Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-1 Coplaner Forces

1.20 Solved Examples :

TYPE I : EXAMPLES BASED ON COMPONENTS
Ex. 1.6 : Resolve given force of 40 N
Along (1) u and v axis
(2) x and y axis


Fig. Ex. 1.6
Soln. : Resolving along u and v axis

40
sin90
=
F
sin 45
=
F
u
sin45

F
u

= F
v
= 28.28 N
Resolving along x and y axis.
F
x

= 40 cos 15 = 38.64 N
F
y
= 40 sin 15 = 10.35 N
Fig. Ex. 1.6(a)
Ex. 1.7 : The cable AB prevents rod OA from rotating
clockwise about hinge O. It is the cable
tensions is 700 N. Find components along n
and t axis.
Soln. :
Resolving T = 700 N along t and n axis.
t component = 700 cos o and
n component = 700 sin o
From geometry of OMA AM = 1.5 sin 60
= 1.3 m
OM = 1.5 cos 60
= 0.75 m Fig. Ex. 1.7
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-2 Coplaner Forces
Now in BMA , tan =
AM
BM
=
1.3
1.95

. = 33.69
. o = 180 (120 + 33.69)
= 26.31
. t- component = 700 cos (26.31)
= 627.49 N
n-component = 700 sin (26.31)
= 310.26 N

Fig. Ex. 1.7(a)
Ex. 1.8 : A force of 60 N acts downward at A. Determine the angle 0 (0 s 0 s 90) of member AB so that
component of F acting along the axis of AB is 80 N. What is the magnitude of the force component acting
along the axis of member AC ?
Refer Fig. Ex. 1.8.


Fig. Ex. 1.8 Fig. Ex. 1.8(a) Fig. Ex. 1.8(b)
Soln. : Producing AB to AB
1
.
The components of force must be along AC and AB
1
as shown in Fig. Ex. 1.8(a).
Now, construct the parallelogram.
By sine rule in A ACD,
We have,
60
sin (120 0)
=
F
1
sin 60
=
F
2
sin 0

but F
AB
= F
1
= 80 N given
.
60
sin (120 0)
=
80
sin 60
=
F
2
sin 0

. 60 sin 60 = 80 sin (120 0) . 0.65 = sin (120 0)
. 120 0 = sin
1
(0.65) . 120 0 = 40.54
. 0 = 79.46 Ans.
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-3 Coplaner Forces
. F
2
=
80 sin 0
sin 60
=
80 sin 79.46
sin 60
= 90.82 N
. Force component acting along AC is 90.82 N. Ans.
TYPE II : EXAMPLES BASED ON LAW OF PARALLELOGRAM OF FORCES
Ex. 1.17 : The resultant of two forces P and Q is R. If Q is doubled the new resultant is perpendicular to P. Prove
that Q = R.
Soln. :


Fig. Ex. 1.17
R
2
= P
2
+ Q
2
+ 2PQ cos 0 (1)
Also, tan 90 =
Q sin 0
P + 2 Q cos 0
=
. P + 2 Q cos 0 = 0
. 2 Q cos 0 = P (2)
Substituting in Equation (1) we get,
. R
2
= P
2
+ Q
2
P
2

. R = Q proved.
TYPE III : EXAMPLES BASED ON RESULTANT OF COPLANER CONCURRENT FORCES
Ex. 1.19 : Show that resultant of given system as shown in Fig. Ex. 1.19 is zero.

