Microscope

A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the naked eye. Microscope helps us to see cells, microorganisms such as protozoa, virus,fungus,bacteria,check cells ,plant cells and many more.

Magnifying glass
A magnifying glass (called a hand lens in laboratory contexts) is a convex lens that is used to produce a magnified image of an object. The lens is usually mounted in a frame with a handle (see image). A sheet magnifier consists of many very narrow concentric ring-shaped lenses, such that the combination acts as a single lens but is much thinner. This arrangement is known as aFresnel lens. Magnifying glass is used to see small objects .

Telescope
Most people would say that the main function of a telescope is to make things look larger. But in fact, the most important function is to make things look brighter! This is called its light-gathering power. If you enlarge an object, it gets fainter because you are spreading the light over a larger image, so any telescope has a limit to how much magnification it can comfortably deliver. Another important function of the telescope is resolving power. This measures how well you can separate two objects, and of course this is related to how sharp the image looks. Both of these functions, light gathering power and resolving power, depend only on the size of the telescope (called the aperture). The light gathering power depends on the area of the main element (the objective), while the resolving power depends on the diameter.

Binoculars
Binoculars, field glasses or binocular telescopes are a pair of identical ormirrorsymmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal mounted military models. Many different abbreviations are used for binoculars, including glasses, nocs, noculars, binos and bins. binoculars give users a three-dimensional image: for nearer objects the two views, presented to each of the viewer's eyes from slightly different viewpoints, produce a merged view with an impression of depth.

X ray
In Medicine X rays help dentists detect diseases of the teeth. Doctors use X rays to locate bullets and other foreign objects within the body; to guide them in setting broken bones; and to detect cancer, ulcers, kidney stones, and other abnormalities. Various types of X-ray scanners have been developed that allow highly detailed views of a particular section of the body. One type, known as a CT (computerized tomography) scanner, sends narrow beams of X rays at various angles through a patient's body. The information obtained from the X rays is processed by a computer to produce an image of a cross-section of the body. The image shows much more detail than an ordinary X-ray picture. A section of the body can be studied in three dimensions by producing a series of adjacent cross-sectional images.

X rays can halt the growth of cells and even destroy them altogether. They are therefore used to destroy benign and malignant tumors. X rays have also been used in the treatment of leukemia and bursitis. In Industry X rays are used to inspect canned goods and other packaged products. A conveyor carries the goods past a beam of X rays. If a container is improperly filled, or if it contains a foreign substance, the X rays set off an alarm or set into action a device that removes the container from the conveyor. X rays are similarly used to separate beryl from granite and to inspect airplane and automobile parts, rubber goods, plastics, metal castings, and a variety of other products. In Science Scientists have learned much about the structure of matter by means of X rays. Among other things, they have learned how atoms are arranged in crystals. The average wavelength of X rays is about equal to the distance between the atoms in crystals. Crystals therefore act as diffraction gratings for X rays. That is, they scatter X rays in a pattern that shows the positions of their atoms. When the patterns of specific crystalline substances are known, technicians can use X rays to analyze substances of which they are a part. Petroleum products, metal alloys, and other substances are thus analyzed. Other Uses Customs officers and airport security personnel use X rays in examining luggage and packages to check for weapons or smuggled articles. X rays show whether pearls are natural or cultured, and whether gemstones are natural or synthetic. X rays have also been used to learn whether paintings attributed to noted painters are authentic. Sometimes they have revealed changes made in the original work, or an earlier painting under the one that appears on the surface

Periscope
A periscope is an instrument for observation from a concealed position. In its simplest form it consists of an outer case with mirrors at each end set parallel to each other at a 45-degree angle. This form of periscope, with the addition of two simple lenses, served for observation purposes in the trenches during World War I. Military personnel also use periscopes in some gun turrets and in armoured vehicles. More complex periscopes, using prisms instead of mirrors, and providing magnification, operate on submarines. The overall design of the classical submarine periscope is very simple: two telescopes pointed into each other. If the two telescopes have different individual magnification, the difference between them causes an overall magnification or reduction.

