves performances, m a i n l y on b a s i s o f p o r t a b i l i t y, p r a c t i c a l i t y and h i g h e f f i c i e n c y (50% s a v i n g i / c h a r c o a l ) . 7 5 % o f t h o s e u s i n g i m p r o v e d m e t a l s t o v e s w e r e we o f f workers, p a r t i c u l a r l y teachers. The e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h i m p r o v e d mud s t o v e s f o r r u r a l a r e have, o n t h e o t h e r h a n d , b e e n d i s a p p o i n t i n g . A s m e n t i o n e d most s t u d i e s ( G a m b i a , M a l i , B u r k i n a F a s o ) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e q u a l i t y o f most o f t h e s e l e a v e a l o t t o b e d e s i r e d , t h e y r e (

- 9 -

out t h a t t h e data on l e v e l o f a c c e p t a b i l i t y and adoption o f improved c o o k s t o v e s h a s been v e r y s c a n t y a n d t h e r e i s n o cleE picture o f what i s going on, e i t h e r i n the urban centres o r the r u r a l areas. 26. O n m o n i t o r i n g , e v a l u a t i o n and f o l l o w - u p .

Several s t u d i e s and e v a l u a t i o n s have been c a r r i e d o u t i : SSR, ( s e e l i s t o f p u b l i c a t i o n s ) . M o s t o f t h e s e h o w e v e r h a v e of a l i m i t e d nature, concentrating mainly on technological a d i s t r i b u t i o n a l aspects and l e s s on the ecological and s o c i o cultural/economic aspects. F o r example, t h e M a l i Study (198 l i m i t e d t o o n l y one p a r t o f t h e country and deals l a r g e l y w i the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e improved cookstoves b u t h a r d l y touch the economic aspects and e f f i c i e n c y o f cookstoves. A n a t i o n evaluation exercise f o r M a l i (1984) d e a l t p r i m a r i l y w i t h evaluating t h e most appropriate stove prototypes w i t h o u t any reference t o t h e s o c i o - c u l t u r a l o r economic c r i t e r i a and t h e Gambia R e p o r t ( 1 9 8 4 ) f o l l o w e d t h e s a m e p a t t e r n . T h e S e n e g a l Study ( C h a t a i n e t Madon 1 9 8 8 ) a l s o l e f t o u t t h e e c o n o m i c s a r environmental impact aspect, t h e r e b y l i m i t i n g i t s a p p l i c a t i c a d e c i s i o n making guide.

27. O n e n o t a b l e e x c e p t i o n t o t h e a b o v e i s t h e s t u d y o n t h e y e a r s o f i m p r o v e d s t o v e s i n t h e S a h e l " b y B a y a - Vu m a . T h i s 3 covers b o t h t h e t e c h n o l o g i c a l a n d s o c i o - c u l t u r a l a n d econom development o f I C P ' s i n t h r e e c o u n t r i e s o f West A f r i c a - Btu Faso, N i g e r a n d S e n e g a l . D r a w i n g h e a v i l y o n t h e e x p e r i e n c e ! these c o u n t r i e s , t h e s t u d y a r r i v e s a t two main conclusions: a) T h a t t h e I C P s s o f a r s e e m t o h a v e a c h i e v e d t h e immediate o b j e c t i v e o f i m p r o v i n g t h e s o c i o - c u l t u r a l c o n d i t i o n s o f women ( l e s s s m o k e i n k i t c h e n , b e t t e r s a f l e s s f u e l demand a n d t h e r e f o r e l e s s w o r k f o r c o l l e c t i o e t c . ) . H o w e v e r, i t argues t h a t t h e o b j e c t i v e o f reduc fuelwood consumption a t n a t i o n a l l e v e l ( a n d t h e r e f o r e on d e f o r e s t a t i o n c o n t r o l ) i s s t i l l t o b e d e m o n s t r a t e d . b) t h a t t h e r e i s n e e d t o s t r a t i f y e n e r g y u s e a l o n g s c u l t u r a l and economic groups - p a r t i c u l a r l y between u r centres and r u r a l areas and t o take these i n t o conside i n t h e design and dissemination o f improved cooking de d U k t i M a t e l y, t h e s t u d y s t a t e s , t h e i m p a c t o f t h e I C P o r r e e s u s e r, w i t h xtent, t h i aspects o f changes i n

t h e improveds t o v e a c t i n g o n l y a s a means. T o t s s t u d y emphasizes t h e s o c i o - c u l t u r a l a n d econor ICPs (awareness c r e a t i o n , technology disseminatj socio-cultural habits) over technical aspects.

