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6 . RESEARCH In t h i s s e c t i o n we s h a l l d e t a i l t h e r e s e a r c h needs o f t h e w o r k sketched a b o v e . A m a j o r p r o b l e m i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n i s t h a t Hengnan a n d X i u s h u i c o u n t i e s h a v e n o s u p p o r t w h a t s o e v e r f r o m a n y research o r g a n i z a t i o n a t e i t h e r t h e c o u n t y o r p r e f e c t u r e l e v e l s while Kezuo i s more f o r t u n a t e i n t h i s r e g a r d . T h u s i n t h i s s e c t i o n w e w i l l c o n c e r n n o t o n l y w i t h r e s e a r c h nF-eis b u t a l s o provide a discussion on organizing f o r t h i s work.

The m o s t u r g e n t t e c h n i c a l r e s e a r c h n e e d i s a s y s t e m a t i c s t u d y o f the m e t h o d s o f c u t t i n g s t o v e c o s t s . F o u r a p p r o a c h e s a r e available. (a) T h e f i r s t a p p r o a c h i s p u r e l y a mechanical o n e 0 eeds o - cm ua t etr i ia ln ng t f pr he s e n et designs. (b) T h e s e c o n d o n e c o n c e r n s t h e c h i m n e y w h i c h r e q u i r e s b o t h thermo d y n a m i c a n d m e c h a n i c a l w o r k . (c) The t h i r d o n e i s t o l o o k f o r ceramic a l t e r n a t i v e s t o m e t a l i n s e r t s t h a t we have b e e n a d v o c a t i n g a s a d e s i g n o p t i o n . (d) T h e f o u r t h a p p r o a c h i s t o g o f o r a n a l l m e t a l s t o v e construction. We s h a l l p r o v i d e a b r i e f d i s c u s s i o n o n a l l t h e s e a s p e c t s .

6.1 Design Modifications t o Reduce Costs


F i g u r e 6 p r o v i d e s a s c h e m a t i c d i a g r a m o f t h e m o s t common s t o v e c o n f i g u r a t i o n e m p l o y e d i n Hengnan a n d X i u s h u i c o u n t i n s .

F i g u r e 6 : ( a ) S t o v e s i n Hengnan a n d X i u s b u i ; ( b ) S t o v e / K a n g i n K ez uo

I t i s u s e f u l t o compare t h i s w i t h t h e one employed i n Kezuo ( a l s o shown i n t h e f i g u r e ) . T w o s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s e m e r g e . T h e

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f i r s t o n e i s t h a t t h e Kezuo s t o v e i s a s i n g l e p a n o n e w h i l e t h e one i n Hengnan a n d X i u s h u i i s a d o u b l e p a n o n e . I t m i g h t b e w o r t h while t o c o n s i d e r a phased approach. A t t h e f i r s t i n s t a n c e b u i l d the i m p r o v e d c o o k s t o v e f o r t h e f a m i l y a n d c o n s i d e r t h e construction o f t h e stove f o r p i g feed preparation an year l a t e r. The s e c o n d d i f f e r e n c e l i e s i n t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s t o v e s i n Hengnan and X i u s h u i a r e b u i l t o n a p l a t f o r m t h a t i s 3 0 c m s o r m o r e i n h e i g h t a s opposed t o t h e 1 0 cms h e i g h t f o r t h e Kezuo d e s i g n . O f course t h e l a t t e r i s d i c t a t e d b y t h e f a c t t h a t t h e s t o v e i s connected t o t h e k a n g . T h u s i t seems w o r t h w h i l e t o r e d u c e t h e h e i g h t o f t h i s p l a t f o r m t o s o m e t h i n g l i k e 10cms. T h i s w i l l r e d u c e the number o f b r i c k s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e t o t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n b y a b o u t 25%. There w i l l b e p r o t e s t a t i o n s t h a t t h e c o o k i n g p o s t u r e i n t h e s e counties i s o n e o f standing.Nevertheless o n e sees much s h o r t e r coal s t o v e s b e i n g v i g o r o u s l y m a r k e t e d . T h e p r e s e n t d e s i g n approach i s o n e i n w h i c h t h e c o u n t y i s s e l l i n g a k i t c h e n a n d n o t a stove. The author's a t t i t u d e i n t h i s connection i s t o say: " By a l l means b u i l d a k i t c h e n f o r t h o s e who c a n a f f o r d ; b u t d o n ' t deny t h o s e , w h o c a n n o t a f f o r d , t h e b e n e f i t o f a f u e l s a v i n g stove." T h u s t h e r e i s a c a s e f o r l o o k i n g a t t h i s o p t i o n s e r i o u s l y. The n e x t o p t i o n i s t o c o n s t r u c t t h e p l a t f o r m w i t h j u s t s u p p o r t s and l e a v e t h e b o t t o m p o r t i o n h o l l o w a s s h o w n i n F i g . 7 .

F i g u r e 7 : A s u g g e s t e d d e s i g n f o r Hengnan a n d X i u s h u i

This h a s t h e a d d i t i o n a l advantage o f f u e l s t o r a g e space. T h e o t h e r o p t i o n i s t o make t h e p l a t f o r m w a l l s o u t o f b r i c k a n d f i l l t h e i n t e r i o r w i t h mud. T h e f i n a l o p t i o n i s t o c o n s t r u c t t h e w h o l e stove w i t h mud b l o c k s c o v e r i n g t h e m e t a l modules. T h e l a t t e r option w h i l e a t t r a c t i v e w i l l r e q u i r e constant maintenance. N o t a l l f a m i l i e s w i l l b e e i t h e r capable o r w i l l i n g t o provide t h i s m a i n t e n a n c e . A somewhat s u p e r i o r a p p r o a c h i s t o make c e m e n t m i x e d p r e s s e d mud b l o c k s . T h e p r e s s d e s i g n f o r t h i s i s k n o w n f o r a l o n g time a n d m a n y d e s i g n s a r e a v a i l a b l e ( s e e t h e s e c t i o n o n b r i q u e t t i n g ) . T h e maintenance requirements o f c o n s t r u c t i o n s w i t h 32

these b l o c k s a r e q u i t e s m a l l a n d much c h e a p e r t h a n b r i c k s . I t q u i t e p o s s i b l e t h a t n o t a l l customers would l i k e these ideas.

is

The e m p h a s i s s h o u l d b e o n p r o v i d i n g a p a c k a g e o f o p t i o n s t o t h e _customer t o c h o o s e f r o m . A S u g g e s t e d p a c k a g e f o r t h e i n i t i a l phase w i l l c o n s i s t o f : (a) t h e c u r r e n t d e s i g n ; (b) a s i n g l e p a n d e s i g n ; (c) l o w p l a t f o r m design; (d) h o l l o w p l a t f o r m d e s i g n ; ( e ) p l a t f o r m w i t h b r i c k w a l l s b u t f i l l e d w i t h mud; ( f ) a mud b l o c k c o n s t r u c t i o n ; a n d ( g ) a p r e s s e d mud b l o c k c o n s t r u c t i o n . We w o u l d l i k e t o r e p e a t t h a t t h e d i s c u s s i o n h e r e i s l i m i t e d t o the o u t e r body f o r t h e f a c t o r y produced c a s t i r o n modules.

6.2 The Chimney


We n o w move t o t h e c h i m n e y q u e s t i o n . T h i s i s a v e r y l a r g e p r o b l e m and r e q u i r e s s i g n i f i c a n t r e s e a r c h a t t e n t i o n f r o m a l l t h e t h r e e counties. V i r t u a l l y h a l f t h e c o s t o f a s t o v e goes towards t h e c h i m n e y. M o r e o v e r t h e c h i m n e y s i z e s a r e s i m p l y t o o l a r g e . T h e a u t h o r i s r e m i n d e d o f a s t a t e m e n t a f o r m e r c o l l e a g u e was f o n d o f making: " W h a t i s r e q u i r e d f o r g o o d c o m b u s t i o n i s d r a f t a n d n o t a hurricane!" From a s u p e r f i c i a l l o o k one cannot h e l p f e e l i n g t h a t the c h i m n e y s i n Hengnan a n d X i u s h u i a n d p o s s i b l y t h e summer o p e r a t i o n i n Kezuo g e n e r a t e a h u r r i c a n e r a t h e r t h a n d r a f t . The q u e s t i o n o f t h e p r o p e r s i z i n g o f t h e c h i m n e y s r e q u i r e s considerable amount o f r e s e a r c h . P r o p e r d r a f t s a r e f e a s i b l e o n l y when t h e c o m b u s t i o n r a t e i s m a t c h e d w i t h t h e f l o w r e s i s t a n c e s a t the f u e l d o o r , t h e h e a t t r a n s f e r p a s s a g e s a n d t h e c h i m n e y configuration t h e c h i m n e y h e i g h t a n d t h e f l o w a r e a c r o s s s e c t i o n . T h e problem i n Kezuo i s t h e d r a f t requirements f o r summer a n d w i n t e r o p e r a t i o n a r e d i f f e r e n t . T h e r e a s o n f o r t h i s i s t h a t t h e k a n g i s d i s c o n n e c t e d d u r i n g summer o p e r a t i o n . I t i s n o t clear t h a t a mere change i n t h e g r a t e s i z e s i s adequate. I n a d d i t i o n t h e chimney design i s s e n s i t i v e t o a l t i t u d e and ambient temperature. I t c a n b e e x p e c t e d t h a t p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r different conditions w i l l b e d i f f e r e n t . Some t h e o r e t i c a l a n d experimental s t u d i e s o n f l o w r e s i s t a n c e i n stoves a r e a v a i l a b l e e l s e w h e r e ( B u s s m a n n a n d K r i s h n a P r a s a d , 1 9 8 6 a n d Bussmann, 1 9 8 8 ) . These n e e d t o b e a d a p t e d f o r t h e s t o v e d e s i g n s t h a t a r e b e i n g used i n C h i n a . The o t h e r a s p e c t t h a t n e e d s t o r e c e i v e c o n s i d e r a t i o n i s t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n m a t e r i a l . C h i m n e y s c a n b e made o u t o f m e t a l , c e m e n t . different grades o f ceramic and o f course bricks. A l l t h e s e options n e e d t o b e s t u d i e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e f u e l u s e d a n d chimney m a i n t e n a n c e . C h i m n e y s r e q u i r e r e g u l a r c l e a n i n g , a n d t h e frequency o f c l e a n i n g w i l l d e p e n d u p o n t h e c o m b u s t i o n chamber design a n d t h e f u e l u s e d . W i t h o u t p r o p e r c o m b u s t i o n chamber design m e t a l chimneys c a n b u r n o u t t o o f a s t . S o o t d e p o s i t s i n other t y p e s o f chimneys c a n n o t o n l y produce adverse e f f e c t s o n the c o m b u s t i o n p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e s t o v e b u t c a n a l s o b e responsible f o r chimney f i r e s .

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In t h e o p i n i o n o f t h i s a u t h o r a major research e f f o r t i n t h i s whole a r e a i s e s s e n t i a l f o r o p t i m i z a t i o n o f s t o v e d e s i g n s i n Hengnan a n d X i u s h u i ( a n d p o s s i b l y m o s t p l a c e s i n C h i n a ) a n d o f the k a n g - s t o v e c o m b i n a t i o n i n Kazuo ( a n d p o s s i b l y o t h e r p l a c e s i n Northern C h i n a ) . T h e s e s t u d i e s s h o u l d i n c l u d e c o s t r e d u c t i o n methods a s w e l l . I t h a s t o b e d o n e a t t h e n a t i o n a l l e v e l a s w e l l as i n c o u p l e o f o t h e r p l a c e s - o n e i n t h e n o r t h a n d o n e i n t h e south. 6.3 The Ceramic I n s e r t Stove In s e c t i o n 5 . 1 w e h a v e p o i n t e d o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k b e i n g done i n t h e J i a n g x i p r o v i n c e o n t h e c e r a m i c i n s e r t s t o v e . W h i l e the a u t h o r i s n o t a w a r e o f t h e a c t u a l d e s i g n s b e i n g u s e d i n Jiangxi. t h e d e s i g n t h a t i s b e i n g promoted i n Indonesia. S r i Lanka a n d N e p a l i s s h o w n i n F i g . 8 ( C l a r k e . 1 9 8 5 ) .

Figure 8 : T h e p o t t e r y l i n e r s t o v e i n Indonesia

It i s n o t t h e intention t o suggest t h a t these designs a r e outstanding; t h e y d o r e q u i r e t o b e m o d i f i e d f o r a c h i e v i n g superior performance. I t i s merely t o draw a t t e n t i o n t o s i m i l a r work b e i n g d o n e e l s e w h e r e i n t h e w o r l d . A p a r t f r o m s t o v e configuration, considerable r e s e a r c h o n t h e q u a l i t y o f t h e material r e q u i r e d and t h e k i l n f i r i n g temperatures t o withstand the h i g h temperature t h e s t o v e body w i l l e n c o u n t e r i s i m p e r a t i v e . I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o remember t h a t b r i c k a n d t i l e i n d u s t r y n e e d s o f these p a r a m e t e r s a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t b e c a u s e t h e y a r e n o t c y c l i c a l l y exposed t o a h i g h temperature f l a m e 6.4 The M e t a l s t o v e Improved d e s i g n s o f m e t a l s t o v e s a r e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d i n many c o u n t r i e s . T h e c h a r c o a l s t o v e s i n T h a i l a n d a n d K e n y a a r e

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probably t h e m o s t s u c c e s s f u l examples (Chomcharan. 1 9 8 5 a n d Namuye 1 9 8 7 ) . D e s i g n s f o r b u r n i n g w o o d a r e b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d i n Niger a n d E t h i o p i a (Bussmann 1 9 8 7 a n d S i e l c k e n 1 9 8 7 ; s e e F i g . 9 for the stove i n Niger),

Figure 9: The metal s t o v e from Niger

As p o i n t e d o u t a l r e a d y s o m e o f t h e d e s i g n s b e i n g u s e d b y t h e s t r e e t f o o d vendors i n Yu N i n b e a r a s t r o n g resemblance t o t h e A f r i c a n stoves. T h e r e i s a l s o a n a l l m e t a l s t o v e d e s i g n mentioned i n t h e FA O p u b l i c a t i o n o n C h i n e s e s t o v e s . A c h e a p e r v e r s i o n o f

t h i s would be u s e f u l .

The wood s t o v e s c u r r e n t l y b e i n g disseminated i n A f r i c a d o n o t


have c e r a m i c l i n e r s . T h e l i n e r s w i l l n o t o n l y i m p r o v e t h e efficiency o f t h e s t o v e b u t w i l l a l s o r e d u c e t h e m e t a l requirements. T h e r e i s n o r e a s o n w h y t h e c o a l b r i q u e t t e s t o v e t h a t i s b e i n g i n t r o d u c e d i n Hengnan c a n n o t b e a d a p t e d t o a c c e p t

wood a s f u e l . Such a n adapted s t o v e w i l l r e q u i r e a chimney g i v e n


the p r e s e n t u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f combustion o f wood. S u c h a s t o v e c a n be e x p e c t e d t o b e m u c h c h e a p e r t h a n t h e c u r r e n t c r o p o f s t o v e s being introduced i n China.