Ultrasound Scanning Device

Ultrasound imaging (sonography) uses high-frequency sound waves to view soft tissues such as muscles and internal organs. Because ultrasound images are captured in real-time, they can show movement of the body's internal organs as well as blood flowing through blood vessels. In an ultrasound exam, a hand-held transducer is placed against the skin. The transducer sends out high frequency sound waves that reflect off of body structures. The returning sound waves, or echoes, are displayed as an image on a monitor. The image is based on the frequency and strength (amplitude) of the sound signal and the time it takes to return from the patient to the transducer. Unlike with an x-ray, there is no ionizing radiation exposure with this test.

LIMITATIONS OF HEARING
LOUDSPEAKER
The function of the loudspeaker is to create sound waves in air that exactly duplicate the complex waveforms and relative magnitudes of electrical currents in an audio circuit. It's the last link in the chain that causes audio information to be transferred from pits on a CD ... or domains on a tape or wiggles in an LP groove ... to the listener's eardrum. It performs this function by passing the audio current through a coil of wire, wound around a magnet to which is glued a large paper cone. When the current in the wire changes, the magnet moves slightly in or out of the coil, in turn moving the paper cone slightly, and causing it to push a bit of air. Doing this fast enough makes a sound wave out of the rapid train of air-pushes.

EARPHONE
Headphone is a mini speaker that is usually used to listen to music and/or movie or video. This product is usually attached to the ears and connected to digital devices, like MP3 Player, computer, radio, and iPod. To headphone usage, some people suggest to use it when you watch DVD or listen to music at house. It has big enough size so it will make you feel busy when you bring it outside of your house. But if you like to hangout, use earphone is the right choice for you. Like headphone, it can be used to listen to music or movie. The best parts of earphone are it has smaller size and lower sound than headphone and makes you easy to bring it everywhere that you want. Functions of headphone are you can get high and clear quality sound when you listen to music and/or watch movie and minimize strength sounds that you dont want. Furthermore, if you use headphone, you can manage air circulation to your ears smoothly because there is gap between headphone and ear.

STETHOSCOPE
The stethoscope is an acoustic medical device for auscultation, or listening to the internal sounds of an animal or human body. It is often used to listen to lung and heart sounds. It is also used to listen to intestines and blood flow in arteries and veins. In combination with asphygmomanometer, it is commonly used for measurements of blood pressure. Less commonly, "mechanic's stethoscopes" are used to listen to internal sounds made by machines, such as diagnosing a malfunctioning automobile engine by listening to the sounds of its internal parts. Stethoscopes can also be used to check scientific vacuum chambers for leaks, and for various other small-scale acoustic monitoring tasks. A stethoscope that intensifies auscultatory sounds is called phonendoscope.

HEARING AID Hearing loss can occur at any age, but most often it affects individuals that are between the ages of sixtyfive and seventy-five. Following have been identified as causes for hearing loss: a build up of ear wax, hereditary factors and degeneration. Doctors have been able to attribute some forms of hearing loss to inner ear nerve damage that can be caused by an overexposure to loud environments. Although hearing loss can not be corrected, hearing aids have played a substantial role in restoring or ability to hear.

Acknowledgement I_____Sarmila________, very thankful to the Almighty Allah because of the grace and mercy to meto complete this Science folio entitled Classification of Animals without facing any problems.I would like to express my thanks and appreciation to my teacher,_Puan Nurhaduyuni_________________,who never tired of providing me with encouragement and guidance on how to make a review accordingto the criteria set. She also helped me to check the data, reports and rebuke me so that I will achievegood results and excellent research.In addition, I also want to wish thanks to both of my parents,___________Maha______and_________Poonithan_____, who helped to prepare this work. Without their support, I probably could not finishthis work. This is because this folio requires energy, ideas and money to finish it.Not to forget, my fellow friends,_____________, ATRIYAH________________________, who had helpedme to complete this folio. They had also corrected my spelling errors and channelledthe appropriateinformation for the preparation of this scrapbook smoothly.