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28. A n o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t s t u d y r e l a t i n g t o i m p r o v e d cookstovE programme w a s t h e UNSO/UNIFEM f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y o f 1 9 8 8 , w h i c covered t h r e e CILSS c o u n t r i e s : Cameroun, B u r k i n a F a s o , a n d The b a s i c p u r p o s e o f t h i s s t u d y w a s t o r e v i e w p a s t a n d p r e s e r e f f o r t s i n producing and d i s t r i b u t i n g cookstoves, a n d t o ass( the conciitions f o r a n e f f e c t i v e dissemination o f a f f o r d a b l e c o o k s t o v e s i n t h e SSR. The f o l l o w i n g a r e some o f t h e i m p o r t a n t f i n d i n g s o f t h i ! study

i ) C I L S S member c o u n t r i e s a r e f o r t h e m o s t p a r t p r o d u ( two b a s i c s t o v e s p r o t o t y p e s : t h e i m p r o v e d c l a y ( 3 . pierres) woodstoves and t h e p o r t a b l e m e t a l l i c cookstoves. R e s e a r c h o n p r o t o t y p e s d e s i g n and development w a s f o u n d t o h a v e g o n e a l o n g w a y i n a d o p t i n g t h e b a s i c t e c h n o l o g y. H o w e v e r , p r o d u c t i o ] dissemination were found t o have lagged behind. i i ) T h a t i n g e n e r a l , t h e r e was r e l a t i v e l y l e s s s e n s i t i ' t o t h e i s s u e o f f u e l economy o n p a r t o f t h e u s e r s , to t h e r e l a t i v e easy and convenience o f t r a d i t i o n a communal c o o k i n g p r a c t i c e s . i i i ) T h a t a d i s p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y h i g h amount o f r e s o u r c e s so f a r g o n e t o r e s e a r c h , d e v e l o p m e n t a n d t e s t i n g o various stoves prototypes, s o t h a t over 60 d i f f e r e stove models h a v e s o f a r been proposed, a t a c o s t millions o f dollars. T h e study therefore states t i t i s h i g h t i m e t h e programmes moved t o p r o d u c t i o n i v ) T h a t i n g e n e r a l , t h e governments a n d i n t e r n a t i o n a l agencies' e f f o r t s i n improved cooking stoves p r o j e have n o t b e e n c o o r d i n a t e d , a n d r a r e l y h a v e t h e y p u p l a c e m e a n i n g f u l a n d s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g programmes. v) T h a t i n g e n e r a l , t h e housewives w e r e q u i t e r e s o u r c and r a t i o n a l i n o r g a n i z i n g t h e management o f t h e i r household. T h e e s s e n t i a l e l e m e n t h e r e i s t h a t housewives s h o u l d b e f u l l y i n v o l v e d i n a l l a s p e c t s stages o f a n improved cooking s t o v e s p r o j e c t . vi)

I t was t h e s t u d y ' s v i e w t h a t i n b o t h N i g e r and B u r Faso, t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e s t o v e s d i d n o t s a t i s f y t h consumers, a n d t h i s l e d t o s t o p p a g e o f f u r t h e r b u y o f t h e s t o v e s . M a j o r weakness r e l a t e d t o d u r a b i l i the stoves, a r i s i n g from use o f scrap metal o r o l d

v i i ) T h e s t u d y was a l s o c r i t i c a l o f t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n approaches, some o f w h i c h i g n o r e d s o c i a l s t r a t i f i c a and d e v e l o p m e n t o f p r o d u c t s b a s e d o n t a r g e t m a r k e t .

29. T h e g e n e r a l o b s e r v a t i o n i n t h i s r e g a r d t h e r e f o r e i s t h a t t h e r e h a s been a r e a s o n a b l e amount o f e x p e r i e n c e accumulated time and supported by t h e p r o j e c t reviews and evaluations, t c a l l o w f o r i n f o r m e d d e c i s i o n making w i t h r e g a r d t o c o n t i n u e d support t o improved cooking stoves p r o j e c t s . I n s p i t e o f t h i i t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e r e i s a n e e d f o r a m o r e d e t a i l e d re% of t h e f e a s i b i l i t y o f these projects, p a r t i c u l a r l y from an environmental impact perspective. H. I s s u e s a n d q u e s t i o n s t o p o n d e r o v e r w i t h r e g a r d t o f u t u l activities.

