Chapter 4 Presentation, Interpretation and Analyses

This chapter discussed the presentation, interpretations and analyses of data obtained from the questionnaires answered by the respondents. The data focused on the profile of the participants in terms of age, sex, civil status, and the Eating Behaviors and Lifestyle Factors. Table 1 shows that the mean age of the respondents was 20.42; with prevalent females (f=11) then males (f=9); which illustrates that the respondents are on the peak of adolescent period in the classification of growth and development as stated by Eric Erickson (Pilleteri, 2008). On this stage of growth and development, is when a person explores more on ones body and his/her environment. The peer / group is considered to be of more influence and consideration than the parents. Active involvement in socialization activities and exploration is notable. Table 1. Profile of the Respondents (n = 20) Qualifier Mean Age Mode Median Male Female Age 20.42 19 20 19-21 19-21 9 11 9 11 0 0 Sex Civil Status Single Married

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From the sample taken, the age 19 is considered as the mode with 20 as the median. Stating further that most of the obese samples were 19 years old with 20 as the norm of their obesity condition. Hilbrecht and Zuzanek (2005) illustrates that obese individuals of these age must have had the condition prior for which obesity has peaked on this age. Table 2. Eating Behaviors of Respondents (n = 20) Qualifier Age 19 20 21 Sex Male Female Civil Status Single Married 16 0 12 0 6 0 7 9 5 7 5 1 5 7 4 5 4 3 4 2 0 Binge (f) Skipping (f) Emotional (f)

In respect to the Eating Behaviors of respondents, majority of the respondents were noted to be Binge Eaters ( f=16) and Skip Meal Eaters (f=12). It was notable to consider that Females (f=16) were dominant then males and the whole respondents (f=20) were single. Respondents generally agreed that they lost control when eating their favorites, did not practice after 6 eating habit and tends to even eat more on time clock more than 6 PM, eat 3 to 4 cups of servings a meal and eat more than 3 times in a day even with full appetite. As inspected as well, most of these respondents have Class 1 BMI. Hirsh and Lovelock (2008) recognizes that Binge Eaters gorge on every diet and does not follow a

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dietary plan; they tend to follow their choices even if they know that their choice is not acceptable anymore. Considerably, Skip Meal eating showed a significant number as well to respondents. Females (f=7) dominated males (f=5) among Skip Meal eaters. These respondents agreed to the study of Hilbrecht and Zuzanek (2005), teens who were obese were much more likely to skip breakfast than their classmates of normal weight. Also, they were less inclined to supplement their diets with vitamins than those students of normal weight. They also tend to have higher food cravings late night, eats more when have skipped one meal to compensating in the next meal. Respondents who were known to be Binge and Skip Meal Eaters reported occurrence of elevated blood glucose and blood pressure approximately once or twice a week. The elevation of their blood pressure and glucose was known to them by the presentations of the signs and symptoms or should may be objective checks or assessments. However, only six (6) respondents were noted on Emotional Eating; such that females (f=5) predominates the males (f=1). As to Lifestyle Factors, Activity Level (f=16) and Alcohol Consumption (f=3) have shown a significance to respondents. Predominantly, Activity Level of these respondents were notable to be considered as the factors of their obesity.

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Table 3. Lifestyle Factors of Respondents (n = 20) Qualifier Age 19 20 21 Sex Male Female Civil Status Single Married 5 11 16 0 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 5 7 4 0 0 3 0 0 0 Activity Level (f) Alcohol Consumption (f) Smoking Habits (f)

They generally agreed on sedentary activities as contributors to the development of their condition. Such that these activities may include but not limited to watching TV more than three (3) hours a day, enjoyed junk foods more than others, minimal walking and more sedentary lifestyle. These results were in agreeable to the works of Tucker and Friedman (1989), people who viewed TV more than three hours a day were twice as likely to be obese as those who viewed less than one hour a day. A sedentary lifestyle begins to emerge with hours spent on watching TV rather than on playing physical activities. Obese persons, especially adolescents, consume large quantities of junk food while enjoying TV, and commercials tend to stimulate snacking. (Marmitt, 2009) Expectingly, males (f=3) showed consideration on lifestyle factors as to consumption of alcohol. These was in agreeable to the works of Yeomans (2010), alcohol is one of the factors that can possibly contribute to unnecessary weight gain; that when consumed before or after meals tends to increase food

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intake, probably through enhancing the short-term rewarding effects of food and more dominant in males. Table 4. Class of Obesity Respondents (n = 20) Class 1 30-34.6 kg/m2 (f) 19 20 21 Sex Male Female Civil Status Single Married Mean Average General BMI Average 17 0 31.33 kg/m2 3 0 35.9 kg/m2 30.92 kg/m2 0 0 8 9 1 2 0 0 7 5 5 Body Mass Index Class 2 35-39.9 g/m2 (f) 1 2 0 Class 3 40 kg/m2 (f) 0 0 0

Qualifier Age

As to Class of Body Mass Index of the respondents, seventeen ( f=17) were noted at Class I or respondents with BMI of at least 30-34.9 kg/m 2, and there were three (f=3) Class II respondents. All respondents were singles. Females (Class I = f 9, Class II = f 2) dominates males in both classes. These affirms the study of Concepcion (2003) that females are more likely to become obese than males to significant reasons like hormonal imbalance, sedentary activities and diet among others.

Table 5. Relationship between Eating Behaviors and Lifestyle Factors of

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Respondents (n = 20) Eating Behaviors Binge Skip Emotional 0.73 0.65 0.53 0.90 1.19 3.17 Lifestyle Factors Activity Alcohol Smoke 0.81 0.61 0.23 0.80 1.06 2.82

Values rho

The first factor had an eigenvalue of 0.63 and explained 21% of the scale's variance. This factor was titled positive affect because its majority items assessed eating in response to behaviors like Binge and Skip Meal Eating. The second factor consisted of five items that appeared to assess Lifestyle Factors specifically on Activity Level. This factor, which had an eigenvalue of 2.5 and accounted for 27.1% of the scale's variance, was named the positive factor. Obtaining a coefficient using Pearson rho showed higher significance to Binge and Skip Meal Eating to Lifestyle Factor as to Activity Level then contrast to others. Emotional Eating did not show bearing in the respondents. Generally, the respondents have shown higher significant as to relationship between their Eating Behaviors (Binge and Skip Meal) and Lifestyle Factor (Activity Level) to their BMI Class. The MANOVA indicated that males and females did not relate significantly on any of the three factors, F(3,334) = 0.22, p = 0.17.

Table 6. Relationship between Eating Behaviors and Lifestyle Factors as to Profile and BMI (n = 20)

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Profile Age M/AA Sex Male Female Civil Status Single Married BMI Class I Class II

rho 0.04 0.12 0.10 0.04

Interpretation NS NS NS NS

0.99 0.99

S S

Similarly, there were no significant relationship based on age F(3,334) = 0.04, p = 0.04.Multivariate correlations revealed that neither age, sex and civil status were significantly related to the obesity of the respondents. Lifestyle Factor (Activity Level) correlated significantly with the positive effect ( r = 0.77, p = 0.76) and positive (r = 0.99, p = 0.99) factors but not with the remaining two factors.