Bridge Design Manual - 2002

Chapter 16 Calculations, Drawings And Specifications

16 CALCULATIONS, DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS

16.1 FORMAT OF CALCULATIONS, DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS 16.1.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS All the design, drawings, specifications and calculations shall be in the English language. All characters and numbers in drawings shall not be less than 3.5 mm high, and any line thickness shall not be less than 0.18 mm, to be easily readable when in half size. All characters shall be drawn with CAPITAL letters. Reinforcement bars shall be shown in the following format: 67 12 s 200 B2, meaning: number of bars, diameter 12 mm, spaced at 200 mm, bar no B2. The standardized scales used for structures should be: 1:500, 1:250, 1:100, 1:50, 1:25, 1:10, 1:5 or 1:2.5. When in half size the actual scale will be: 1:1000, 1:500, 1:200, 1:100, 1:50, 1:20, 1:10 and 1:5. All drawings of bridges and structures shall as a first choice be made either as digital files in .dwg-format or other by ERA approved format, and/or on size A1, alternatively at half size A3 on paper. Originals of drawings shall be submitted to ERA, of an approved quality (laminated paper), in order to last in the ERA archives for at least 50 years. The final design calculation sheets that contains all the detailed calculations shall be on A4-size, although folded A3 size also shall be allowed. A minimum of two copies each shall be submitted to ERA. Specifications of reinforcement or steel shall be submitted to ERA in a minimum of two copies, either on the actual detail drawing or on separate sheets on size A4 as stated above. Lists and Tables of post stressed reinforcement cables, lists of piles and other similar lists shall be made on size A4, although folded A3 size also shall be allowed. 16.1.2 PRELIMINARY DESIGN DRAWING/PRELIMINARY PLAN(S) The preliminary design drawing(s) shall contain a plan, a section and an elevation with the following information essential for the detail design stage: the horizontal alignment of the road approaches and the bridge, direction of flow and name of the waterway, north point, overall length of bridge, span lengths, clearance heights, type of bearings (fixed/expansion), width of road, width of bridge, inclination of embankment slopes,

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the direction of the nearest town and/or the project start and end, which traffic load and special loads shall be used for the detail design, quantities of flow, design water speed, design water level, normal and lowest water level, cross sections of the waterway in the alignment and 5 m up- and downstream at elevation, contours or spot levels of the river bed and the surrounding ground in the area, reference to the soil investigation used, the levels of hard soil layers and bedrock if any - from the soil investigation, scour protection type and thickness, crossfall of bridgedeck, grade of bridge, angle of skew, angle of abutments and piers, the stations of the piers and abutments, type of railing, type of joints in railing, coordinate system used, bench mark used and its elevation (if a local level is used it shall be described in detail and give its connection with the National Level Benchmark Network, elevation of footings, type of soils at every support, length of piles if any, type of drainage outlets of bridgedeck if any, type of expansion joints if any, type of hinges type of fill behind the abutments, at frame structures the filling should be made at the same time at the same level behind both abutments, at abutments not founded on rock the backfill shall be made before the measure between the superstructure and the abutment is decided upon, which Specifications shall be used for the detail design. 16.1.3 DETAIL DESIGN DRAWINGS When the designs of foundations, substructures and superstructure on the basis of the preliminary design drawing have been selected, and all the necessary modifications to suit local requirements and conditions made, the detail designer of ERA or the contractor must prepare drawings in sufficient detail and with all necessary dimensions to enable the structure to be built by ERA employees or an outside contractor. Since the drawings contain all the information required to build the structure, there should be no need for the builder to consult the designer. In practice, however, liaison between design office and construction site usually benefits both parties and is particularly helpful when unforeseen conditions are met. It is common for the Engineer, in consultation with the designer, to agree to modifications with the contractor, with the aim of saving unnecessary costs, compensating for poor soils or using different materials to those specified. A complete set of as-built drawings and calculations is also required for the bridge inventory. This set should include any modifications that might have been introduced

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Chapter 16 Calculations, Drawings And Specifications

during construction and is to be updated whenever repairs or strengthening, etc take place on the structure or the river works. The main drawing contains a plan, longitudinal section and one or more cross sections of the structure. It is usually drawn to a scale of 1:100 or 1:250 and specifies the following major dimensions: Abutment and pier width, height, bearing shelf levels and foundation levels, superstructure span, width and height to the underside, wing wall lengths, heights and foundation levels, and finished road surface levels over the bridge. Design flood level, the high flood level and the low water level help to determine the vertical alignment of the road approaches and the bridge. The detail substructure drawing should show the elevations, plans and sections selected, and all the dimensions and levels required for setting out and construction of the abutments, piers and wing walls. The most common scales are 1:50 or 1:25 for reinforcement details and 1:10 or 1:5 for smaller details. Concrete and reinforcement properties and specifications, such as material class, cover thickness, etc should also be included. The superstructure main detail drawing should contain plan and sections detailing the bridge deck girders, etc. It includes material properties and specifications as well as bar bending schedules for reinforcement. The most common scales are 1:50 or 1:25 and even 1:10 or 1:5 for smaller details Further detail drawings for bearings, expansion joints etc, at scale 1:25, 1:10 or sometimes 1:5 are prepared as required. If some of the above drawings are not in the Road and Bridge Standard Specifications or in the Bidding documents, the designer must prepare drawings in sufficient detail and with all necessary dimensions to enable the structure to be built. Detail design drawings shall contain the following information, if appropriate to the drawing: all necessary technical information on concrete or steel according to the Ethiopian Building Code Standards, EBCS-2 (concrete) and -3 (steel) 1995 or these Specifications. if piling, actual maximum and minimum pile loads, type of piles, notations on method of piling, each pile should also be given a unique number. length, height and levels of expansion joints as well as diagram of movements. specification of steel details and painting program to be used. the method of manufacturing and construction, camber, etc if it will affect the rigidity, lifetime or appearance. reinforcement bar length, dimension and their unique number shown both as elevation and section. All reinforcement in a section shall be shown in the same figure. position and details of construction joints and order of concreting stages maximum aggregate size in concrete (unless normal size is used) if voids (holes) are used in slab the necessary anchoring of it shall be shown borehole plan including sections and substrata information.
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Revisions of detail design drawings during or before construction time shall always be approved by the Engineer before the work is performed. If nothing else is stated the drawing shall be sent to the Engineer to be checked and signed. If the revision requires calculations, these shall be submitted with the drawing, together with information on which part of the earlier approved calculations is affected. 16.1.4 FINAL REVISION/ AS-BUILT DRAWINGS Before the Final Acceptance of the entire construction work the Contractor shall submit to the Engineer duly revised originals or digital files of detail design/construction drawings, structural calculations and specifications. 16.2 QUALITY CONTROL OF CALCULATIONS AND DRAWINGS The Contractor and/or the Designer shall be certified by an independent Quality Institution, which has been approved by ERA. Otherwise he must prove his ability to check his design calculations and drawings before approval by the Engineer, by submitting an Object Specific Quality Plan in accordance with the requirements in ISO 9001 or equal (see Chapter 15: The Quality System ISO 9000). The use of checklists, signed by the Responsible Designer, shall be the common way of obtaining a high quality.

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