30. O n e o f t h e m o s t i m p o r t a n t i s s u e t o b e c o n s i d e r e d i n o u r future e f f o r t should be t h e approach t o be adopted i n both t l u r b a n a n d r u r a l a r e a s . U p t o n o w, t h e b a s i c p r e m i s e u n d e r l y . improved c o o k i n g s t o v e s programmes i s t h a t t h e r e i s a f u e l w o ( energy c r i s i s . H o w e v e r , a l t h o u g h most governments w i t h assistance from energy planners have i d e n t i f i e d e i t h e r an existing or potential crisis, i t i s doubtful that the rural communities t h i n k o r p e r c e i v e t h e s a m e . F o r e x a m p l e m o s t o f s t i l l c o l l e c t wood f r e e l y , a n d e v e n w h e r e t h e r e i s s h o r t a g e , substitute w i t h a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s i d u e o r c a t t l e dung. I n o t h words, t h e y d o n o t p e r c e i v e t h e w o o d f u e l s h o r t a g e , m u c h l e s s crisis. T h e challenge therefore i s on planners and t h e governments t o j u s t i f y t o t h e t a r g e t c o m m u n i t i e s t h e n e e d f o t e c h n i c a l changes and t h e a s s o c i a t e d s o c i o - c u l t u r a l a n d econ changes t h a t a r e c a l l e d f o r u n d e r t h e i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g s t o v e programme. T h i s e f f o r t m u s t b e s u s t a i n e d s i n c e t h e c o n s e r v a of environment i s a p u b l i c r e s p o n s i b i l i t y. M o r e o v e r, s o i o n the c r i s i s has n o t reached c r i t i c a l proportions and t h e r e s t are cheaper a l t e r n a t i v e s t o t h e proposed technology ( a g r i c u l residue and dung), t h e appeal f o r t e c h n i c a l change w i l l rema u p h i l l b a t t l e u n l e s s more i n n o v a t i v e e x t e n s i o n approaches a r adapted. S o m e o f t h e s e c o u l d i n c l u d e a p p e a l i n g t o commercia aspects, p a r t i c u l a r l y i n urban areas, emphasis on h e a l t h / s a f a s p e c t s i n r u r a l a r e a s a n d i n c e n t i v e s a s a b a s i s f o r communi p a r t i c i p a t i o n . T h e e x t e n s i o n approaches s h o u l d a l s o b e more innovative and b e prepared t o adopt newer approaches such as social marketing and focus group techniques. B e c a u s e o f ths d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e socio-economic s i t u a t i o n between r u r a l a r urban a r e a , t h e r e i s a need t o a d o p t d i f f e r e n t approaches. 31. A n o t h e r i s s u e t o b e r e s o l v e d r e l a t e t o e v a l u a t i o n c r i t e

- 12 -

terms o f e n e r g y e f f i c i e n c y ) , l e v e l o f a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e new t e c h n o l o g y o r number o f c o o k s t o v e s m a n u f a c t u r e d . W h i l e t h e s measures may s e r v e t o i n d i c a t e t h e success o f t h e i m m e d i a t e , o b j e c t i v e s o f a programme, t h e y a r e h a r d l y s u f f i c i e n t . F o r example, measures o f l e v e l o f customer s a t i s f a c t i o n ( s o c i o economic) a n d e n v i r o n m e n t a l i m p a c t s a r e r a r e l y i n c l u d e d . T h point here i s t h a t a standard c r i t e r i a f o r t h e evaluation an m o n i t o r i n g o f t h e s e programmes i s n e e d e d , o n e t h a t w o u l d a l l f o r o b j e c t i v e assessment o f b o t h t h e s h o r t - t e r m and l o n g - t e r programme o b j e c t i v e s .

32. A q u e s t i o n o f t e n posed b y d o u b t e r s o f t h e improved c o o k programmes i s w h e t h e r t h i s o p t i o n i s f e a s i b l e a s a d e s e r t i f i c a t i o n c o n t r o l measure. T h e s e doubts a r i s e f r o m v a o b s e r v a t i o n s : l o w t o medium i n c r e a s e i n c o o k s t o v e s e f f i c i e n (10-20 p e r c e n t ) ; l o w l e v e l o f technology acceptance ( i n t h range o f 1 0 - 2 0 p e r c e n t f o r m o s t p r o g r a m m e s ) ; a n d t h e o f t e n q u e s t i o n a b l e c l a i m t h a t demand f o r f u e l w o o d i s n o t t h e m a j o r cause o f d e f o r e s t a t i o n . W h i l e t h e s e a r e g e n u i n e c o n c e r n s a n should b e t a k e n s e r i o u s l y , i t i s a l s o i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e y b e i n t h e p r o p e r c o n t e x t v i s - - v i s t h e n a t u r e o f t h e programmes