Fig. Ex. 1.19 Fig. Ex. 1.19(a)
Soln. : For given x and y axis draw given force system as shown in Fig. Ex. 1.21(a).
Resolving along x and y axis.
Z F
x
= 200 300 + 400 cos 36.87 + 300 cos 53.13 = 0
Z F
y
= 400 sin 36.87 + 300 sin 53.13 = 0
. R = 0 proved
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-4 Coplaner Forces
Ex. 1.23 : Three forces act as shown in Fig. Ex. 1.23. Determine magnitude
and direction 0 of F
1
so that resultant is directed along axis
A and has magnitude of 1 kN.
Soln. : As resultant of 1000 N is acting along A axis.
We know that when R is inclined,
1) x component of R = Z F
x

2) y component of R = Z F
y

. 1) 1000 cos 30 = 200 + 450 cos 45 + F
1
cos (0 + 30) Fig. Ex. 1.23
. F
1
cos (0 + 30) = 347.83 (1)
. 2) 1000 sin 30 = 450 sin 45 F
1
sin (0 + 30)
. F
1
sin (0 + 30) = 818.2 (2)
.
F
1
sin (0 + 30)
F
1
cos (0 + 30)
=
818.2
347.83
. tan (0 + 30) = 2.352
. 0 + 30 = tan
1
(2.352) 0 = 36.97 Ans.
Substituting in Equation (2) we get,
. F
1
=
818.2
sin (36.97 + 30)
= 889.06 N Ans.
Ex. 1.26 : Determine the magnitude of force F so that the magnitude of
resultant of three forces is as small as possible. Also find
minimum magnitude of R. Refer Fig. Ex. 1.26.
Soln. :
Z F
x
= 5 F cos 60 = 5 F/2
Z F
y
= F sin 60 4 =
3
2
F 4
R = (Z F
x
)
2
+ (Z F
y
)
2
Fig. Ex. 1.26
. R
2
= (5 F/2)
2
+

3
2
F 4
2
(1)
Differentiate w.r.t. F 2R
dR
dF
= 2
[ ]
5
F
2

( )

1
2
+ 2

3
2
F 4
3
2

For R to be as small as possible
dR
dF
= 0
. 0 = 5 +
F
2
+
3F
2
4 3 . 2 F = 5 + 4 3
. F =
5 + 4 3
2
F = 5.96 kN Ans.
Substituting this value in Equation (1) we get,
. R
(min)
=
( )
5
5.96
2
2
+

3
2
5.96 4
2
= 2.33 kN Ans.
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-5 Coplaner Forces
Ex. 1.29 : If resultant of 3 forces is acting along the arm OA
(from O to A). Determine force F
1
and its direction 0.
The magnitude of resultant is 600 N. Refer
Fig. Ex. 1.29.
Soln. : Here resultant is acting from O to A, so conditions are :
1) x-component of R = Z F
x
and
2) y-component of R = Z F
y
.
Using, x component of R = Z F
x
. Fig. Ex. 1.29
Rcos 30 = 350 + F
1
cos 0 (1)
y-component of R = Z F
y
.
R sin 30 = F
1
sin 0 100 (2)
Here, R = 600 N given
. 600 cos 30 = 350 + F
1
cos 0
. F
1
cos 0 = 169.615 N
and 600 sin 30 = F
1
sin 0 100
. F
1
sin 0 = 400 N |
.

F
1
sin 0
F
1
cos 0
=
400
169.615

. 0 = 67.02
. F
1
= 434.47 N Ans.
Fig. Ex. 1.29(a)
TYPE IV : EXAMPLES BASED ON NON-CONCURRENT FORCES
Ex. 1.40 : The force and couple are acting on a square plate as shown in
Fig. Ex. 1.40. If P = 2Q, find value of angle o for which
Resultant is passing through 1) Point A 2) Point D.
Soln. :
Case I : When R is passing through point A
Z M
A
= 0.
(P sin o 10) Q 10 = 0
. P sin o = Q Fig. Ex. 1.40
but P = 2Q given
. 2Q sin o = Q
. sin o =
o = 30
Case II : When R is passing through point D
Z M
D
= 0
(P sin o 10) (P cos o 10) Q 10 = 0
. P sin o = P cos o + Q
substitute P = 2Q
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-6 Coplaner Forces
. 2Q sin o = 2Q cos o + Q
. 2 sin o = 2 cos o + 1
Squaring both sides,
4 sin

o = (2 cos o + 1)