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These m e t a l s t o v e s c a n i n p r i n c i p l e b e made o u t o f r e c y c l e d m e t a l sheets ( f o r example used o i l / t a r drums, o l d a u t o m o b i l e b o d i e s ) b y v i r t u a l l y s i n g l e - m a n o u t f i t s a s i s common i n t h e s o - c a l l e d informal s e c t o r i n d u s t r y i n u r b a n A f r i c a . T h e y o f c o u r s e a r e amenable t o b e made o u t o f n e w m e t a l a n d i n w o r k s h o p s o f t h e t y p e which a r e now p r o d u c i n g c o a l b r i q u e t t e s t o v e s . T h e n a t u r e o f w o r k Involved i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n has a l r e a d y been discussed i n s e c t i o n 5.1.

6.5 Space Heating i n Kezuo


We s h a l l n o w t u r n t o t h e s p e c i a l p r o b l e m o f K e z u o . T h e t h r e e p r i n c i p a l approaches b e i n g considered t o improve t h e i n d o o r a i r temperatures i n w i n t e r a r e : (a) i m p r o v e d kang; ( b ) i n s u l a t i n g homes: a n d (c) p r o v i d e f o r p a s s i v e / a c t i v e s o l a r h e a t i n g . The m o s t i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f r e s e a r c h i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n i s t o establish t h e extent o f increased comfort one could obtain from each o n e o f t h e s e a c t i v i t i e s . W h e n e v e r o n e p l a n s f o r s p a c e heating, i t i s extremely important t o c o l l e c t meteorological data on a d a y t o d a y b a s i s r o u n d t h e y e a r . T h e n e a r e s t m e t s t a t i o n i s the p r i n c i p a l s o u r c e o f t h i s d a t a . O f course temperature d a t a a r e much e a s i e r t o o b t a i n f r o m t h e r m o m e t e r s l o c a t e d a t a n y c o n v e n i e n t place i n a household, b u t w i n d v e l o c i t i e s a n d r a i n f a l l d a t a involve more s p e c i a l i z e d instrumentation. These d a t a need t o be related t o i n d o o r a i r temperatures a n d t h e t y p e o f h e a t i n g / insulation system being condidered. I n p a r t i c u l a r t h e operation o f t h e k a n g / s t o v e c o m b i n a t i o n i n s u m m e r, a u t u m n , w i n t e r a n d spring should be studied i n s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l . The c o u n t y i s i n t r o d u c i n g i n s u l a t e d w a l l s f o r n e w c o n s t r u c t i o n s . While t h i s i s u s e f u l i t i s n o t c l e a r whether t h i s approach was undertaken a f t e r a d e t a i l e d assessment o f t h e h e a t l o s s e s f r o m d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s . I n t h e p a s t 1 0 y e a r s enormous w o r k h a s b e e n done o n t h i s a s p e c t i n t h e i n d u s t r i a l i z e d c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d . I t i s n o t c l e a r h o w much o f t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n w a s a v a i l a b l e t o t h e s c i e n t i s t s a t K e z u o . W e s h a l l p r o v i d e some i n d i c a t i v e r e s u l t s o f work d o n e i n t h e N e t h e r l a n d s o n t h i s a s p e c t . T h e h e a t l o s s d i s t r i b u t i o n i n a n a v e r a g e h o u s e h o l d i s s h o w n i n Ta b l e 1 4 .

TABLE 14. HEAT LOSS DISTRIBUTION I N AN AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD I N THE NETHERLANDS ITEM
Ve n t i l a t i o n 2 Waste w a t e r 1 Losses f r o m r o o f , w a l l s , windows, a n d f l o o r s 6 4 0 6

One c o u l d p r o v i d e a m o r e d e t a i l e d b r e a k u p f o r t h e l a s t i t e m a s shown i n Ta b l e 1 5 .

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TABLE 1 5 . DISTRIBUTION OF LOSSES FROM ROOF, WALLS, WINDOWS AND FLOOR ITEM Roof Floor Wa l l s Windows 3 1 1 3 2 2 8 8

This w o r k a l s o p o i n t e d o u t t h e p o s s i b l e g a i n s t h a t c o u l d b e achieved b y a p p l y i n g i n s u l a t i o n t o t h e d i f f e r e n t sources o f l o s s . These a r e s h o w n i n Ta b l e 1 6 .

TABLE 1 6 . IMPROVEMENTS DERIVABLE BY APPLYING INSULATION (units: m 3 o f P a r t o f tn h ea t u N house ir n a ls u l g Windows a 6 Wa l l s 1 s Floor 8 e q u Roof i v 3 a

o a t 0 8 0 i o n

W i t h i n s u l a t i o n 3 8 4 4 0

l e n t / m These n u m b e r s 2 s h o w t h a t b l i n d l y a p p l y i n g i n s u l a t i o n t o some p a r t o f t h e b u i l d ia n g may n o t b e t h e m o s t p r o d u c t i v e a p p r o a c h t o e n e r g y c o n s e r v a t i o n .r I n t h e e x a m p l e w e h a v e b e e n w o r k i n g w i t h a p p l y i n g insulation t o e the r o o f w i l l provide an overall energy saving o f a b o u t 18%, w h i l e a p p l y i n g i t t o t h e w a l l s w i l l p r o v i d e o n l y 5% o f a savings. H e r e - a w o r d o f c a u t i o n i s e s s e n t i a l . T h e D u t c h ) architecture f a v o u r s t h e s o - c a l l e d r o w housing i n w h i c h a n average h o u s e w i l l l o s e h e a t o n l y f r o m t h e f r o n t a n d b a c k w a l l s and t h e r o o f w h i l e t h e s i d e w a l l s a r e s h a r e d w i t h t h e i r neighbours. Probably a m o r e i n d i c a t i v e l o s s p i c t u r e w i l l c o m e t h r o u g h comparison w i t h s u b u r b a n h o u s i n g i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s . A t a n y rate what t h e example i l l u s t r a t e s i s t h a t a d e t a i l e d energy l o s s p r o f i l e o f a b u i l d i n g i s a n a c t i v i t y t h a t needs t o b e undertaken to d i f f e r e n t c l a s s e s o f h o u s i n g i n Kezuo a n d p o s s i b l y i n o t h e r parts o f Northern China t o a r r i v e a t a n acceptable i n s u l a t i o n design. S i m i l a r w o r k needs t o b e done w i t h g l a s s windows f a c i n g s o u t h and net h e a t g a i n s t h r o u g h i t a n d t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n o f s o l a r a i r heaters. We w o u l d l i k e t o r e i t e r a t e t w o p o i n t s i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n . F i r s t l y an e n o r m o u s a m o u n t o f e x p e r t i s e i s a v a i l a b l e o n t h i s s u b j e c t I n t h e i n d u s t r i a l c o u n t r i e s o f t h e w o r l d : t h i s m u s t b e made u s e o f there i s l i t t l e p o i n t i n r e i n v e n t i n g t h e w h e e l . S e c o n d l y t h e r e s u l t s w o u l d n o t b e d i r e c t l y a p p l i c a b l e t o China. T h e r e needs t o 37

be c e r t a i n l e v e l o f a d a p t a t i o n o f t h e i d e a s f o r t h e p r e v a l e n t architectural a n d c l i m a t i c environment i n China. T h u s a major research e f f o r t a t t h e n a t i o n a l , p r o v i n c i a l a n d county l e v e l o n all a s p e c t s connected w i t h space h e a t i n g i s o f paramount importance t o t h e w e l f a r e and progress o f N o r t h e r n China.

6 . 6 D e n s i f i c a t i o n o f Biomass We h a v e a l r e a d y d i s c u s s e d t h e f u e l u s e i n t h e t h r e e c o u n t i e s a n d in a g l o b a l sense i n t h e whole o f China i n s c t i o n s 2 and 3 . A f a c t o f l i f e i n China i s t h e v e r y l a r g e amount o f a g r i c u l t u r a l residues used i n households f o r a l l t h e i r energy needs. Moreover even w h e n w o o d i s u s e d i t i s i n t h e f o r m o f t w i g s a n d t h i n branches. Q u i t e o f t e n t h e f u e l i s v i r t u a l l y g r e e n . I n a d d i t i o n the f u e l u s e d i s s t r o n g l y d e p e n d a n t o n t h e s e a s o n . l n t h i s connection I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o r e a l i z e t h a t a , stove _design I s s t r o n g l y dependant o n t h e t y p e o f f u e l used. I i i s i m p o s s i b l e t o make a g e n e r a l i z e d c l a i m o f t h e f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n a n d l i f e - t i m e o f stoves i n t h e a b s e n c e o f p r o p e r f u e l s p e c i f i c a t i o n s . T h i s engineering requirement h a s t o b e tempered w i t h t h e r e a l i t y o f rural l i f e . People tend t o use the f u e l t h a t i s accessible t o them i r r e s p e c t i v e o f i t s s u i t a b i l i t y f o r b u r n i n g i n a g i v e n design o f s t o v e . A n o t h e r o b v i o u s f e a t u r e o f t h i s s i t u a t i o n i s that f u e l a c c e s s i b i l i t y i s a s t r o n g f u n c t i o n c f t h e season. Thus irrespective o f t h e desire o f t h e stove engineer the r e a l i t y w i l l be t h a t p e o p l e w i l l u s e a l l s o r t s o f f u e l i n a s i n g l e s t o v e d e s i g n . T h e o n l y o p t i o n i n s u c h a c a s e i s t o f i n d w a y s a n d means o f m i n i m i z i n g t h e a d v e r s e consequences o f u s i n g a r b i t r a r y f u e l s In stove designs. Two p r o b l e m s n e e d t o b e a d d r e s s e d i n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n . F i r s t i s t o use a l w a y s a i r - d r i e d f u e l . W h i l e m o s t p e o p l e w o u l d l i k e t o u s e such a f u e l , i t i s e s s e n t i a l l y a q u e s t i o n o f a v a i l a b i l i t y o f fuel. Unless supply s i t u a t i o n d r a s t i c a l l y improves t h e r e i s v e r y l i t t l e one can do about i t . O f course i f a f u e l market i s operating o n a r e g u l a r basis one c o u l d consider r e g u l a t i n g t h e m a r k e t i n some m a n n e r - f o r e x a m p l e , o n e c o u l d make i t i l l e g a l t o s e l l w o o d w i t h a m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t h i g h e r t h a n 15%. T h e o p t i o n i s simply i n a p p l i c a b l e when i n d i v i d u a l households c o l l e c t f u e l f o r " f r e e " . A n o t h e r p o s s i b i l i t y i s t o p r o v i d e some s p a c e b e l o w t h y stove f o r s t o r i n g t h e f u e l f o r a t l e a s t 24 hours b e f o r e use. T h i s storage space can be e a s i l y incorporated i n t o t h e c u r r e n t c r o p o f designs. I t i s t h e second problem t h a t we w i l l c o n c e n t r a t e o n i n t h e r e s t of t h i s s e c t i o n . T h e problem concerns t h e u s e o f t w i g s a n d agricultural residues. T h i s . i n t h e opinion o f t h e present a u t h o r, i s a s i t u a t i o n one c a n d o s o m e t h i n g a b o u t . T h i s s o m e t h i n g concerns d e n s i f i c a t i o n . T w i g s a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s i d u e s a s t h e y are f i r e d o c c u p y v e r y l a r g e v o l u m e s c o m p r i s i n g g r e a t d e a l o f voids w h i c h d o n o t c o n t r i b u t e t o e n e r g y. T h u s w h e n a s t o v e , designed f o r o p e r a t i n g w i t h r e g u l a r p i e c e s o f wood t o p r o v i d e f o r a c e r t a i n r a t e o f burning ( o r i n other words t o generate a certain power), i s used w i t h twigs o r a g r i c u l t u r a l residues, i t tends t o s h o w c e r t a i n u n d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r e s i n o p e r a t i o n . T h e s e can b e o n e o r m o r e o f t h e f o l l o w i n g : a l o s s i n p o w e r : m o r e 38

frequent c h a r g i n g o f t h e s t o v e (presumably t o m a i n t a i n t h e desired power l e v e l ) ; f i l l i n g t h e combustion chamber w i t h t o o much f u e l l e a v i n g t o o l i t t l e r o o m f o r c o m p l e t i o n o f c o m b u s t i o n ; and i m p e r f e c t c o m b u s t i o n . I n m o s t c a s e s t h e r e w i l l b e p o o r combustion l e a d i n g t o u n d e s i r a b l e s o o t d e p o s i t s w h i c h m a y u l t i m a t e l y lead t o lowering f u e l e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e stove and also s e r i o u s l y undermine t h e l i f e t i m e o f t h e s t o v e . D e n s i f i c a t i o n t e n d s t o minimize t h e s e d e t r i m e n t a l consequences. There a r e many p r o c e d u r e s a v a i l a b l e t o d e n s i f y biomass f u e l s a n d we s h a l l s a t i s f y o u r s e l v e s b y s h o w i n g a s e r i e s o f d e v i c e s t h a t w i l l a s s i s t i n densifying twigs ( F i g . I D ; Micuta 1985). There i s very l i t t l e e l s e t o say about t h e s e devices s i n c e t h e r e have been no r e p o r t s a b o u t t h e i r u s e a n y w h e r e .