(a) T h e l o w l e v e l o f a c c e p t a n c e o f t h e t e c h n o l o g y s h o t seen i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e d i n a s s i m i l a t i c any n e w t e c h n o l o g y. W h a t w e a r e t a l k i n g a b o u t h e r e i s s o c i c c u l t u r a l changes, a process t h a t c o u l d t a k e s e v e r a l decades r e a l i z e on a l a r g e s c a l e . E x p e r i e n c e f r o m Europe and N o r t h America i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e p r o c e s s o f c h a n g e o v e r f r o m o p e n f i cooking t o more e f f i c i e n t methods t o o k c e n t u r i e s . I n o u r ca most programmes h a v e o n l y b e e n i n e x i s t e n c e i n t h e l a s t t e n years. A 10 p e r c e n t acceptance l e v e l should t h e r e f o r e be considered i m p r e s s i v e u n d e r t h e circumstances. W h a t we a r e d e a l i n g w i t h h e r e a r e programmes whose s h o r t - t e r m i m p a c t ma be o b v i o u s b u t t h e l o n g - t e r m b e n e f i t s w i l l b e i m p r e s s i v e , sustain t h e e f f o r t and n o t g i v e up t o o soon.

(b) U n d e r l a b o r a t o r y c o n d i t i o n s , i m p r o v e d s t o v e s r e a l : e n e r g y s a v i n g s o f b e t w e e n 3 0 - 5 0 p e r c e n t . I n p r a c t i c e howel realizable savings a r e i n t h e range o f 10-20 p e r cent since s e v e r a l o t h e r f a c t o r s come i n t o p l a y t h a t m i n i m i z e e f f i c i e n ( type o f foods b e i n g cooked; t y p e o f cooking d e v i c e s ; t y p e o .( i n c l u d i n g m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t ) ; a n d t h e c l i m a t i c - e e n d i t i o n s , p a r t i c u l a r l y w i n d s p e e d . T h e 1 0 - 2 0 p e r c e n t i n c r e a s e m a y, t h e r e f o r e s o u n d i n s i g n i f i c a n t . I n p r a c t i c a l t e r m s h o w e v e r, t r a n s l a t e s i n most cases t o doubling t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f e n e r o r h a l f i n g t h e demand f o r f u e l w o o d . T h e i m p l i c a t i o n s f o r d e f o r e s t a t i o n c o n t r o l w i l l o b v i o u s l y depend o n t h e t o t a l su: households t h a t w i l l a d o p t t h e n e w t e c h n o l o g y w h i c h a g a i n p

t o l e v e l o f t e c h n o l o g y acceptance a s t h e k e y t o r e a l

- 13 -

(c) J u s t a s t h e c a u s e s o f d e f o r e s t a t i o n a r e m u l t i p l e (extensification o f a g r i c u l t u r e , t r e e c u t t i n g f o r fuelwood, e t c . ) , t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e problem a l s o c a l l s f o r a m u l t i - f a c approach - a t h r e e - b a r r o w e d a p p r o a c h a s a d o p t e d b y UNSO a f f o r e s t a t i o n / r e f o r e s t a t i o n ( s u p p l y management); biomass e n e r g y management ( I C P ) ( d e m a n d management biomass e n e r g y s u b s t i t u t i o n ( e . g . s o l a r e n e r g y, w i e n e r g y, e t c . ) .