4 (1 cos

o) = 4 cos

o + 4 cos o + 1
. 8 cos

o + 4 cos o 3 = 0
solving for cos o
we get, cos o = 0.411
. o = 65.73 Ans.
Ex. 1.41 : For the level determine magnitude and direction of smallest
force P which has 42 N.m. clockwise moment about B.
Soln. : Moment of force P and B
42 = P cos o (1.1) P sin o (0.4)]
. P =
2
1.1 cos + 0.4 sin
(1)
For P to be minimum

d
do
(1.1 cos o + 0.4 sin o) = 0
. 1.1 sin o + 0.4 cos o = 0
. tan o =
0.4
1.1

o = 19.98
Substitute this value in Equation (1) we get,
P
min
=
42
1.1 cos (19. 98) + 0.4 sin (19.98)

P
min
= 35.88 N Ans. Fig. Ex. 1.41
Ex. 1.44 : Determine the angle 0 for which moment of force about O is zero. Refer Fig. Ex. 1.44.

Fig. Ex. 1.44 Fig. Ex. 1.44(a)
Soln. : Resolving force into x and y components as shown in Fig. Ex. 1.44(a).
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-7 Coplaner Forces
As M
A
= 0 given,
. P cos (0 + 30) [ a sin 30 + a sin 70] P sin (0 + 30) [a cos 30 + a cos 70] = 0
. P cos (0 + 30) [1.44a] = P sin (0 + 30) [1.21a]
.
sin (0 + 30)
cos (0 + 30)
=
1.44
1.21
= 1.19
. tan ( 0 + 30) = 1.19
. 0 + 30 = tan
1
(1.19) = 49.96
0 = 19.96 Ans.
Ex. 1.46 : For a rectangular plate 0.3 m 0.4m determine angle 0 if moment about A is zero.


Fig. Ex. 1.46
Soln. :
Z M
A
= 0 (given) here tan o =
0.3
0.4

. o = 36.87

P (0.4 sin 0) + 2P 0.5 cos (o + 0) = 0
. 0.4 sin 0 = cos (36.87 + 0

)
Solving we get, 0 = 38.66

Fig. Ex. 1.46(a)
Ex. 1.49 : A force P is acting in x-y plane. The moments of P about O
is 80 N.m (counter clockwise), about A 200 N.m
(clockwise) and about B moment is zero. Find moment of
force about C. Refer Fig. Ex. 1.49.
Soln. : To find moment of force about C first finding magnitude and
direction of force in x-y plane.
Given moments are, M
O
= + 80 N.m, M
A
= 200 N.m, M
B
= 0
As moment of force P about B is zero, hence force must pass
through point B.
Fig. Ex. 1.49
Assuming force P acting in 3
rd
quadrant. (you can assume the force in any quadrant)
Now, using,
M
A
= 200 = ( P cos o 1) (P sin o 0.8)
. P cos o + 0.8 P sin o = 200 (1)
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-8 Coplaner Forces
M
O
= 80 = P sin o 0.8
. P sin o = 100 (2)
(Negative) of P sin o indicates that assumed direction of P sin o was wrong.

Fig. Ex. 1.49(a) Fig. Ex. 1.49(b)
. P sin o = 100 | (3)
Now, substituting P sin o = 100 in Equation (1) we get,
. P cos o + 0.8 ( 100) = 200
. P cos o = 280 (4)
[(Positive) of P cos o indicates that assumed direction of P cos o is correct.]
.
P sin o
P cos o
=
100
280

. tan o = 0.357 . o = 19.65
Substituting this value in Equation (3).
We get, P =
100
sin 19.65
P = 297.38 N
. Force P is acting in 2
nd
quadrant as shown in Fig. Ex. 1.49(b)
Now, Moment of force about C,
M
C
= ( 100 0.2) (280 0.6) = 188 N.m = 188 N.m (clockwise) Ans.
TYPE VI : EXAMPLES BASED ON EQUIVALENT SYSTEM AND EQUIPOLLENT SYSTEM
Ex. 1.54 : A force of 250 N is applied on a bracket as shown in Fig. Ex. 1.54. Replace this force by
1) An equivalent force-couple system at B.
2) An equivalent system formed by two parallel forces at A and B.