1
1

Figure 10: Simple devices f o r d e n s i f y i n g t w i g s

39

The s e c o n d c l a s s o f d e v i c e s p r o d u c e b r i q u e t t e s f r o m a g r i c u l t u r a l residues. T h e r e a r e t w o approaches p o s s i b l e f o r t h i s . T h e f i r s t is t h e l a r g e s c a l e p l a n t . T h e s e a r e - s c r e w o r p i s t o n t y p e e x t r u s i o n d e v i c e s p r o d u c i n g b r i q u e t t e s i n a c o n t i n u o u s m a n n e r. They o p e r a t e a t v e r y h i g h p r e s s u r e s o f a b o u t 1 0 0 0 k g / c m 2 a n d a r e said t o b e a v a i l a b l e i n c a p a c i t i e s o f 1 0 0 t o 3000 k g / h o u r. T h e y p r o d u c e b r i q u e t t e s i n t h e s i z e r a n g e o f 3 0 t o 7 5 mm d i a m e t e r . They c a n b e e a s i l y b r o k e n i n l e n g t h s o f 2 5 mm. A 5 0 0 k g / h o u r plant r e q u i r e s a 7 5 kW motor t o d r i v e i t . I n a d d i t i o n t h e s e machines r e q u i r e a c e r t a i n l e v e l o f u p s t r e a m p r o c e s s i n g e q u i p m e n t for shredding and d r y i n g . A concise description o f costs o f d i ff e r e n t options i s available in L e a c h a n d Cowen ( 1 9 8 7 ) . I t appears f r o m t h i s t h a t t h e delivered c o s t o f b r i q u e t t e s i s about 9 US cents p e r k g f o r cereal s t r a w. T h i s i s a t l e a s t 7 times t h e c o s t o f c o a l i n China and p r i m a f a c i e u n w o r k a b l e . B u t a c l o s e r e x a m i n a t i o n o f h o w t h e s e costs w e r e a r r i v e d a t r e v e a l s a n o t h e r s t o r y . We s h a l l u s e t h e data f r o m E t h i o p i a f o r t h i s purpose ( Wo r l d Bank 1986). T h i s i s a large p l a n t processing 5 . 0 0 0 t o n s o f wheat s t r a w p e r y e a r. T h e b r i q u e t t i n g machine i t s e l f c o s t s 2 1 5 , 0 0 0 US$. B u t t h e equipment c o s t i s w o r k e d o u t t o b e 5 5 9 , 1 0 0 US$. T h i s a d d i t i o n a l money g o e s for whole l o t o f o t h e r equipment l i k e c o l l e c t i o n equipment (tractors e t c . c o s t i n g 98,500 US$). s t o r a g e , conveyors. s i l o s . etc. ( c o s t 55,500 US$), e l e c t r i c a l generator/transformer ( c o s t 11 8 , 5 0 0 U S $ ) . O n e c a n g o o n e n u m e r a t i n g o t h e r c o s t s b u t i t i s sufficient t o state here t h a t the cost o f delivered briquette i s a b o u t 1 1 . 5 US c e n t s p e r k g . T h e b e s t f i g u r e s t h e a u t h o r w a s a b l e t o f i n d was f r o m T h a i l a n d ( H o ff m a n n Systems E n g i n e e r i n g 1988) T h e b r i q u e t t i n g p r e s s a n d t h e r o t a r y d r i e r c o s t w a s u n d e r 10.000USS. The s y s t e m i s u s e d f o r s a w d u s t a n d h a s a p r o d u c t i o n r a t e o f 1 8 0 k g / h o u r. I t i s d r i v e n b y a 1 5 k W e l e c t r i c m o t o r . A p l a n t u s i n g 4 presses a n d a s s o c i a t e d e q u i p m e n t p r o d u c e s a b o u t 7 0 t o n s o f saleable b r i q u e t t e s p e r month a t a c o s t o f 3 US Cents p e r k g s t i l l n o t c o m p e t i t i v e w i t h c o a l i n China. At t h e o t h e r e x t r e m e s t a n d s h r i q u e t t i n g a l a a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n o l o g y. S o m e o f t h e s e a r e d i s c u s s e d b y M i c u t a ( 1 9 8 5 ) . M o s t o f these p r o c e s s e s r e q u i r e some s o r t o f b i n d e r . A n i m a l manure i s a strong p o s s i b i l i t y and o t h e r s a r e t a r , r e s i n e t c . depending o n the a v a i l a b i l i t y . To o l s w o u l d b e r e q u i r e d t o chop t h e r e s i d u e t o smaller p i e c e s . F i g u r e 11 shows a s k e t c h o f t h e p r e s s . T h i s i s s i m i l a r t o t h e p r e s s designed b y t h e Inter-American Housing and P l a n n i n g C e n t r e i n C o l u m b i a a n d i s c a l l e d C I N VA r a m a n d i s u s e d t o make mud b l o c k s w i t h m i x t u r e s o f mud a n d c e m e n t . T h e mud b l o c k press i n I n d i a c o s t s a b o u t 7 5 0 US$ ( K h o s l a 1 9 8 7 ) . I t p r o b a b l y w i l l n o t be v e r y d i f f e r e n t i n China. T h e press i s s t a t e d t o e x e r t a p r e s s u r e o f 1 0 k g / c m 2. T h e w h o l e p r o c e s s i s l a b o u r i n t e n s i v e and v e r y l i t t l e i n f o r m a t i o n e x i s t s o n t h e r a t e o f p r o d u c t i o n o f these equipment when a p p l i e d t o t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f b r i q u e t t e s . On b a l a n c e t h e a u t h o r t e n d s t o f a v o u r t h e m e c h a n i c a l p r e s s s y s t e m for production o f b r i q u e t t e s r a t h e r t h a n t h e hand operated system. L o o k i n g a t t h e d a t a w e h a v e a s s e m b l e d b e f o r e o n t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s i d u e u s e i n C h i n a a n d i f w e assume t h a t a n

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Figure 11 : Manual b r i q u e t t i n g p r e s s

average v i l l a g e h a s a p o p u l a t i o n o f 5 0 0 , t h e a n n u a l a m o u n t o f residues t o b e processed i s a b o u t 200,000 k g . T h e T h a i machine can b e k e p t b u s y o n l y f o r 11 0 0 h r s i n t h e y e a r . T h i s i s t o o s m a l l a c a p a c i t y u t i l i z a t i o n f a c t o r and t h u s even t h i s machine needs t o be s c a l e d d o w n t o a t h i r d o f i t s s i z e . T h e a u t h o r d o e s n o t s e e any r e a s o n w h y s u c h s c a l i n g d o w n i s n o t f e a s i b l e i n p a r t i c u l a r i f one n o t e s t h a t 5 kW pumps a n d d i e s e l e n g i n e s h a v e b e e n o p e r a t i n g s u c c e s s f u l l y. T h e method o f o p e r a t i n g t h e maehine i s t o m i m i c t h e small s c a l e f l o u r m i l l w h e r e t h e u s e r c a r r i e s h i s / h e r g r a i n i n quantities o f t h e order o f 5 t o 10 kg t o be converted i n t o f l o u r. Such m i l l s a r e b e i n g v e r y s u c c e s s f u l l y o p e r a t e d i n I n d i a f o r many years n o w. T h e a u t h o r presumes t h a t s i m i l a r s y s t e m s e x i s t i n China. T h e i d e a i s f o r t h e u s e r t o c a r r y t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l r e s i d u e he/she i n t e n d s t o b u r n t o t h e b r i q u e t t i n g m i l l a n d g e t i t b r i q u e t t e d . P r o b a b l y t h e u s e r w i l l a t b e s t b r i n g a w e e k ' s s u p p l y. roughly 3 0 k g , a t a t i m e . T h e w h o l e o p e r a t i o n w i l l i n v o l v e shredding, d r y i n g and b r i q u e t t i n g and w i l l t a k e about a n hour and a h a l f t o complete. W i t h a b i t o f o r g a n i z a t i o n i t may j u s t b e possible t o drop t h e waste a t t h e m i l l i n t h e morning and p i c k up the f i n i s h e d p r o d u c t i n t h e e v e n i n g . T h e m e r i t o f t h e s y s t e m i s t h a t t h e o v e r h e a d a n d t r a n s p o r t c o s t s a r e h e l d t o a minimum. S u c h a system might j u s t prove t o b e competitive w i t h current c o a l prices. I n view o f t h e expected increases i n coal p r i c e s i t i s highly p r o b a b l e t h a t considerable amounts o f a g r i c u l t u r a l residues w i l l c o n t i n u e t o b e u s e d i n households w e l l i n t o t h e

41

twentyfirst c e n t u r y . investigation.

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The w h o l e b u s i n e s s r e q u i r e s c o n s i d e r a b l e r e s e a r c h t o s c a l e d o w n the e q u i p m e n t . I t i s t o b e emphasized s c a l i n g down i s n o t m e r e l y producing a g e o m e t r i c a l l y s i m i l a r b u t s m a l l e r s i z e machine. I t w i l l r e q u i r e i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y a c o m p l e t e l y new d e s i g n . T h e o n l y t h i n g i t may b e a b l e t o u s e i s t h e c o n c e p t o f b r i q u e t t i n g t h r o u g h the u s e o f h i g h p r e s s u r e a n d h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e p r o c e s s . T h e machine O ' r o b a b l y w i l l r e q u i r e t o b e a d a p t e d t o d i f f e r e n t t y p e s o f residues. I n e v i t a b l y o n c e t h e machine i s b u i l t a n d t e s t e d , i t w i l l have t o be r u n on a p i l o t scale i n several v i l l a g e s . A t t h i s stage t h e f i n a n c i a l a n d economic v i a b i l i t y o f t h e s y s t e m c a n b e assessed u n d e r t h e r u r a l c o n d i t i o n s i n C h i n a . A f t e r t h i s s t a g e l a r g e s c a l e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f t h e t e c h n o l o g y c a n commence. I f t h e system s t a r t s w o r k i n g o n e c a n e x p e c t t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e a demand f o r a m i l l i o n o r more u n i t s , A l a r g e e n g i n e e r i n g f a c t o r y c a n t a k e up t h e p r o d u c t i o n a t a n a n n u a l r a t e o f a b o u t 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 u n i t s p e r y e a r. T h e T h a i s y s t e m i s s a i d t o h a v e a l i f e - t i m e o f 6 y e a r s . Assuming s i m i l a r l i f e - t i m e s t h e f a c t o r y c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o satisfy a b o u t 50% o f t h e market. I f t h e technology i s made available o n t h i s s c a l e t h e chance o f i t s o p e r a t i o n o n a s e l f - s u s t a i n i n g b a s i s i s q u i t e h i g h and w i l l r e q u i r e l i t t l e o r no government s u p p o r t . The w o r k o n b r i q u e t t i n g m a c h i n e s w i l l h a v e t o b e s u p p l e m e n t e d b y some w o r k o n s t o v e s . S t o v e s t h a t a r e d e s i g n e d t o b u r n w o o d r e q u i r e some m o d i f i c a t i o n . Some o f t h e s e a r e t r e a t e d e l s e w h e r e b y the a u t h o r ( K r i s h n a P r a s a d 1 9 8 6 ) . O n e o t h e r p o i n t a b o u t b r i q u e t t e s i s t h a t t h e y a r e n o t a s e a s y a s wood t o l i g h t . B u t i t cannot b e a n y w o r s e t h a n t h e c o a l b r i q u e t t e s w h i c h a r e c u r r e n t l y b e i n g u s e d i n C h i n e s e r u r a l homes r a t h e r s u c c e s s f u l l y .

6.7 Evaluation o f t h e Stove programme i n China


In t h e l i g h t o f t h e t h r e e c o u n t y s t u d i e s u n d e r t a k e n t h e a u t h o r feels t h a t i t i s w o r t h w h i l e t o make a f e w suggestions o n t h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e t o t a l s t o v e programme i n C h i n a . An i m p o r t a n t a s p e c t o f t h e e v a l u a t i o n i s : h o w m a n y s t o v e s w e r e introduced i n a given time? A t l e a s t as f a r as t h e present author is concerned h e i s n o t a t a l l s u r e what a statement l i k e , " 8 0 million stoves have been introduced i n China b y March 1988". means. T h i s s t a t e m e n t r a i s e s a w h o l e h o s t o f q u e s t i o n s . S o m e o f them c a n b e l i s t e d . H o w w a s t h e n u m b e r o b t a i n e d ? T h r o u g h information f r o m t h e provinces? T h i s i s probably r i g h t . How d i d the p r o v i n c e g e t i t ? P r o b a b l y f r o m t h e c o u n t i e s . T h a t s e e m s reasonable. How d i d t h e c o u n t y g e t i t s number? From t h e t r a i n e e s . In o t h e r w o r d s i n t h i s l o n g c h a i n o f i n f o r m a t i o n t r a n s f e r , t h e r e l i a b i l i t y o f t h e f i n a l number i s dependant o n t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of t h e i n f o r m a t i o n provided by t h e t r a i n e e . I n t h e present system the method o f f u n c t i o n i n g o f t h e t r a i n e e i s n o t t r a n s p a r e n t a t a l l . I f even t h i s f o r very simple information r e l i a b i l i t y can not be a s s u r e d , w e c a n s a y m u c h l e s s a b o u t t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f t h e trainee and t h e q u a l i t y o f h i s / h e r work.

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Another s e t o f q u e s t i o n s c a n r u n a s f o l l o w s , I m p r o v e d s t o v e s a r e being i n t r o d u c e d i n China s i n c e 1983 o r s o , Does t h e 8 0 m i l l i o n alluded t o above r e f e r t o t h e t o t a l number o f s t o v e s b u i l t s i n c e then? I f t h e a n s w e r i s y e s , t h e n f o l l o w s t h e q u e s t i o n : h o w many stoves b u i l t i n 1983 a r e s t i l l o p e r a t i o n a l ? I n o t h e r words w h a t we a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n i s t h e n u m b e r o f s t o v e s i n a c t u a l o p e r a t i o n a t a n y g i v e n t i m e and n o t t h e s t o v e s b u i l t . A n d t h e n how w e l l a r e they o p e r a t i n g ? The answer t o t h e s e q u e s t i o n s a r e i m p o r t a n t f r o m at l e a s t t h r e e p o i n t s . F r o m t h e g l o b a l e n e r g y p l a n n i n g perspective, one can determine whether t h e conservation o f energy strategy i s working a t a l l . I f i t i s n o t working, i s t h e f a i l u r e limited t o 50% o r i s i t more? The second p o i n t i s a b o u t t h e technical d e s i g n . What f e a t u r e s need a t t e n t i o n t o improve o n t h e present success r a t e ? The t h i r d p o i n t concerns t h e p r o d u c t i o n . I s t h i s t h e b o t t l e n e c k ? I f i t i s s o h o w c a n we i m p r o v e t h e s y s t e m ? The e v a l u a t i o n a l s o s h o u l d t a b u l a t e t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f d e s i g n s that h a v e b e e n introduced a n d t h e number o f s t o v e s o f e a c h d e s i g n . I n p a r t i c u l a r h o w many o f t h e n e w s t o v e s a r e r e t r o f i t s . If t h e r e t r o f i t s a r e anything l i k e t h e ones i n Xiushul t h e r e needs t o b e a s e r i o u s r e t h i n k o v e r t h e i s s u e o f f u e l conservation. The p r e s e n t s u r v e y i n f e r r e d t h e f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n o f s t o v e s t h r o u g h r e c a l l o f t h e h o u s e h o l d members. W h i l e t h i s i s u s e f u l , f o r d e r i v i n g an o v e r a l l p i c t u r e o f energy consumption i t i s o f l i t t l e value f o r t h e s t o v e d e s i g n e r. W h a t i s r e q u i r e d i s a n a c t u a l measurement o f t h e f u e l consumed a s a f u n c t i o n o f : (a) q u a n t i t y and t y p e o f f o o d cooked; (b) t h e t y p e o f f u e l u s e d ; a n d (c) t h e s t o v e design. On t h e f a c e o f i t t h i s d o e s n o t a p p e a r p a r t i c u l a r l y d a u n t i n g . B u t in a c t u a l p r a c t i c e t h i s i s a n enormous e n t e r p r i s e . T h e f o o d v a r i e s according t o b r e a k f a s t , l u n c h and d i n n e r, t h e f a m i l y s i z e , and p o s s i b l y t h e s e a s o n s . T h e f u e l u s e i s s t r o n g l y d e p e n d a n t o n i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y which i n most a g r i c u l t u r a l communities v a r i e s w i t h season. F i n a l l y s t o v e o p e r a t i o n i s c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e design; q u i t e o f t e n t h e n e w e r d e s i g n s d o demand c h a n g e s i n o p e r a t i o n a l procedures a s compared t o t h e t r a d i t i o n a l o n e s . Superimposed upon this i s t h e f a c t t h a t China i s a very l a r g e country and a l l t h e above a s p e c t s c a n b e e x p e c t e d t o s h o w s u b s t a n t i a l d i f f e r e n c e s among t h e d i f f e r e n t r e g i o n s . C a r e f u l o b s e r v a t i o n o f a l l t h e s e aspects r e q u i r e s a t l e a s t a n y e a r ' s work. Considerable a t t e n t i o n t o choosing t h e sample i s e s s e n t i a l . T h e sample l o c a t i o n , s i z e a n d q u a l i t y a r e o f i m p o r t a n c e i f t h e information has t o b e used f o r o t h e r purposes. I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e are t w o o t h e r p o i n t s t h a t need t o b e mentioned h e r e . T h e w o r k i s a s e r i o u s i n t r u s i o n n o t o n l y o n t h e p r i v a c y o f t h e household c o n c e r n e d b u t a l s o o n i t s r o u t i n e w o r k . S e c o n d l y, t h e p r o c e s s o f observation changes t h e behaviour o f t h e c o o k v i r t u a l l y i n a n unknown m a n n e r. T h i s s h o u l d b e b o r n e i n m i n d w h i l e i n t e r p r e t i n g the i n f o r m a t i o n c o l l e c t e d . R e s e a r c h o f t h i s t y p e r e q u i r e s t h e a c t i v e c o o p e r a t i o n o f t h e households concerned!

