12th to 14th December 2007 - Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Bombay, India

EMISSION REDUCTION WITH PARTIAL OXIDATION OF NATURAL GAS IN COMBINED CYCLE

T. SRINIVAS Gudlavalleru Engineering College, Gudlavalleru - 521 356, India A. V. S. S. K. S. GUPTA J N T U College of Engineering, Kukatpally, Hyderabad - 500 072, India B.V. REDDY University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, Canada

Presentation outline
Overview of work Power plant configuration Chemical reactions in - partial oxidation reactor - shift reactor and - combustion chambers Results Effect of air fuel ratio, steam fuel ratio and compressor pressure ratio on - unconverted methane Effect of air fuel ratio and steam fuel ratio on - CO2 in exhaust - hydrogen generation - temperature of partial oxidation reactor - exergy efficiency of combined cycle Conclusions

 The analysis discusses the selection of some important parameters necessary to obtain a maximum level of conversion of hydrogen from natural gas in the partial oxidation reactor. The parameters which influence the hydrogen production are air-to-methane ratio, steam-tomethane ratio and reactor pressure. The results showed that a net efficiency of 43 percent, with a 95.5 percent of fuel conversion can be obtained by combined cycle with dual pressure heat recovery steam generator based on present technological status.
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 The aim of the present work is to apply the thermodynamic analysis for fuel decarbonisation concept to natural gas, for efficient removal of CO2 from combined cycles. An effort has been made towards minimization of carbon dioxide emission. the

The performance of the integrated plant configuration is analysed with respect to the combined cycle parameters based on the optimized parameters in partial oxidation reactor.
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CO2 Capture Technologies

Pre-Combustion Post-Combustion
Separation of CO2 from the fossil fuel. Removal of CO2 from combustion flue gases.

Oxy-Fuel Combustion Combustion with pure

O2 and Recycled Flue Gas to reduce CO2 emissions

Gas Pre-Combustion Capture Concept

Natural gas Partial Oxidation Shift Reactor CO2 Separation CO2 Storage

H2/N2
GT CC
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42 41 H2 Rich Gas 29 27 30

C.C.1 31 32

43

C.C.2

33 G

I.C. atm. air 26 CO2 Absorption Partial oxidation reactor 36 40 CO2 Compression and Liquefaction 4 Shift reactor 28

35 46 Natural gas Exhaust 47 7 19 15 5 HRSG LP 34

HP

1 G 9 Condenser

RH 3

23 Deaerators 21 HP FP

2 8 11 CEP 12 13 20 FP

ST

Make up water 10 14 LP FP 16

Power plant configuration for the combined cycle with natural gas decarburisation and carbon dioxide chemical absorption

PARTIAL OXIDATION REACTOR The combustion reaction in the partial oxidation reactor is a1 CH4 + a2 H2O + a3 (O2 + 3.76 N2) = b1 CH4 + b2 CO + b3 CO2 + b4 H2 + b5 H2O + b6 N2 Methane reforming: CH4 + H2O = CO + 3H2 Water shift reaction: CO + H2O = CO2 + H2
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Equilibrium constants
K p ,1 =
3 Pco PH 2

PCH 4 PH 2O P02

b2 (4a1 2a3 4b1 b2 ) 3 P 2 = b1 (a 2 + 2a3 2a1 + 2b1 + b2 )(3a1 + a 2 + 3.76a3 2b1 ) 2

K p ,2 =

Pco 2 PH 2 PCO PH 2O

(a1 b1 b2 )(4a1 2a3 4b1 b2 ) = b2 (a 2 + 2a3 2a1 + 2b1 + b2 )

P = Preactor P0
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SHIFT REACTOR
The following is reaction is the exothermic chemical reaction in the shift reactor. b1 CH4 + b2 CO + b3 CO2 + b4 H2 + b5 H2O + b6 N2 = c1 CH4 + c2 CO2 + c3 H2 + c4 H2O + c5 N2

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COMBUSTION CHAMBER
The following is the combustion reaction equation in the gas turbine combustion chamber. a[c1 CH4 + c3 H2 + c4 H2O + c5 N2 + x1 (O2 + 3.76 N2)] = a[d1 CO2 + d2 H2O + d3 O2 + d4 N2] The combustion equation is the gas reheater is a(d1 CO2 + d2 H2O + d3 O2 + d4 N2) + (1-a)(c1 CH4 + c3 H2 + c4 H2O + c5 N2) = e1 CO2 + e2 H2O + e3 O2 + e4 N2
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Exergy efficiency of combined cycle,

2,cc

wnet cc = 0 CH 4

100
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RESULTS

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35
gas cycle pressure ratio = 20 U nc onv erted m ethane, % of fuel
Unconverted methane, % of fuel

35 steam to fuel mass ratio = 1.0 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 gas cycle pressure ratio 10 15 20 25

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 Air fuel mass ratio in partial oxidation reactor steam to fuel mass ratio 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

Air fuel mass ratio in partial oxidation reactor

Effect of the air fuel ratio , steam fuel ratio and gas cycle pressure ratio on the conversion of fuel
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0.9 0.8
CO 2 in exhaust, kg/kg fuel gas cycle pressure ratio = 20

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 Air fuel mass ratio in partial oxidation reactor steam to fuel mass ratio
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Effect of the air and steam mass ratios on the carbon dioxide emission from15 the plant

Hydrogen production in shift reactor, kg/kg fuel

0.29
gas cycle pressure ratio = 20

0.27 0.25 0.23 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.15 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 Air fuel mass ratio in partial oxidation reactor 8.5 steam to fuel mass ratio
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

16 Effect of the air and steam ratios on hydrogen generation in shift reactor

Tem perature of partial oxidation reactor, 0 C

1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800

steam to fuel mass ratio

0 0.5 1 1.5 2

gas cycle pressure ratio = 20

4.5

5.5

6.5

7.5

8.5

Air fuel mass ratio in partial oxidation reactor

Effect of the air and steam mass ratio on reactors temperature at the cycle pressure ratio of 20
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45.5 Exergy efficiency of combined cycle, %

gas cycle pressure ratio = 20

45 44.5 44 43.5 43 42.5 42 41.5 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8 8.5 Air fuel mass ratio in partial oxidation reactor steam to fuel mass ratio
0 0.5 1 1.5 2

18 the Effect of the air fuel ratio on the exergy efficiency of the combined cycle with steam fuel ratio

CONCLUSIONS
Unconverted methane into hydrogen, emission of carbon dioxide and exergy efficiency of the combined cycle decreases with increase in the air fuel ratio and increases with increase in the steam fuel ratio. The fuel conversion is more effective at low pressures compared to high pressures.

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 The carbon dioxide cannot be removed in the emissions without a loss of mechanical power. The chemical thermodynamic analysis helps to find the optimum air and steam mass ratio for maximum hydrogen production in the shift reactor. The temperature of the partial oxidation reactor can be controlled with the steam injection.
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THANK YOU

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