Fig. Ex. 1.54
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-9 Coplaner Forces
Soln. :
1) An equivalent force-couple system at B.
M
B
= 250 0.3 (Force is making angle 90 with AC . Perpendicular distance is 0.3 m)
= 75 N.m = 75 N.m W

Fig. Ex. 1.54(a) : Force couple system at B Fig. Ex. 1.54(b) : Assumed system II
2) An equivalent system consisting two parallel forces.
Step 1 : Let P
1
and P
2
be the parallel forces passing through A and B respectively as shown in
Fig. Ex. 1.54(a).
Let o be the angle of P
1
and P
2
with horizontal.
Step 2 : For two systems to be equivalent,
Z F
x
I

= Z F
x
II
250 cos 60 = P
1
cos o + P
2
cos o
. ( P
1
+ P
2
) cos o = 125 (1)
Z F
y
I
= Z F
y
II
250 sin 60 = P
1
sin o P
2
sin o
. (P
1
P
2
) sin o = 216.51 (2)
Z M
I

= Z M
II
(at B)
75 = (P
1
cos o 0.2 sin 30) P
1
sin o 0.2 cos 30
. 75 = 0.1 P
1
cos o 0.173 P
1
sin o
. 750 = P
1
cos o + 1.73 P
1
sin o
750 = P
1
(cos o + 1.73 sin o) (3)
Solving Equations (1), (2) and (3) we get,
P
1
= 375 N, P
2
= 625 N, o = 60
Step 3 : Final equivalent system is shown in
Fig. Ex. 1.54(c).
Fig. Ex. 1.54(c) : Final equivalent system
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-10 Coplaner Forces
Ex. 1.55 : Three control forces acting on lever.
a) Replace the three forces
with an equivalent force-
couple system at B.
b) Determine the single force
which is equivalent to the
force-couple system of
part (a) and specify its
point of application on the
lever. Refer Fig. Ex. 1.55.
Fig. Ex. 1.55
Soln. :
(a) To find a single force-system couple, first find equivalent force and moment at B.
Z F
x
= 48 cos 35 (along lever AC) = 39.32 N
Z F
y
= 48 sin 35 (Perpendicular to lever AC) = 27.53 N
. R = 48 N
. 0 = 35 with lever AC or 65 with horizontal.
Total moment at B.
M
B
= (48 sin 35 30) 20 sin 70 40 20 sin 70 30
= 489.62 N.mm = 489.62 N.mm W


Fig. Ex. 1.55(a) : Equivalent force-couple system at B
(b) To find single force equivalent to above system.
Step 1 : Assume a system consisting single force as
shown in Fig. Ex. 1.55(b).
Let d be the distance of point of application
(D) from B.
Step 2 : For two systems to be equivalent,
Z F
x
I
= Z F
x
II
(Resolving along the plane)
48 cos 35 = P cos o (1)
Z F
y
I

= Z F
y
II
48 sin 35 = P sin o (2)
From Equations (1) and (2) we get, Fig. Ex. 1.55(b)
o = 35 and P = 48 N
Engineering Mechanics (Statics) 1-11 Coplaner Forces
Z M
I

= Z M
II
(at B)
489.62 = P sin o d
. 489.62 = 48 sin 35 d
. d = 17.78 mm
Step 3 : Final equivalent system, is as shown in
Fig. Ex. 1.55(c) consisting single force.


Fig. Ex. 1.55(c) : Final equivalent system