43

What w o u l d b e t h e u s e o f s u c h i n f o r m a t i o n ? I t w i l l p r o v i d e f o r a s t a r t a n estimate o f t h e f u e l consumption under a c t u a l o p e r a t i n g conditions i n c o n t r a s t t o w h a t i s i n f e r r e d f r o m l a b o r a t o r y experiments. T h e i n f e r e n c e o f f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n f r o m l a b o r a t o r y experiments h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d i n s e c t i o n 4 T h a t d i s c u s s i o n provides t h e l o w e r l i m i t o f t h e f u e l consumption t h a t a g i v e n stove w i l l a c h i e v e g i v e n t h e q u a n t i t y o f f o o d t o b e cooked a n d the t y p e o f c o o k i n g . However i n a c t u a l u s e i t i s t o b e e x p e c t e d t h a t f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n will b e l a r g e r than t h e above and t h e t y p e o f research recommended h e r e w i l l y i e l d i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t w i l l s u g g e s t r e a s o n s f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e s . O n c e t h e s e reasons a r e c l e a r l y known, i t would b e p o s s i b l e t o s u g g e s t t r a i n i n g p r o c e d u r e s t o t h e u s e r s t o achieve t h e b e s t p o s s i b l e r e s u l t f r o m a g i v e n design. I n a d d i t i o n the r e s e a r c h c a n p r o v i d e i n p u t s t o improve t h e t e c h n i c a l d e s i g n of t h e s t o v e . T h e s e c o n d t y p e o f i n f o r m a t i o n concerns t h e performance o f t h e s t o v e a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e _fuel. F o r example i f p e o p l e change t h e f u e l a s a f u n c t i o n o f t l e season and t h e r e is a s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n f u e l consumption i t m a y b e possible t o change t h e d e s i g n o f t h e s t o v e t o h a n d l e t h i s v a r i a t i o n ( s e e Krishna Prasad 1986 f o r a q u a l i t a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n of the problem). I t i s i m p o r t a n t t o p o i n t o u t h e r e t h e d i s t i n c t i o n among t h e t y p e of s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d a s p a r t o f t h e p r e s a n t p r o j e c t , t h e monitoring a c t i v i t y suggested e a r l i e r and t h e research we have Indicated i n t h i s section. The l a s t one i s expected t o provide detailed engineering information f o r generating improved s t o v e designs. T h i s w o r k i s w o r t h w h i l e i f t h e e x p e c t a t i o n i s t h a t replacement o f biomass b y f o s s i l s i s u n l i k e l y i n t h e f o r e s e e a b l e future. In t h i s w o r k we h a v e advocated t h e a d o p t i o n o f f a c t o r y produced modules o r w h o l e s t o v e s . H o w e v e r t h e r e a p p e a r s t o b e v e r y f e w stoves o f t h i s t y p e i n r e a l i t y . I f w e a r e c o n v i n c e d t h a t t h i s should b e t h e a p p r o a c h t h e n w e n e e d t o c l e a r l y e s t a b l i s h w h a t type o f i n f o r m a t i o n we n e e d t o p o p u l a r i z e t h e new p r o d u c t . I t i s quite probable t h a t t h i s type o f design i s n o t favoured b y t h e counties o r provinces. Moreover we have advneated t h e p r o v i s i o n o f c h o i c e s t o t h e u s e r . T h e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e p r e s e n t programme s h o u l d a d d r e s s t h e u s e r p e r c e p t i o n s r a t h e r c a r e f u l l y . Some o f t h e questions t h a t c o u l d b e answered t h r o u g h such a n e v a l u a t i o n a r e l i s t e d b e l o w. (a) O n e c o u l d c o n s t r u c t t h e p r o f i l e o f t h e u s e r h o u s e h o l d s vis-a-vis nonuser households. F o r example i f s u c h a n excercise leads t o t h e information t h a t t h e current users are a l l w e l l - t o - d o people, i t i s obvious t h a t we need cheaper stoves. (b) T h e s e c o n d i s t h a t t h e r e a r e a number o f d e s i g n s t h a t a r e being p r o m o t e d . W h i c h i s t h e m o s t p o p u l a r a n d w h y ? Information o n t h i s aspect c o u l d l e a d t o t h e discontinuance o f c e r t a i n models f r o m t h e p r e s e n t r e p e r t o i r e . (c) I s t h e r e a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n f u e l consumption? I s there a s i g n i f i c a n t r e d u c t i o n i n t h e l a b o u r i n v e s t e d i n f u e l collection? I s t h e r e s i g n i f i c a n t improvement i n household appearance? S o o n a n d s o f o r t h . 44

(d)

If t h e r e a r e doubts about changing o v e r t o t h e f a c t o r y -produced s t o v e m o d u l e s , t h e s u r v e y c o u l d b e u t i l i z e d t o examine t h e t r a i n i n g p r o g r a m m e , t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e trainees o n t h e ground, t h e process o f conveying information to prospective c l i e n t s about t h e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f such stoves and o n c e t h e s t o v e s a r e i n s t a l l e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n h o w t o u s e the s t o v e s , t h e o p i n i o n s o f t h e t r a i n e e s o n t h e s t o v e d e s i g n and t h e w h o l e a c t i v i t y , d e m a n d s o n s u p e r v i s i o n , t h e performance o f t h e s t o v e s a c t u a l l y b u i l t , l i f e t i m e o f t h e stoves, a n d t h e c o s t s i n v o l v e d a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s - t h e u s e r, t h e c o u n t y, t h e c e n t r a l government. T h e r e w i l l n o d o u b t be o t h e r p o i n t s o n w h i c h i n f o r m a t i o n c o u l d b e s o u g h t .

While d e s i g n i n g t h e e v a l u a t i o n t h e l e s s o n s l e a r n t f r o m t h e s u r v e y conducted a s p a r t o f t h e p r e s e n t p r o j e c t - b o t h i n t e r m s o f d e s i g n and i n t e r m s o f e x e c u t i o n - s h o u l d b e t a k e n n o t e o f . O n e t h i n g that s t r i k e s a n engineer l i k e t h e present a u t h o r i s t h a t t h e survey w a s f a r t o o e x h a u s t i v e a n d e x h a u s t i n g t o c o n d u c t . A nation-wide e f f o r t l i k e t h e one being suggested w i l l o b v i o u s l y require s h o r t c u t s . I n t h i s connection one should keep i n mind that s u r v e y i s a research t o o l a n d research i s a n expensive business. I f w e t r e a t s t o v e b u s i n e s s a s a n i n d u s t r y , t h e investment i n research should b e j u d g e d a g a i n s t t h e i t s u t i l i t y . Thus t h e s u r v e y c o u l d c o v e r a l a r g e s a m p l e w i t h 5 q u e s t i o n s o r a n i n - d e p t h s u r v e y f o r a f e w sample- T h e f o r m e r i s a q u i c k and d i r t y job t o p r o v i d e a g l o b a l p i c t u r e w h i l e t h e l a t t e r c o u l d b e e x t r e m e l y u s e f u l i n p r o v i d i n g d e s i g n i n p u t s . Summing u p . s u c h a n evaluation c o u l d b e v e r y u s e f u l a n d e v e n v i t a l f o r planning f u r t h e r w o r k o n h o u s e h o l d e n e r g y.

6.8 Miscellaneous
We s h a l l j u s t m e n t i o n t w o i t e m s o f r e s e a r c h t h a t w o u l d b e u s e f u l t o c a r r y o u t f r o m a l o n g t e r m p o i n t o f v i e w . Among t h e many o n e c o u l d d r e a m u p , t w o seem o b v i o u s l y i m p o r t a n t , (a) C l e a n combustion (b) I n d o o r a i r q u These a research t o p i c s would b e o f importance t o b o t h c o a l a n d biomass stoves. lity In t h i s s t u d y we have f o r a l l p r a c t i c a l purposes i g n o r e d t h e p i g feed q u e s t i o n . T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l r e a s o n s f o r t h i s . F i r s t l y i n terms o f s t o v e d e s i g n t h e r e i s n o t m u c h d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a stove f o r p i g f e e d p r e p a r a t i o n a n d a c o o k s t o v e . S e c o n d l y t h e raising o f p i g s i s a commercial p r o p s i t i o n f o r t h e households. However t h e e n e r g y u s e i s l a b e l e d a s h o u s e h o l d e n e r g y. T h i r d l y i t Is n o t a t a l l c l e a r whether t h e adoption o f biogas f o r households with 5 o r more p i g s i s o n t h e one hand a v i a b l e f i n a n c i a l p r o p o s i t i o n and o n t h e o t h e r hand t h e gas i s s u f f i c i e n t t o cook a l l t h e f e e d . Whatever i s t h e outcome o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i t w i l l l e a v e o u t t h e m a j o r i t y o f t h e households who own o n e o r t w o pigs. O f course i f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n t u r n s o u t t o be i n favour o f biogas p l a n t s o n e c o u l d c o n s i d e r persuading s e v e r a l f a m i l i e s t o pool t h e i r r e s o u r c e s a n d p u t u p b i o g a s p l a n t s o n a j o i n t ownership b a s i s . T h i s i s n o t a n easy approach and w i l l b e v i e w e d with a g r e a t d e a l o f s u s p i c i o n b y most f a r m i n g households. I t requires g r e a t d e a l o f p a t i e n t n e g o t i a t i o n a n d i s a l o n g h a u l 45

operation. F i n a l l y a companion n o t e t o t h i s p a p e r d i s c u s s e s various a l t e r n a t i v e s o f p r o v i d i n g f o r p i g f o o d w i t h o u t t h e present l e v e l o f energy u s e . A t a n y r a t e t h i s i s a n o t h e r aspect that merits special research attention at the national l e v e l .

6.9 O r g a n i z a t i o n f o r Research We h a v e a l r e a d y p o i n t e d o u t t h e f a c t a b o u t r e s e a r c h b e i n g expensive and a s s u c h i t has t o b e concentrated i n a f e w p l a c e s i n t h e c o u n t r y. We w o u l d l i k e t o emphasize t h e w o r d * f e w ' : i t should n o t b e o n e . I n t h i s s e c t i o n we s h a l l t r y a n d i n d i c a t e a few e x i s t i n g p l a c e s w h e r e r e s e a r c h w o r k c o u l d b e s t r e n g t h e n e d b y p o s s i b l y e x p a n d i n g t h e m i f n e c e s s a r y. (a) T h e o b v i o u s c a n d i d a t e t o d o t h e w o r k a t a n a t i o n a l l e v e l i s CAAERP. I t s s t o v e u n i t n e e d s t o b e e x p a n d e d a n d s h o u l d concentrate among o t h e r t h i n g s o n : ( i ) d e s i g n development studies ( i n c l u d i n g t h e chimney s t u d i e s i n d i c a t e d e a r l i e r ) ; ( i i ) f u e l characterization and i t s e f f e c t o n design; ( i l l ) preparation o f d e s i g n manuals; ( i v ) e v a l u a t i o n methodology; (v) t r a i n i n g ; e t c . . I t c o u l d a l s o b e e n t r u s t e d w i t h t h e t a s k of r u n n i n g a n a t i o n a l j o u r n a l o n a l l a s p e c t s o f biomass u t i l i z a t i o n i n China, (b) The development o f t h e b r i q u e t t i n g p r e s s i s a s p e c i a l i z e d task and p r o b a b l y s h o u l d b e e n t r u s t e d t o a n i n s t i t u t e t h a t specializes i n d e v e l o p i n g a g r i c u l t u r a l m a c h i n e r y ; i n p r i n c i p l e i t c o u l d b e a l a b o r a t o r y a t t a c h e d t o a n i n d u s t r y. (c) I t i s s t r o n g l y u r g e d t h a t e v e r y p r o v i n c e s h o u l d h a v e a research u n i t t h a t c a n undertake s t o v e t e s t i n g a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m e t h o d s i n d i c a t e d b y CAAERP, c a r r y o u t c o s t c u t t i n g approaches t o e x i s t i n g d e s i g n s a n d m o n i t o r i n g t h e p r o d u c t i o n . marketing and monitoring t a s k s i n t h e province. I n p r i n c i p l e these i n s t i t u t i o n s i n t i m e c o u l d d e v e l o p i n t o c o m p e t e n t research o r g a n i z a t i o n s o f n a t i o n a l s t a t u r e . (d) T h e r e a r e t w o i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t a r e w o r k i n g o n space h e a t i n g problems i n t h e p r o v i n c e s o f L i a o n i n g and H e i l o n g j i a n g . T h e r e presumably a r e o t h e r s a s w e l l . .Probably t h e r e i s a c a s e f o r developing a n a t i o n a l c e n t r e f o r s p a c e h e a t i n g r e s e a r c h concerning a l l t h e c o u n t i e s o f N o r t h e r n China. (e) I t m i g h t b e w o r t h w h i l e t o p e r s u a d e / s t i m u l a t e t h e t e c h n i c a l education i n s t i t u t i o n s / u n i v e r s i t i e s t o c o n d u c t r e s e a r c h o n clean combustion o f w o o d a n d i n d o o r a i r q u a l i t y t h r o u g h i n s t i t u t i n g a system o f p r o v i d i n g research g r a n t s . (f) I t i s worthwhile t o develop regular collaborative research a c t i v i t y w i t h o t h e r i n t e r n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t i o n s engaged i n similar research. The v i s i t s t o t h e c o u n t i e s o f Hengnan a n d X i u s h u i l e f t t h e a u t h o r with t h e helpless impression t h a t as f a r a s these counties were concerned B e i j i n g i s a s f a r o f f a s E i n d h o v e n . T h e r e i s a n u r g e n t need t o i m p r o v e t h e c o m m u n i c a t i o n a t t h e t e c h n i c a l l e v e l a m o n g the v a r i o u s a g e n c i e s i n v o l v e d i n s t o v e w o r k a t t h e c o u n t y , provincial and national levels.