33. T h e f i n a l i s s u e t h a t w e s h o u l d c o n s i d e r i s h o w t o p r o c e w i t h s u p p o r t t o i m p r o v e d c o o k i n g s t o v e s programmes i n f u t u r e From p r e v i o u s d i s c u s s i o n s i t i s c l e a r t h a t w e m u s t make a d i s t i n c t i o n between urban-based p r o j e c t s which emphasize cha and f u e l w o o d s a v i n g t e c h n o l o g i e s , v e r s e s r u r a l - b a s e d p r o j e c t \ w i t h t h e f o r m e r, a s t r o n g commercial approach should b e adap and t h e r e b y m i n i m i z e t h e r o l e o f p r o j e c t s u p p o r t t o m a i n l y Itechnology i n t r o d u c t i o n , t r a i n i n g o f a r t i s a n s and c r e d i t f o r ; i p r i v a t e commercial e n t e r p r i s e s . I n t h e case o f r u r a l a r e a s , /improved cookstove a c t i v i t i e s should be designed a s p a r t o f more c o m p r e h e n s i v e a n d i n t e g r a t e d r e s o u r c e management a n d c o n s e r v a t i o n programmes, w i t h c o m m u n i t y p a r t i c i p a t i o n a s a r i n t e g r a l r e q u i r e m e n t . I n t h i s r e s p e c t NGO a n d women g r o u p s p a r t i c i p a t i o n should be t h e primary p a r t i c i p a n t s . I n a l l ca f u t u r e programmes m u s t b e p r e c e d e d b y a c o m p r e h e n s i v e n a t i o r evaluation o f t h e o v e r a l l energy problems, i s s u e s and optior Specific p r o j e c t s would then undertake a s a f i r s t s t e p , a baseline survey a s a b a s i s f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g t h e socio-econor c u l t u r a l and p o l i t i c a l environment t h a t t h e technology i s expected t o a d d r e s s . G. S u g g e s t e d F o l o w - u v t o t h i s R e v i e w 34. U N D P ( D G I P ) , i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e W o r l d Bank, h a y i n i t i a t e d an i n t e r e g i o n a l p r o j e c t I N T / 8 9 / 0 6 2 - Improved c o o k s t o v e s D i s s e m i n a t i o n I m p a c t S t u d y. T h e i m m e d i a t e d o b j e of t h i s p r o j e c t a r e t o : (a) D e s i g n a p r e l i m i n a r y m e t h o d o l o g y t o e v a l u a t e I C P s

(b) E v a l u a t e t h e e x p e r i e n c e s t o d a t e o f t h e f e w m a j o r t o t e s t t h e u t i l i t y o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n methodology t o assess t h e r e s u l t s o f these s e l e c t e d ICPs a g a i their original stated goals; a n d

- 14 -

(c) O r g a n i z e a w o r k s h o p f o r a s e l e c t e d n u m b e r o f d e v e l c and d e v e l o p i n g c o u n t r y I C P e x p e r t s t o i m p r o v e a n d f i n a l i z e a u n i f o r m I C P e v a l u a t i o n m e t h o d o l o g y, a n d design a s t r a t e g y f o r w i d e r implementation. The p r o j e c t s t a r t e d i n J a n u a r y 1 9 9 0 a n d w i l l t e r m i n a t e September 1 9 9 0 .

35. T h e o u t p u t s f r o m t h i s p r o j e c t a r e c f g r e a t i n t e r e s t t o 1 - t o t h e e x t e n t t h a t t h e methodology t o b e developed w i l l b e important t o o l w h i l e o u r p r o j e c t s c o u l d form p a r t o f t h e t e s ICPs.

36. I t i s n o t c l e a r a t t h i s j u n c t u r e t o w h a t e x t e n t t h i s p r o j e c t s f i e l d v i s i t s w i l l c o v e r I C P s i n t h e Sudano S a h e l i a Region. I t i s however c l e a r t h a t t h i s i s a g l o b a l p r o j e c t a such, w e c a n n o t e x p e c t s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n f o r t h e S S R . N e v e r t h e l e s s , i t i s t o o u r i n t e r e s t t h a t w e t a p a s much information as possible from t h i s p r o j e c t , w i t h a view t o u t i l i z i n g i t t o o u r advantage. T o t h i s purpose, TSD should base w i t h DGIP/W13 t o s e c u r e p a r t i c i p a t i o n a n d / o r p r o v i d e i n t p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e m e t h o d o l o g y t e s t i n g p h a s e a n d a t t h e WO2 where t h e s t r a t e g y f o r I C P s w i d e r i m p l e m e n t a t i o n w i l l b e f o r m u l a t e d . T h e n e e d f o r a more i n - d e p t h r e v i e w o f UNSO's : should a w a i t t h e outcome o f t h i s p r o j e c t .