46

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The m a j o r c o n c l u s i o n t h a t a r i s e s f r o m t h i s s t u d y i s t h a t a l l t h e three counties v i s i t e d s u f f e r from serious snortages o f energy i n the r u r a l a r e a s ; h o u s e h o l d s a n d i n d u s t r i e s seem t o b e e q u a l l y a ff e c t e d b y i t . M a n y households h a v e t o make d o w i t h whatever fuel i s ' a v a i l a b l e a n d i n many c a s e s h a v e b e e n f o r c e d t o c o o k fewer m e a l s p e r d a y. I n d u s t r i e s h a v e t o c u I 1 t h e i r p r o d u c t i o n schedules. A l l t h r e e c o u n t i e s h a v e a n a c t i v e programme o n t h e e n e r g y conservation i n r u r a l households through t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f f u e l conserving s t o v e s . H e n g n a n a n d X i u s h u i 3 - e w a y b e h i n d t h e n a t i o n a l a v e r a g e s a s f a r a s t h e i r s t o v e programmes a r e c o n c e r n e d . The m a j o r w e a k n e s s o f t h e c u r r e n t d e s i g n s l i e s i n t h e u s e o f h a n d made s t o v e s o n t h e o n e h a n d a n d l a c k o f I T i o r i t y p r o v i d e d f o r stoves o n t h e p a r t o f t h e c o u n t y a d m i n i s t r a t i o n . A s f a r a s Kezuo i s concerned i t h a s succeeded i n r e a c h i n g most o f t h e households w i t h improved stoves. However t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e kang probably has s u f f e r e d c o n s i d e r a b l y i n t h e b a r g a i n . I t i s recommended t h a t Hengnan a n d X i u s h u i s h o u l d s t a r t p i l o t projects f o r disseminating f a c t o r y produced modular stoves. A n outline proposal f o r such a p i l o t project, based on t h e e a r l i e r discussion i s presented i n Appendix 3 . T h e proposal h a s been w r i t t e n f o r Hengnan a n d a s i m i l a r p r o j e c t c a n b e d e v e l o p e d f o r X i u s h u i . I t seems u s e f u l t o w o r k o u t t h e d e t a i l e d p r o p o s a l a t t h e t i m e t h e f o r e s t r y m i s s i o n g o e s t o B e i j i n g i n November 1 9 8 8 . I t i s recommended t h a t a s t o v e e x p e r t g o w i t h t h i s m i s s i o n t o B e i j i n g . It i s v e r y essential t h a t these counties a r e provided w i t h a f a i r l y continuous technical support t o execute t h e work. A t t h e time o f t h i s w r i t i n g i t i s n o t c l e a r w h e t h e r t h e c o n s t r a i n e d manpower a t CAAERP i s a b l e t o p r o v i d e t h i s s u p p o r t . O n e o f t h e tasks o f t h e s t o v e e x p e r t w o u l d b e t o a s c e r t a i n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of f i n d i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t e c h n i c a l p e r s o n i n C h i n a . I n t h e absence o f i t t h e p r o j e c t m i g h t h a v e t o e n g a g e s u c h a p e r s o n f r o m abroad, i n w h i c h c a s e t h e p r o j e c t h a s t o b c o n c e i v e d a s p a r t o f a b i l a t e r a l a i d programme. T h i s h a s t o b e s e t t l e d d u r i n g t h e November m i s s i o n . I f t h e e s t i m a t e s o n t h e numbers o f f a c t o r y produced s t o v e s i n China a r e r i g h t , t h e w h o l e b u s i n e s s w i l l g e t a t r e m e n d o u s b o o s t i f t h e programme i n Hengnan a n d X i u s h u i a r e d e c l a r e d a s demonstration c o u n t i e s i n t h e c o u n t r y. I t i s a l s o u s e f u l f o r them to s e r v e a s a development m o d e l f o r some 4 0 0 c o u n t i e s t h a t a r e considered p o o r e s t i n t h e c o u n t r y. A f a i r l y comprehensive r e s e a r c h programme o n s p a c e h e a t i n g i n Kezuo c o u n t y s h o u l d b e i n i t i a t e d . A p p e n d i x 4 s h o w s a n o u t l i n e p r o p o s a l f o r t h i s a c t i v i t y . I t i s recommended t h a t t h e f u t u r e o f such a p r o j e c t s h o u l d b e d i s c u s s e d i n d e p t h d u r i n g t h e d i s c u s s i o n s i n W a s h i n g t o n b e t w e e n t h e ESMAP/World B a n k p e r s o n n e l and t h e C h i n e s e c o u n t e r p a r t s .

47

There i s a s e r i o u s n e e d t o c a r r y o u t a f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y o n briquetting o f agricultural residues w i t h a v i e w t o develop. field t e s t , a n d productionize a scaled down version o f t h e currently a v a i l a b l e machines i n t h e i n d u s r i a l i z e d c o u n t r i e s . There i s n o p r o p o s a l s p e c i a l l y p r e p a r e d f o r t h i s b e c a u s e t h e section 6 . 6 c l e a r l y o u t l i n e s t h e mature o f w o r k a n d w i t h o u t knowing m o r e d e t a i l s a b o u t r e s e a r c h a n d i n d u s t r y i n t h e C h i n e s e context, i t would b e p o i n t l e s s t o p u s h t h e p o i n t a n y f u r t h e r. Thus t h e r e c o m m e n d a t i o n o f t h e f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y . A d e t a i l e d c o u n t r y w i d e e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e s t o v e programme w o u l d b e e s s e n t i a l i f t h e s t o v e programme i n C h i n a h a s t o r e a c h a s e l f sustaining system, s a y something l i k e a g r i c u l t u r e . T h i s w i l l r e q u i r e f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n i n Wa s h i n g t o n . I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n i t m i g h t p r o v e t o b e u s e f u l t o c o n t a c t t h e F o u n d a t i o n f o r Wo o d s t o v e D i s s e m i n a t i o n (FWD). From t h e p o i n t o f v i e w o f i m p r o v i n g t h e w o o d b u r n i n g t e c h n o l o g y i n an o v e r a l l s e n s e , t h r e e s t e p s a r e r e c o m m e n d e d t o t h e C h i n e s e Government. ( a ) S t r e n g t h e n t h e s t o v e u n i t o f t h e CAAERP. (b) S e t u p a t l e a s t o n e r u r a l e n e r g y r e s e a r c h c e n t r e i n e a c h province. T h i s i s i m p e r a t i v e i f more t e c h n i c a l i n p u t s a r e t o be made a c c e s s i b l e t o t h e c o u n t i e s o f t h e t y p e c o n s i d e r e d i n this report. (c) S t i m u l a t e u n i v e r s i t y r e s e a r c h o n t h e w h o l e a s p e c t o f r u r a l energy t h r o u g h i n v i t i n g t h e m t o s u b m i t s p e c i f i c p r o j e c t proposals f o r f u n d i n g b y t h e c e n t r a l government. The p u r p o s e o f t h i s s h o r t s e c t i o n h a s b e e n t o f l a g t h e t y p e o f work t h a t c o n f r o n t s t h e C e n t r a l G o v e r n m e n t i n C h i n a a n d t o indicate t o t h e counties t h e nature o f work they w i l l have t o do.

48

APPENDIX 1 : DIAGRAMS AND PHOTOGRAPHS OF STOVE DESIGNS IN THREE COUNTIES

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APPENDIX 2 . F U E L CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES FOR COOKING As w e h a v e p o i n t e d . . . o u t i n S e c t i o n 4 , t h e r e a r e t h r e e p a r a m e t e r s that determine t h e Fuel consumption o f a stove. These are: ( a ) maximum p o w e r P m a txu r n i- d o n w n r a t i o r ( w h i c h i s t h e r a t i o o f maximum t o m i n i m u m ( b) k W ; produced by a s t o v e ) ; a n d power (c) e f f i c i e n c y. All t h e s e quantities c a n b e determined f r o m a s i m p l e water boiling test. Cooking u s u a l l y c a n b e c l a s s i f i e d i n t o 4 b r o a d c a t e g o r i e s : (a) b o i l i n g ; (b) f r y i n g (deep a s w e l l a s s t i r f r y ) ; (c) b a k i n g (oven o r steam b a k i n g ) ; a n d (d) g r i l l i n g . The c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e o u t l i n e d h e r e i s v a l i d f o r c a t e g o r i e s a, b a n d s t e a m b a k i n g . In g e n e r a l a l l c o o k i n g u s e s some s o r t o f c o o k i n g medium - l i k e w a t e r, m i l k o r o i l . T h e c a l c u l a t i o n p r o c e d u r e u s e s t h e s o - c a l l e d water equivalent o f substances defined by Cf M fw C w M f I n t h e a b o v e M s t a n d s f o r mass i n k g , C s t a n d s f o r s p e c i f i c h e a t i n kcal/kgC and t h e subscripts f and w stand f o r food and water r e s p e c t i v e l y. T h u s a l l f o o d s u b s t a n c e s f o r p u r p o s e s o f calculation could b e treated a s though one were j u s t b o i l i n g w a t e r. T h i s p o s e s a s l i g h t p r o b l e m when o i l i s t h e medium w h i c h i t i s f o r f r y i n g . O i l a c q u i r e s much h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s t h a n t h e b o i l i n g temperature o f water a t sea l e v e l . T h i s can be handled by extending t h e above d e f i n i t i o n o f w a t e r e q u i v a l e n t . C M o ow C ( w T ( T new symbol h e r e i s T f o r t e m p e r a t u r e i n C and t h e s u b s c r i p t s The o 0 i, o a and b s t a n d f o r r e s p e c t i v e l y o i l , a m b i e n t and b o i l i n g w a t e r. T T In o r d e r t o p r o c e e d a n y f u r t h e r w e n e e d t o k n o w t h e s p e c i f i c ha eats o a f v a r i o u s f o o d substances. Ta b l e A 2 . 1 , t a k e n f r o m G e l l e r ) ) and D u t t ( 1 9 8 3 ) , presents t h e s p e c i f i c h e a t s o f substances commonly used i n cooking. M o Two i m p o r t a n t i t e m s a r e m i s s i n g f r o m t h e t a b l e - f i s h a n d v e g e t a b l e s . O n e c o u l d make a g u e s s a b o u t t h e i r s p e c i f i c h e a t s i f we n o t e t w o f a c t s . F i r s t l y t h e s e c o n t a i n l o t o f m o i s t u r e - a t least 75%. S e c o n d l y w e n o t e t h a t a s m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e s the s p e c i f i c h e a t approaches t h a t o f w a t e r , t h a t i s u n i t y . We 53

w i l l n o t g o v e r y w r o n g ( c e r t a i n l y n o t o f f b y m o r e t h a n 10%) i f w e use a v a l u e o f 0 . 9 .

TABLE A 2 , 1 S P E C I F I C HEATS OF SELECTED FOODS FOOD MOISTURE CONTENT wet b a s i s % 10.5 - 1 3 . 5 12 - 13.5 44 - 45 SPECIFIC HEAT kcal/kgC 0.42 0.43 0.65 0.44 0.48 0.35 0.92 0.91 0.86 0.84 0.88 - 0.44 - 0.45 - 0.68 - 0.93 - 0.45 0.93 - 0.93 - 0.96

Rice Flour Bread Lentils Meat Ve g e t a b l e o i l Milk Carrots Onions Potatoes Apples

12 39

- 90

87.5 86 - 90 80 - 90 75 75 - 85

Before p r o c e e d i n g f u r t h e r we need t o know a f e w b a s i c f a c t s a b o u t cooking. F o r m o s t f o o d s o n e b r i n g s t h e f o o d t o a c e r t a i n specified temperature - f o r example r i c e i s brought t o t h e boiling temperature o f water - and h e l d a t t h a t temperature f o r c e r t a i n t i m e . T h i s second phase i s c u s t o m a r i l y c a l l e d simmering. I n t h i s p h a s e t h e h e a t s u p p l i e d t o t h e f o o d o n l y g o e s t o make u p the h e a t l o s s e s f r o m t h e p a n . W e n e e d n o t b o t h e r a b o u t i t s i n c e the e f f i c i e n c y measurement a c c o u n t s f o r t h i s . T h e r e i s a s m a l l amount o f c h e m i c a l e n e r g y i n v o l v e d i n t h e c o n v e r s i o n o f t h e r a w food t o e d i b l e f o r m . F o r r i c e i t i s something l i k e 4 0 k c a l / k g . I f w e assume t h a t w e w o u l d l i k e t o c o o k 2 k g o f r i c e a n d t h e e f f i c i e n c y o f t h e s t o v e t o b e 25% ( t h i s i s v e r y generous) t h e energy demand f o r t h e t a s k i s 3 2 0 k c a l . T h e p o w e r r e q u i r e d f r o m t h e s t o v e i s o f t h e o r d e r o f 750W i f a n e f f i c i e n c y o f 25% c a n b e r e a l i z e d . T h i s i s e q u i v a l e n t t o b u r n i n g a i r d r i e d wood a t a b o u t 178 g p e r h o u r . T h e q u e s t i o n i s w h e t h e r t h i s c a n b e a c c o m p l i s h e d by t h e p r e s e n t g e n e r a t i o n o f w o o d s t o v e s a r o u n d t h e w o r l d . I n t h e opinion o f t h e a u t h o r w i t h t h e c u r r e n t c r o p o f designs i t i s highly improbable t h a t a burning r a t e which i s smaller t h a n 300 g/hour c a n be r e a l i z e d . Even t h i s w i l l r e q u i r e extremely c a r e f u l preparation o f f u e l w h i c h i s m u c h b e y o n d t h e a v a i l a b l e p o s s i b i l i t y f o r r u r a l communities. T h i s i s t h e reason why we ignore t h e f i n e r a s p e c t s o f c h e m i c a l e n e r g y r e q u i r e d f o r conversion o f foods t o e d i b l e form. The l a s t s t a t e m e n t w e n e e d t o m a k e i s a b o u t t h e c o n s e q u e n c e o f s u p p l y i n g a h i g h e r p o w e r t h a n t h e s i m m e r i n g t a s k demands. T h i s excess p o w e r r e s u l t s i n g e n e r a t i o n o f s t e a m . T h i s s t e a m c r e a t e s a problem i n t h e s e n s e t h a t t h e f o o d w i l l b e d e p r i v e d o f t h e r i g h t quantity o f water t o cook. The r e s u l t might be t h a t one w i l l wind up w i t h b u r n e d f o o d . T o o v e r c o m e t h i s o n e a d d s m a k e - u p w a t e r o r s t a r t s w i t h e x t r a w a t e r . T h u s h i g h minimum p o w e r p r o d u c e t w o types o f d i s e c o n o m i e s : f i r s t l y i t u s e s m o r e e n e r g y t h a n i s required f o r t h e j o b ; a n d secondly one needs more energy t o h e a t 54