37. A l o o k a t t h e l i s t o f ongoing p r o j e c t s i n d i c a t e s o n l y active improved cookstove p r o j e c t s w h i l e t h e p i p e l i n e has ni projects. W e need t o review t h i s s i t u a t i o n , drawing on o u r e x p e r i e n c e s w i t h I C P s a n d i n v i e w o f UNSO's a r e a s o f c o n c e n t r a t i o n . A p o l i c y p o s i t i o n w o u l d h e l p d e c i d e how we proceed i n f u t u r e . C o n s i d e r i n g o u r i n t e g r a t e d approach t o management o f r e n e w a b l e r e s o u r c e s , m y v i e w i s t h a t w e s h o u l continue s u p p o r t t o I C P s , m a i n l y a s complementary a c t i v i t i e w i t h i n t h e l a r g e r a n d more i n t e g r a t e d d e f o r e s t a t i o n c o n t r o l projects. A n in-house meeting should t h e r e f o r e be h e l d t o provide a forum t o discuss t h i s i s s u e .

W. M a t h u 12 M a r c h 1 9 9 0

UNSO - SUPPORTED IMPROVED COOKING STOVES PROJECTS IN THE SSR

I .

NUMBER

COUNTRY

TITLE

STATUS

NER/85/X02

Niger

Conservation and S u b s t i t u t i o n o f Energy f o r domestic use: was a 1 y e a r P r o j e c t - i m p l e m e n t t h r o u g h W o r l d Bank

closed

MAU/85/X05

Mauritania

Development a n d D i s s e m i n a t i o n o f Improved Cooking S t o v e s i n M a u r i t a n i a ( w i t h Wo r l d Bank)

ongoing

SEN/81/X01

Senegal

Development o f New a n d Renewable E n e r g y F o l l o w - u p Phase t o SEN/84/X01

closed

MLI/85/X03

Mali

D i s s e m i n a t i o n o f I m p r o v e d Cooking S t o v e s and t h e R e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f Fuelwood S u p p l y L i n e s i n t h e C i t y o f Kayes I n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h UNIFEM Implemented b y OPE

ongoing

GAM/81/X07

Gambia

Dissemination o f Improved Fuel E f f i c i e n t Stoves (was i m p l e m e n t e d t h r o u g h OPE)

closed

NUMBER C O U N T R Y

TITLE

STATUS

GAM/80/X01

Gambia

Energy M a s t e r P l a n Study 1988 ( w i t h World Bank)

done 1 9 8 1

SUD/83/X04

Sudan

Fuel B r i q u e t t e P r o d u c t i o n and Promotion o f Improved Cooking Stoves f o r Household Use

ongoing

BEF/81/X06

Burkina Faso

Promotion and Production o f Improved Cooking Stoves

ongoing subject t o Third Phase

L i o t o f P u b l i c a t i o n s a n d Pe_ports

1. D i f f u s i o n d e F o y e r s A m e l i o r d s d a n s l a v i l l e d e . Interventions s u r I e s F i l i e r e s d'Approvisionnement Energie A p p o r t d ' E n g u e t e : M m e To m e t y A n a s t a s i e 1 9 8 9 2. F o u r n o N o f l i e - I m p r o v e d S t o v e s i n t h e Gambia Te r m i n a l P r o j e c t R e p o r t : D o r t h e r Vo n B i l l o w 1 9 8 4

3. R a p p o r t d u l e r S e m i n a i r e n a t i o n a l d ' E v a l u a t i o n d e s d types d e F o y e r s A m e l i o r t s e t d e s e l e c t i o n d e s pro1 diffuser Ministere du Plan: 1 9 8 4 4. R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y i n K e n y a Mark H a w k i n s - 1 9 8 7 5. M o d e r n S t o v e s f o r A l l Waclaw M i c u t a 1 9 8 1 B e l l e r i v e Foundation 6. D i s s e m i n a t i o n m a s s i v e d e s F o y e r s M e t a l l i q u e s A m e Senegal Consultants Report E l i s a b e t h C h a t a i n e t G . Madon (SEED) 1 9 8 8 7 . W o o d s t o v e s P r o d u c t i o n and D i s t r i b u t i o n F a c i l i t i e s i n Region An UNSO/UNIFEM F e a s i b i l i t y S t u d y - A p r i l 1 9 8 8

8 . U N P r o j e c t Compedium o n D e s e r t i f i c a t i o n C o n t r o l a n ( Development UNEP - 1 9 8 7 9. V a r i o u s P r o j e c t documents a n d T r i p a r t i t e R e v i e w R e

1 0 . 1 0 Y e a r s o f I m p r o v e d S t o v e s i n t h e S a h e l ( Te c h n o l o g - Choice o f Dissemination Strategies) Baya-Vuma A n t o i n e ; 1 9 8 9 .