t h e w a t e r t h a t i s s u p p l i e d t o make u p f o r i t s l o s s i n t h e f o r m o f steam i n o r d e r t o g e t a p a l a t a b l e f o o d . Armed w i t h t h e s e i d e a s w e c a n p r o c e e d w i t h t h e c a l c u l a t i o n . T h e first s t e p i s t o estimate t h e water required t o cook. T h i s depends o n t h e f o o d b e i n g c o o k e d . I n g e n e r a l c e r t a i n f o o d s a b s o r b w a t e r ( r i c e f o r e x a m p l e ) a n d o t h e r s demand a l i q u i d y c o n s i s t e n c y (soup f o r e x a m p l e ) . T h i s a m o u n t t h e c o o k k n o w s ( M amount we need t o add a n a d d i t i o n a l amount o f w a t e r t o c o v e r t h e r ksg .f wa T t e ro d u r i n g t s ih i r i ns l, o s )o mme g o p e r a t i o n . We c a n c a l c u l a t e t h i s as f o l l o w s . P 77 t M = s r s L where M s i s t h e a m o u n t o f s t e a m f o r m e d ( k g ) , P t h e maximum p o w e r (kW), 77 t h e e f i c i e n c y , t se a tt o hf e h e v a p o r a t i o n o f w a t e r ( k J / k g ) . N o t e t h e change i n u n i t s mv ee rn t t o w o r k w i t h S y s t e m e I n t e r n a t i o n a l e u n i t s s i n c e ist i s m con nie power t i ism e x p r e s s e d i n kW. ( s e c ) , Thus t h e amount o f w a t e r w e need t o b r i n g t o t h e b o i l i n g ta emperatu nr e i s d L M t h w e = The energy t o b e supplied b y t h e stove t o r a i s e t h e water t o l o i l i n ga t e m p e r tature i s M b n t re + M M E w f b C w It i s important t o note t h a t power does n o t e n t e r t h i s p + calculation. However power i s r e q u i r e d t o estimate t h e t i m e ( M required t o complete t h e t a s k . T s h Eb t T a The e n e kr g y r e q u i r e d d u r i n g s i m m e r t i m e i s s i m p l y J P t ) E s k J s r Note t h a t e f f i c i e n c y d o e s n o t e n t e r t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f e n e r g y during simmer o p e r a t i o n . E f f i c i e n c y determines t h e amount o f steam f o r m e d . H i g h e r t h e e f f i c i e n c y h i g h e r t h e q u a n t i t y o f s t e a m formed. S i n c e s t e a m f o r m e d i s a p e n a l t y o n t h e e n e r g y consumption. a h i g h e f f i c i e n c y d u r i n g s i m m e r w o r k s t o i n c r e a s e the f u e l consumption o f t h e s t o v e !

55

1 1 1 1

The s p e c i f i c f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n o f t h e s t o v e i s t h e n g i v e n b y E kg o f f u e l / k g o f f o o d c o o k e d b (Mr + Mf w ) + E where B i s t h e a s f i r e d c a l o r i f i c v a l u e o f t h e f u e l i n k J / k g . s This i s t h e p r o c e d u r e u s e d t o g e t t h e numbers p r e s e n t e d i n Chapter 4 :

SFC

1
I.

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APPENDIX 3 . A N IMPROVED STOVE PROGRAMME FOR HENCNAN An O u t l i n e P r o p o s a l AIMS (a) To d e v e l o p a s y s t e m t h a t i s t o v e s / y e a r o f t h e t y p e NC (b) To d e v e l o p a m a r k e t i n g a n d factory produced modules r e r u r a l homes. s capable o f producing 30,000 I I o f CAAERP. installation plan so that the s u l t i n operational stoves i n

(c) To d e v e l o p a n a p p r o p r i a t e m o n i t o r i n g s y s t e m t h a t i s c a p a b l e o f c o n t i n u o u s l y e v a l u a t i n g t h e p r o g r e s s o f e v e r y component o f the p r o j e c t . PROCEDURES F o r a s t a r t , i t i s b e s t t o a d o p t t h e p r o c e d u r e s u s e d i n t h e Wuhua c o u n t y o f G u a n g d o n g p r o v i n c e b y t h e C A A E R P. T h e p r o c e d u r e c o n s i s t s o f 5 s t e p s . We w i l l c a l l t h i s P h a s e I . Phase I (a) I t i s n e c e s s a r y t o i d e n t i f y t h e c u r r e n t p r a c t i c e s t h r o u g h a small h o u s e h o l d s u r v e y . H e n g n a n c o u n t y s t a r t s w i t h a n advantage o n t h i s c o u n t . I t c a n u s e t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d i n the s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d p r i o r t o t h e p r e s e n t m i s s i o n . T h i s survey p r o v i d e s a p i c t u r e o f f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n p a t t e r n s i n f i v e o r s i x v i l l a g e s . T h e s u r v e y needs t o b e supplemented b y information on: ( i ) s t o v e s used; a n d ( i i ) c o o k i n g p r a c t i c e s ( q u a n t i t i e s and t y p e o f f o o d c o o k e d ; number o f c o o k i n g s e s s i o n s p e r d a y ; s e a s o n a l c h a n g e s i n food and f u e l ) . I t m i g h t a l s o b e u s e f u l t o f i n d o u t f r o m t h e households t h r e e other pieces o f information. ( i i i ) What do t h e y l o o k f o r i n an improved s t o v e o r what t h e y consider a s t h e p r i n c i p a l drawback o f t h e c u r r e n t l y used s t o v e ? (iv) W h a t would t h e y b e prepared t o p a y f o r a n improved stove? (v) H a v e t h e y a p r e f e r r e d season i n w h i c h t h e n e w s t o v e needs t o b e i n s t a l l e d ? This work i s b e s t done b y t h e group t h a t d i d t h e o r i g i n a l s u r v e y and i t i s s t r o n g l y u r g e d t o u s e t h e same s a m p l e s a s b e f o r e . I t i s best t o s t a r t t h e w o r k i n o n e v i l l a g e , a n a l y s e t h e d a t a a n d d i s c u s s t h e r e s u l t s w i t h CAAERP, a f e w C h i n e s e m e m b e r s o f t h e present m i s s i o n and t h e s t o v e u n i t ( s e e c below). The work has t o be o r g a n i z e d i n s u c h a m a n n e r t h a t i t s r e s u l t s s h o u l d b e a v a i l a b l e i n t h r e e months. T h i s s h o u l d g u i d e t h e sample s i z e and the e x t e n t o f e n q u i r y ( t h e s e w i l l d e t e r m i n e t h e t i m e o f analysis). T h e n t h e w o r k c a n cover t h e r e s t o f t h e v i l l a g e s s e q u e n t i a l l y. (b) I t i s n e x t n e c e s s a r y t o i d e n t i f y p o s s i b l e f a c t o r i e s t o , produce t h e modules o f N C _ I I . A s t r o n g candidate i s t h e factory c u r r e n t l y producing t h e coal b r i q u e t t e stoves. T h i s 57

(c)

i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s b e s t c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e To w n s h i p E n t e r p r i s e s Bureau. At t h i s s t a g e a m o d i f i c a t i o n t o t h e Wu h u a p r o c e d u r e i s recommended. A s p a r t o f t h e p r o j e c t a s t o v e t e s t i n g u n i t h a s to b e c r e a t e d . T h e u n i t i s b e s t l o c a t e d i n a U n i v e r s i t y Engineering Department i n t h e p r o v i n c e . I f t h i s i s n o t feasible a p r o v i n c i a l r e s e a r c h l a b o r a t o r y i s a n o t h e r alternative. I f t h i s also f a i l s the provincial r u r a l energy o f f i c e should s t a r t such u n i t ab i n i t i o . Wherever t h e u n i t i s located a couple o f people f r o m t h e u n i t have t o b e t r a i n e d by CAAERP.

The t a s k o f d e s i g n i n g n e c e s s a r y m o d i f i c a t i o n s t o t h e N C _ J I t o take c a r e o f t h e l o c a l n e e d s s h o u l d b e e n t r u s t e d t o t h i s u n i t . T h i s h a s t o b e d o n e i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h CAAERP. A f e w m o d u l e s can b e f a b r i c a t e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e d r a w i n g s p r o v i d e d b y t h e designer o n a c o n t r a c t b a s i s b y one o f t h e f a c t o r i e s i d e n t i f i e d in ( b ) . T h e n t h e s t o v e s s h o u l d b e i n s t a l l e d i n t h e u n i t a n d t e s t e d t h o r o u g h l y. The r u r a l e n e r g y o f f i c e i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e s t o v e u n i t should t r a i n a f e w p e o p l e t o i n s t a l s t o v e s i n households. T h e survey group s h o u l d b e a b l e t o i d e n t i f y p r o s p e c t i v e candidates t o receive t h i s t r a i n i n g . ( d ) I n t h i s s t e p i t i s recommended t o r e t u r n t o t h e h o u s e h o l d s investigated i n ( a ) f o r i n s t a l l a t i o n o f stoves. T h e stoves should b e o b s e r v e d i n o p e r a t i o n a t l e a s t f o r a m o n t h according t o a schedule f i x e d i n advance. T h e u s e r r e a c t i o n s should b e c a r e f u l l y r e c o r d e d a n d a n a l y s e d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e s t r e n g t h s a n d weaknesses o f t h e s t o v e . T h i s w o r k i s b e s t d o n e by t h e f i r s t s u r v e y t e a m . F o r t h e l a b o u r s o f t h i s g r o u p o f households t h e y c a n b e s o l d t h e s t o v e a t a c u t p r i c e . In t h e l i g h t o f t h i s i n f o r m a t i o n i f d e s i g n changes a r e f e l t n e c e s s a r y, t h e y s h o u l d b e u n d e r t a k e n f o l l o w e d b y a n o t h e r r o u n d o f t e s t i n g a g a i n i n c o n s u l t a t i o n w i t h CAAERP. At t h e end o f t h i s phase t h e s t o v e u n i t i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h t h e s u r v e y t e a m a n d CAAERP s h o u l d p r e p a r e t w o i n s t r u c t i o n m a n u a l s ; (i) e x p l a i n i n g w i t h drawings a n d photographs(?) t h e procedure t o i n s t a l t h e s t o v e s i n households; a n d (Li) e x p l a i n i n g t h e procedure o f operation o f t h e stove t o obtain t h e b e s t r e s u l t s from t h e stove and suggesting a schedule o f maintenance. (e) A t t h i s t i m e t h e f a c t o r y i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s h o u l d h a v e b e e n completed a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f a b o u t 5 0 0 m o d u l a r s e t s a n d t h e i r i n s t a l l a t i o n i n households t o be undertaken. From w h a t c o u l d b e l e a r n t f r o m CAAERP, t h e w o r k i n Wuhua c o u n t y has p r o g r e s s e d t o s l i g h t l y b e y o n d t h i s p o i n t . This phase i s t o be completed i n one y e a r. Phase I I This p h a s e i s a c r u c i a l o n e a n d a t t h e e n d o f i t a p r o d u c t i o n / i n s t a l l a t i o n r a t e o f 10,0000 s t o v e s p e r y e a r s h o u l d b e achieved. A t i m e p e r i o d o f 2 y e a r s i s envisaged f o r t h i s phase. A 58

host o f i n t e r l i n k e d a c t i v i t i e s a r e i n v o l v e d h e r e . These w i l l b e described i n o u t l i n e form (a) M a r k e t i n g o u t l e t s f o r t h e s a l e o f s t o v e m o d u l e s s h o u l d b e identified. (b) R e s p o n s i b i l i t i e s o f t h e p r o d u c e r v i s - a - v i s t h e r e t a i l e r h a s to be defined. (c) Tr a n s p o r t s y s t e m t o b r i n g t h e modules f r o m t h e p r o d u c e r t o the r e t a i l e r needs t o b e worked o u t . (d) R e g u l a r d e m o n s t r a t i o n " c l i n i c s " s h o u l d b e arranged. T h e s i t e s f o r t h e s e c o u l d b e t h e houc.cholds i n w h i c h i m p r o v e d d e s i g n s have b e e n i n s t a l l e d o r s c h o o l s o r c o m m u n i t y c e n t r e s o r m a y b e even t h e r e t a i l e r ' s " s t o r e " , (e) T h e t r a i n i n g o f t h e i n s t a l l e r s s h o u l d b e e x p a n d e d . ( f ) A s u i t a b l e m o n i t o r i n g system t o assess t h e performance o f t h e p r o d u c e r, t h e r e t a i l e r , a n d t h e STOVE i n u s e r ' s k i t c h e n h a s to be developed. The s t o v e u n i t s h o u l d i n t h i s p e r i o d s t a r t possibilities o f cost reductions i n the existing should c o n s i d e r p r o d u c i n g a r e v i s e d e d i t i o n o f manuals p r e p a r e d e a r l i e r . T h i s a c t i v i t y m a y b e third year o f the project. looking a t t h e designs. A l s o i t the instruction taken up i n the

During t h i s p e r i o d d e c i s i o n has I o b e t a k e n whether t h e t a r g e t e d p r o d u c t i o n r a t e s h o u l d b e achieved b y one o r more f a c t o r i e s . F i n a l l y t h e w o r t h w h i l e n e s s o f a d v e r t i s i n g t h r o u g h v a r i o u s means need a l s o t o b e c a r e f u l l y c o n s i d e r e d , p o s s i b l y t r i e d a n d evaluated. Phase I I I This we c two y e a r s described two y e a r s all of in of t h e c o n s o l i d a t i o n phase a n d w i l l i n v o l v e t h e l a s t t h e p r o j e c t . T h e a c t i v i t i e s i n t h i s phase a r e n o t d e t a i l a n d w i l l need t o b e worked o u t a f t e r a b o u t the project operation.

(a) E x p a n s i o n o f p r o d u c t i o n / i n s t a l l a t i o n o f s t o v e s t o 3 0 , 0 0 0 stoves p e r y e a r . I n t h e l a s t s i x months o f t h e p r o j e c t , t h i s p r o d u c t i o n r a t e s h o u l d become c l e a r l y v i s i b l e . (b) D i v e r s i f i c a t i o n o f d e s i g n s . (c) M o n i t o r i n g PROJECT DURATION 5 years. This may appear t o o l o n g . However t h r e e f a c t s h a v e prompted t h e author t o o p t f o r t h i s p e r i o d . ( a ) Wuhua c o u n t y p r o j e c t i s s a i d t o b e a f i v e - y e a r p r o j e c t . ( b ) Hengnan i s a v e r y p o o r c o u n t y w i t h m i n i m a l i n f r a - s t r u c t u r e . I t w i l l r e q u i r e a l o t o f outside support and t h i s w i l l always take l o n g e r p e r i o d s t o o r g a n i z e . (c) I t i s b e t t e r t o p r o c e e d w i t h d e l i b e r a t e c a u t i o n r a t h e r t h a n indulge i n f l i g h t s o f f a n c y.

59

In t h i s c o n n e c t i o n t h e a u t h o r c a n n o t r e s i s t t h e t e m p t a t i o n t o c h a r a c t e r i z e a p r o j e c t . T o b u i l d a 1 , 0 0 0 MW p o w e r s t a t i o n i s a project. To o p e r a t e t h e s t a t i o n , t o s e l l t h e power produced and make a p r o f i t ( t h i s i s n o t e v i l ; t h e p l a n t n e e d s t o b e r e p l a c e d in about 25 years) i s r o u t i n e business.

1 1 1 1 1 1 1

The p r o j e c t s h o u l d a i m a t l e a v i n g b e h i n d a s y s t e m t h a t w o r k s m o r e or l e s s l i k e r o u t i n e business. T h e p r e s e n t a u t h o r b e l i e v e s t h a t i t cannot b e done i n l e s s t h a n 5 years. Thus 3 years i s a n

optimistic estimate.
PROJECT COSTS

The a u t h o r c a n n o t h a z a r d a g u e s s o n t h e c o s t s a t t h i s moment. T h e Wuhua c o u n t y p r o j e c t h a s a b u d g e t o f 1 4 0 . 0 0 0 y u a n t o b e e q u a l l y shared b y t h e c e n t r a l a n d c o u n t y governments. I t i s a l s o e x p e c t e d that t h e c o u n t y w i l l s p e n d m u c h m o r e . C o n s i d e r i n g t h e e l a b o r a t e n e s s o f t h e p r e s e n t p r o p o s a l , t h e c o s t s may b e d o u b l e o r more t h a n t h e f i g u r e m e n t i o n e d a b o v e . T h e r e f o r e i t seems w i s e r t o f i x i t during the Beijing mission by the stove expert. PROJECT OUTPUT The p h y s i c a l t a r g e t o f t h e p r o j e c t a r e s h o w n i n Ta b l e A 3 . 1

TABLE A 3 . 1 NUMBER OF STOVES B U I LT DURING THE PROJECT YEAR 0 1 2 3 4 5 RATE OF PRODUCTION R U N N I N G TOTAL 0 500 4000 8000(1) 15000(2) 25000(3) 0 500 4500 12500 27500 52500

Notes:(I) The second h a l f y e a r production r a t e corresponds to 10,000 s t o v e s p e r y e a r. (2) A s a b o v e ; t h e n u m b e r c h a n g e s t o 2 0 , 0 0 0 . (3) A S a b o v e ; t h e n u m b e r i s 3 0 , 0 0 0 p e r y e a r .

The p r o j e c t w i l l l e a v e b e h i n d f o u r o p e r a t i n g s y s t e m s : (a) a t e s t e d a n d t r i e d d e s i g n team t h a t w i l l c o n t i n u o u s l y upgrade designs; (b) a p r o d u c t i o n s y s t e m t h a t i s c a p a b l e o f t r a n s l a t i n g t h e designer's i d e a s i n t o hardware; (c) a m a r k e t i n g s y s t e m t h a t w i l l s e l l . i n s t a l a n d s e r v i c e t h e product d u r i n g i t s l i f e - t i m e ; and (d) a m a r k e t r e s e a r c h s y s t e m t h a t w i l l t e l l t h e d e s i g n e r , producer and t h e s e l l e r what t h e u s e r t h i n k s o f t h e i r l a b o u r s in t h e past and what t h e y l o o k f o r i n t h e f u t u r e . AGENCIES FOR EXECUTION OF THE PROJECTS For t h e i n i t i a l p e r i o d t h e f o l l o w i n g c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s s u g g e s t e d . 60

'a) T h e c o u n t y l e v e l r u r a l e n e r g y o f f i c e i s t h e c o o r d i n a t o r f o r the p r o j e c t . :b) T h e t o w n s h i p e n t e r p r i s e s b u r e a u h a s t o b e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e production system. :c) T h e S t o v e D e s i g n U n i t w i l l h a v e t o b e i n c h a r g e o f a l l technical q u e s t i o n s p e r t a i n i n g t o d e s i g n , p r o d u c t i o n , o p e r a t i o n and maintenance o f s t o v e s . :d) T h e s u r v e y t e a m , w h i c h w i l l h o p e f u l l y d e v e l o p i n t o a f u l l - f l e d g e d market r e s e a r c h team, i s t o b e t h e communication l i n k betweent h e u s e r and t h e above t h r e e g r o u p s . CAAERP s h o u l d a c t a s a c o n s u l t a n t f o r t h e p r o j e c t o n a n a g r e e d fee. There i s l i t t l e d o u b t t h a t t h i s i s a c o m p l e x a r r a n g e m e n t a n d i s d i f f i c u l t t o w o r k . A l t e r n a t i v e l y one c o u l d t h i n k o f a b r a n d new system w h i c h w i l l n o t s u f f e r f r o m t h e h a n d i c a p s o f t h e e x i s t i n g systems. T h i s m a y l o o k a t t r a c t i v e o n p a p e r b u t w i l l m i s s t h e e x i s t i n g knowledge. A p a r t f r o m t h i s one s t i l l have t o answer t h e question whether s u c h a n arrangement w i l l h a v e a l i f e a f t e r t h e project! The s u g g e s t e d a r r a n g e m e n t s h o u l d b e t r i e d o u t f o r t w o y e a r s a n d after a review s u i t a b l e adjustments o f t h e c o n f i g u r a t i o n can be undertaken. W h o S h o u l d d o t h e r e v i e w ? O b v i o u s l y t h e p e r s o n who pays f o r t h e p r o j e c t . PERSONNEL There i s a n o l d E n g l i s h s a y i n g : i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o p r e d i c t a winner i n h o r s e r a c i n g ; b u t i t i s i m p o s s i b l e i n s t e e p l e c h a s e . For t h e b u d g e t o n e h a d a t l e a s t t h e m o d e l o f Wuhan. B u t n o s u c h help e x i s t s f o r t h e model p r e s c r i b e d above. A n o f f - h a n d guess i s worked o u t o n t h e f o l l o w i n g b a s i s . T h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f s t o v e s i n s t a l l e d i n households i s 52,500. A t a modest r a t e o f 6 0 yuan per s t o v e , t h e t o t a l t u r n o v e r o f t h e p r o j e c t i s 3 . 1 5 m i l l i o n yuan. T h i s a c c o u n t s f o r t h a c o s t s o f t h e p r o d u c e r , r e t a i l e r a n d the i n s t a l l e r . T h e p r o j e c t h a s t o p a y f o r t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n a l costs. W e a r b i t r a r i l y a s s i g n 10% o f t h e t o t a l t u r n o v e r o f t h e system, t h a t i s , 3 1 5 . 0 0 0 y u a n . E v e n a l l o w i n g f o r s u b s t a n t i a : 1 salary increases o v e r t h e f i v e y e a r p e r i o d t h i s c a n be expected to b u y a t l e a s t 1 5 m a n y e a r s p e r y e a r . T h i s s h o u l d b e v e r y generous p e r s o n n e l p r o v i s i o n . It would be very useful t o consider f o r a t l e a s t t h e f i r s t three years o f t h e p r o j e c t a t e c h n i c a l c o n s u l t a n t a n d a m a r k e t i n g consultant f r o m abroad f o r s h o r t periods. I f 300 person days o f involvement a r e assumed o n t h i s a c c o u n t , t h e c o s t maybe a r o u n d 3 0 0 , 0 0 US$. A d d i n g a n o t h e r 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 US$ t o c o v e r t h e C h i n e s e s i d e c o s t s , 4 0 0 , 0 0 0 US$ d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e v e r y m u c h i n c o m p a r i s o n to t h e p r o j e c t s i n A f r i c a . E v e n i n t e r m s o f s t o v e s i n t r o d u c e d this i s l e s s t h a n h a l f o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n , r e t a i l , a n d installation costs. At a n y r a t e t h e s e h a v e t o b e l o o k e d i n t o c l o s e l y d u r i n g t h e d i s c u s s i o n s a t Wa s h i n g t o n a n d B e i j i n g . 61

APPENDIX 4 SPACE HEAT FOR KEZUO An O u t l i n e P r o j e c t P r o p o s a l This s h o u l d b e c o n c e i v e d a s a r e s e a r c h cum f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y. I t has n o t b e e n w o r k e d o u t i n a s m u c h d e t a i l a s t h e o n e i n A p p e n d i x 3 The t y p e o f w o r k t h a t n e e d s t o b e d o n e h a s b e e n p o i n t e d o u t i n section 6 . 6 . To r e c a p i t u l a t e , t h e f o l l o w i n g questions need t o be addressed. (a) C o s t r e d u c t i o n s f o r t h e improved kang d e s i g n s . ( b ) T h e c h i m n e y p e r f o r m a n c e i n summer a n d w i n t e r . (c) The f u e l consumption p a t t e r n s a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e season. hang-stove design, a n d use o f a u x i l i a r y systems l i k e blowers, i n s u l a t i o n , p a s s i v e and a c t i v e s o l a r systems. (d) F e a s i b i l i t y o f s u b s t i t u t i n g c o a l f o r b i o m a s s i n t h e stove-kang combination. (e) H e a t l o s s e s t i m a t e s f r o m d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f a d w e l l i n g . These q u e s t i o n s a r e v e r y c o m p l i c a t e d . I t i s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e s e questions b e answered i n t h r e e s e p a r a t e p r o j e c t s w h i c h can r u n i n p a r a l l e l . T h e reason f o r t h i s approach i s t h a t t h e work i s f a r too d i v e r s e a n d w i l l i n v o l v e t h e c o o r d i n a t i o n a m o n g m a n y institutions. A p a r t from t h i s t h e work i s o f relevance t o t h e whole o f N o r t h e r n C h i n a . E v e n i f o n e o f t h e p r o j e c t s f a i l t o d e l i v e r, o n e c o u l d salvage something u s e f u l f r o m t h e package. PROJECT 1 : T H E STOVE-KANG COMBINATION The p r o j e c t c o n c e r n s t h e f i r s t t w o q u e s t i o n s i n t h e l i s t a b o v e . The m a i n t h r u s t h e r e s h o u l d b e t o r e d u c e t h e c u r r e n t k a n g d e s i g n c o s t s i n Kezuo. T h e b e s t a p p r o a c h i s t o a d o p t t h e d e s i g n t h a t h a s been d e v e l o p e d b y P r o f . C h e n Roggya a t H a r b i n . T h i s k a n g h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d i n t h e FA O p u b l i c a t i o n o n C h i n e s e f u e l s a v i n g s t o v e s mentioned e a r l i e r . T h e i n t r o d u c t i o n c a n s t a r t s t r a i g h t away a n d the d i s s e m i n a t i o n should pose no s p e c i a l problem s i n c e t h e c o u n t y has b e e n v e r y s u c c e s s f u l w i t h i t s c o o k s t o v e p r o g r a m m e . T h e m o n i t o r i n g o f t h e programme i n t e r m s o f t h e k a n g p e r f o r m a n c e c a n derive assistance f r o m p r o j e c t 2 . A t t h e i n i t i a l i n s t a n c e t h e p r o j e c t s h o u l d b e r u n a s p i l o t programme f o r a p e r i o d o f t w o years. A t t h e e n d o f t h e t w o y e a r s a t l e a s t 1 0 , 0 0 0 kangs o f t h i s type s h o u l d h a v e b e e n i n t r o d u c e d . F u r t h e r w o r k w i l l h a v e t o p a r t i a l l y depend o n t h e outcome/progress o f t h e p r o j e c t 2 . The s e c o n d p a r t o f t h e p r o j e c t w i l l b e a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t t h a t s h a l l c o n c e r n i t s e l f w i t h t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f t h e c h i m n e y, s t o v e and k a n g c o m b i n a t i o n i n summer a n d w i n t e r . B o t h t h e o r e t i c a l a n d experimental i n v e s t i g a t i o n should be c a r r i e d o u t o n t h e s u b j e c t . Certain amount o f h e l p o n t h e t h e o r y i s a v a i l a b l e f r o m t h e existing l i t e r a t u r e o n t h e subjects o f chimney d r a f t and f l o w resistance t h r o u g h passages, T h e s e w i l l r e q u i r e a d a p t a t i o n s a n d that i s what t h e research i s about.

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I t i s suggested t h a t t h e l a b o f Prof. Chen i n Harbin be declared as t h e N a t i o n a l K a n g R e s e a r c h C e n t r e a n d h e b e r e q u e s t e d t o w o r k out t h e t e c h n i c a l d e t a i l s and submit a two y e a r p r o j e c t f o r t h i s for funding. I f i t i s f e l t essential outside h e l p from other provinces i n China a n d / o r abroad f o r r e v i e w i n g t h e proposal c a n be s o u g h t . PROJECT 2 . E N E R G Y USE PRACTICES AND SUBSTITUTION OF BIOMASS BY COAL Question ( c ) i s t h e most c r u c i a l o n e a n d has t o b e t a c k l e d o n a priority basis. I n particular question ( d ) cannot b e a c k l e d without t h i s information. I n order t o develop a r a t i o n a l approach to ( d ) , i t i s necessary t o d e l i n e a t e i n s u f f i c i e n t d e t a i l t h e h e a t i n g p r a c t i c e s i n u r b a n Kezuo. U r b a n Kezuo p r a c t i c e c a n n o t b e repeated i n r u r a l a r e a s . T h e r e a r e t w o reasons f o r t h i s . F i r s t l y the u r b a n u s e r , a t l e a s t a s f a r a s o n e c o u l d g a t h e r f r o m t h e s u r v e y. I s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y u s i n g t h e c o a l e f f i c i e n t l y . T h i s requires v e r i f i c a t i o n . T h e v e r i f i c a t i o n i n v o l v e s t h e a c t u a l measurement o f f u e l c o n s u m p t i o n i n h o u s e h o l d s a s a f u n c t i o n o f outside temperatures, room temperatures and t h e t y p e o f equipment ; used. S e c o n d l y c o a l i s n o t a v a i l a b l e i n t h e c o u n t y a n d h a s t o b e i imported f r o m o t h e r p r o v i n c e s i n C h i n a . T h i s makes i t e x p e n s i v e and t h e c u r r e n t s u b s i d y p r a c t i c e i f e x t e n d e d t o r u r a l a r e a s w i l l , 1 p l a c e a n enormous b u r d e n o n t h e c o u n t y. 1 Question ( a ) w i l l r e q u i r e one y e a r ' s p h y s i c a l work. S i n c e i t i s of importance t o t h e whole o f Northern China, i t i s wothwhile spending t i m e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e m e t h o d o l o g y o f t e c h n i c a l measurement. I t h a s t o b e c h e a p e n o u g h t o b e r e p e a t e d i n s e v e r a l o t h e r c o u n t i e s i n n o r t h e r n China. T h u s t h e p h y s i c a l w o r k needs t o be s u p p o r t e d b y a d d i t i o n a l w o r k t h a t f o c u s e s o n t h e t e c h n i c a l equipment, measurement s c h e d u l e , s a m p l e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n a n d s i z e , and d a t a a n a l y s i s . A l l t h e s e h a v e t o b e c o s t e d t h o r o u g h l y . I n a d d i t i o n t h e r e needs t o be p r o p e r phasing o f t h e t o t a l work. Thus a t h r e e y e a r p r o j e c t exclusively devoted t o t h i s aspect i s worthwhile. H o w e v e r pragmatism demands t h a t ( c ) a n d ( d ) b e combined. The f o l l o w i n g p h a s i n g i s s u g g e s t e d f o r t h e p r o j e c t . Phase I This phase w i l l c o n s i s t o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a c t i v i t i e s . (a) S t a r t t h e w o r k i n Kezuo o n t h e b a s i s o f e x i s t i n g knowledge i n the c o u n t y : u r b a n areas have t o b e i n c l u d e d , (b) Form a n a t i o n a l c o m m i t t e e t o r e v i e w t h e procedures a d o p t e d i n Kezuo a n d c o n s i d e r a l t e r n a t i v e s t o i t , (c) Develop a s t a n d a r d i z e d p r o c e d u r e f o r s a m p l i n g , measurement, and d a t a a n a l y s i s t o b e u s e d i n t h e o t h e r c o u n t i e s . This phase w i l l t a k e one y e a r. Phase I I This phase w i l l c o n s i s t o f t h e f o l l o w i n g a c t i v i t i e s . (a) D a t a a n a l y s i s i n Kezuo. (b) F e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y f o r c o a l s u b s t i t u t i o n ; t h e n a t i o n a l committee h a s t o h e i n v o l v e d i n t h i s w o r k i n a s u p e r v i s o r y role. Start repeating t h e w o r k i n Kezuo i n phase I i n o t h e r counties; p r e s u m a b l y t h e d a t a a n a l y s i s c a n p r o g r e s s side-by-side w i t h t h e measurement; p r o b a b l y s o m e t e n 63

representative c o u n t i e s i n Northern China i s a s u i t a b l e choice. d) A s a s u p p o r t t o t h e f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y t e c h n i c a l w o r k o n design o f c o a l s t o v e s i n combination w i t h kangs h a v e t o b e started; t h e urban practice has t o be considered c a r e f u l l y i n this part. This w i l l f o r m t h e second y e a r o f t h e p r o j e c t . Phase I T I This phase i s t h e t e r m i n a t i o n y e a r o f t h e p r o j e c t . (a) D e p e n d i n g o n t h e o u t c o m e o f t h e f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d y o n t h e c o a l , s u b s t i t u t i o n equipment c a n b e s u i t a b l y a l t e r e d a n d dissemination s t a r t e d : t h i s assumes t h a t equipment d e s i g n s will b e available; t h i s c a n prove t o b e a b o t t l e neck. Hopefully t h e N a t i o n a l C e n t r e f o r Rang Research w i l l b e a going concen i n t h e t w o y e a r s a n d c a n b e e n t r u s t e d w i t h t h e latter task. (b) R e v i e w o f t h e p r o c e d u r e s i n p h a s e I a n d r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s f o r modifications a n d decisions o n enlarging t h e scope o f t h e work o f t h e p r o j e c t t o t h e r e s t o f t h e c o u n t i e s i n N o r t h e r n China. The m a i n p r o b l e m h e r e l i e s i n t h e n o m i n a t i o n o f a s i n g l e a g e n c y in t h e county t o undertake t h e t a s k . A s f a r as t h e present went there i s a p p a r e n t l y n o agency t h a t c a n b e a s u i t a b l e c a n d i d a t e ror t h e work. W h i l e i t might appear reasonable t o consider t h e national candidate a s t h e candidate, a committee r a r e l y i s a b l e t o d o t h e e x e c u t i v e f u n c t i o n s . F o r t h e moment t h i s p o i n t i s l e f t f o r d i s c u s s i o n a t t h e Wa s h i n g t o n m e e t i n g . PROJECT 3 . T H E HEAT LOSS FROM DWELLINGS This i s a g a i n a r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t a n d w i l l c o n s i s t o f t h r e e separate p a r t s . (a) T h e f i r s t t a s k I s t o i d e n t i f y a s e t o f h o u s e h o l d s t h a t a r e w i l l i n g t o p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e measurement. I d e a l l y t h i s s e t should b e l o n g t o t h e g r o u p w h i c h p a r t i c i p a t e d i n P r o j e c t 2 . The s e c o n d r e q u i r e m e n t i s t h a t t h e s a m p l e s h o u l d b e representative o f f u e l use, equipment used and a r c h i t e c t u r e o f t h e d w e l l i n g . N e e d l e s s t o s a y t h o s e who have i n s t a l l e d t h e new k a n g s , i n s u l a t e d t h e i r h o m e s , p r o v i d e d f o r p a s s i v e a n d active s o l a r energy use should a l s o b e represented i n t h e sample. (b) A s i n P r o j e c t 2 t h e t e c h n i q u e s o f measurement, t h e f r e q u e n c y w i t h w h i c h t h e measurements m u s t b e t a k e n , t h e methods o f analysis, e t c . s h o u l d b e worked o u t v e r y c a r e f u l l y. I n p r i n c i p l e t h e same n a t i o n a l committee t h a t worked o n t h e P r o j e c t 2 c o u l d a s s i s t i n d e v e l o p i n g t h i s package. (c) T h e a c t u a l measurements c o u l d t h e n b e u n d e r t a k e n . T h i s i s a t r i c k y business and i t i s probably necessary t o p l a n f o r a t l e a s t t w o seasons o f measurement. W h e t h e r o n e s e s o n o r t w o seasons i s t o a v e r y l a r g e measure dependant o n financial/manpower resources a v a i l a b l e t o t h e p r o j e c t . (d) H e a t l o s s a n a l y s i s f r o m b u i l d i n g s t h r o u g h m a t h e m a t i c a l modelling should b e undertaken a s p a r t o f t h e p r o j e c t . T h e methodolgy u s e d c o u l d t h e n b e a p p l i e d t o t h e s a m p l e households f r o m w h i c h a c t u a l measurements w e r e c a r r i e d o u t .

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The w o r k s h o u l d l e a d t o i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t : w h e r e t o a p p l y insulation; t h e effectiveness o f passive s o l a r insolation; a n d the u s e f u l n e s s o f s o l a r a i r h e a t i n g . A l l t h e s e w i l l depend o n t h e extant o f 'house h e a t i n g ' t h e g i v e n f a m i l y practices, t h e s t a t e o f t h e house i n t e r m s o f l e a k s a n d w h e t h e r d o o r s a n d windows a r e kept s h u t p r o p e r l y. I t i s o b v i o u s t h a t t h e w o r k i n Kezuo s h o u l d b e c a r r i e d o u t b y t h e Liaoning P r o v i n c i a l energy research i n s t i t u t e should be i n v o l v e d i n t h i s work. T h e y have been i n v o l v e d i n t h i s work and t h e y have the b e n e f i t o f knowing t h e households t o a c e r t a i n e x t e n t . The e x p e r t i s e o n t h i s s u b j e c t i s e x t e n s i v e i n W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n d North America and should be tapped. The p r o j e c t s a s o u t l i n e d a b o v e w i l l i n v o l v e t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l university a t Heilungjiang, t h e provincial energy research u n i t in Liaoning, a n d a n a t i o n a l i n s t i t u t e t o b e i d e n t i f i e d . I n addition a n a t i o n a l coordinating body must b e appointed t o oversee a n d a d v i s e t h e p r o j e c t s . T h e r e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e e x p e r t i s e on t h i s s u b j e c t h a s b e e n b u i l t u p i n W e s t e r n E u r o p e a n d N o r t h America. Q u i t e a b i t o f t h i s w o r k i s r e p o r t e d i n t h e o p e n literature. L o t o f i t w i l l i n e v i t a b l y be i n the form o f contract reports. T h e p r o j e c t s s h o u l d t r y a n d b u i l d u p a s u b s t a n t i a l archival material o n t h e subject. There i s a strong case f o r a consultant f r o m abroad t o be i n v o l v e d w i t h t h e p r o j e c t o n an o f f and o n b a s i s f o r t h e p e r i o d o f t h e p r o j e c t . A g a i n t h e C e n t r a l Government s h o u l d s t i m u l a t e w o r k i n t h i s a r e a i n a c o u p l e o f u n i v e r s i t i e s i n Northern China through p r o v i d i n g research grants. There i s a s t r o n g c a s e f o r t h e f i n a l d o c u m e n t c o n s i s t i n g o f t h e t h r e e p r o p o s a l s t o b e f u n d e d b y a b i l a t e r a l a i d a g e n c y. The w h o l e b u s i n e s s w i l l r e q u i r e t h o r o u g h d i s c u s s i o n i n t h e forthcoming m e e t i n g b e t w e e n C h i n e s e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s a n d t h e ESMAP/World B a n k r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s .

REFERENCES Anon. 1 9 8 3 . B r o a d s o c i a l d i s c u s s i o n o n e n e r g y . T h e i n t e r m e d i a t e report. P u b l i c a t i o n o f t h e s t e e r i n g g r o u p o f t h e S o c i a l D i s c u s s i o n o n e n e r g y p o l i c y . T h e Hague. Bussmann, P . 1 9 8 4 . F i e l d s t u d y o n t h e p e r f o r m a n c e , t h e p r o d u c t i o n and t h e d i s s e m i n a t i o n o f w o o d b u r n i n g c o o k i n g s t o v e s i n U p p e r Vo l t a . i n F i e l d s t u d i e s : W o o d b u r n i n g c o o k s t a v e s . . E d . P.Bussmann Bussmann,P. 1 9 8 5 . P e r f o r m a n c e t e s t s o n M a i S a u k i . I n t e r i m f i e l d report from a mission t o Niger Bussmann,P. a n d K r i s h n a P r a s a d , K . 1 9 8 6 . P a r a m e t e r a n a l y s i s o f a simple w o o d b u r n i n g c o o k s t o v e . P r o c e e d i n g s o f t h e S t h International H e a t T r a n s f e r Conference E d s . C . L . T i e n , V. P. C a r e y, a n d J . K . F e r r e l . H e m i s p h e r e P u b l i s h i n g L o r p o r a t i o n . Wa s h i n g t o n Bussmann.P. 1 9 8 8 . R e p o r t i n p r e p a r a t i o n . E i n d h o v e n U n i v e r s i t y o f Te c h n o l o g y, E i n d h o v e n . Chomcharan. A . 1 9 8 4 . I m p r o v e d b i o m a s s c o o k i n g s t o v e f o r h o u s e h o l d use. A r e p o r t submitted t o t h e National Energy A d m i n i s t r a t i o n , M i n i s t r y o f S c i e n c e . Te c h n o l o g y a n d E n e r g y under t h e Renewable Nonconventional E n e r g y P r o j e c t o f R o y a l Thai G o v e r n m e n t a n d U . S . A g e n c y f o r I n t e r n a t i o n a l Development. FAO. 1 9 8 6 C h i n e s e f u e l s a v i n g s t o v e s . R e g i o n a l o f f i c e o f FA O . Bangkok Fitzgerald. K . 1988. The coal s i t u a t i o n i n three counties. Report u n d e r p r e p a r a t i o n . ESMAP/World B a n k Coldemberg.J., J o h a n s s o n J . B . . R e d d y, A . K . N . . a n d W i l l i a m s . R . H , 1987. E n e r g y f o r a s u s t a i n a b l e w o r l d . W o r l d R e s o r c e s I n s t i t u t e , Wa s h i n g t o n . H a f f n e r . E . 1 9 7 9 . O p t i m u m p o w e r r e q u i r e m e n t s o f c i v i l i z e d humans. Unpublished r e p o r t f r o m Hampshire C o l l e g e . Hoffmann S y s t e m s E n g i n e e r i n g . 1 9 8 8 . P e r s o n a l c o m m u n i c a t i o a Khosla,A. 1 9 8 7 . P e r s o n a l communication. Krishna Prasad,K. 1986. F u e l p r o p e r t i e s and t h e design o f multifuel stoves. Paper presented a t t h e F i r s t I n t e r n a t i o n a l Symposium o n F u e l - E f f i c i e n t S t o v e s , B e i j i n g . Krishna Prasad,K. 1 9 8 7 . W o o d f i r e d H e a t e r s , i n Biomass: Regenerable e n e r g y . E d s . H a l l , D . O . a n d O v e r e n d , R . P . J o h n W i l e y. C h i c h e s t e r . Krishna Prasad, K . 1 9 8 7 . W h i t h e r Stoves? L e c t u r e d e l i v e r e d a t Second I n t e r n a t i o n a l Wo r k s h o p o n Wo o d s t o v e D i s s e m i n a t i o n h e l d i n A n t i g u a Guatemala. Krugman, H . a n d G o l d e m b e r g , J . 1 9 8 0 . T h e e n e r g y c o s t o f s a t i s f y i n g b a s i c human n e e d s , I n s t i t u t d e F i s i c a . U n i v e r s i d a d e d e S a o Paulo, Mimeo Leach, G . a n d C o w e n , M . 1 9 8 7 . H o u s e h o l d e n e r g y h a n d b o o k . W o r l d Bank Te c h n i c a l P a p e r Number 2 7 . T h e W o r l d B a n k . M i c u t a . W. 1 9 8 6 _ M o d e r n s t o v e s f o r a l l . I . T . P u b l i c a t i o n s , L o n d o n . Namuye. S . a t a i . 1 9 8 7 . T h e K e n y a c h a r c o a l s t o v e p r o g r a m m e . P a p e r p r e s e n t e d a t t h e S e c o n d I n t e r n a t i o n a l Workshop o n Woodstove Dissemination h e l d i n Antigua. Guatemala.

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