PUBLISHED DOCUMENT

PD 8888:2001

Technical product documentation (TPD) An interim report

ICS 01.110

PD 8888:2001

Committees responsible for this Published Document

The preparation of this Published Document was entrusted to Technical Committee TDW/4, Engineering drawing, metrology, precision measurement and all related documentation, upon which the following bodies were represented: Ball and Roller Bearing Manufacturers Association British Foundry Association British Metal Casting Association British Standards Society Brunel University Drawing Office Material Manufacturers and Distributors GAMBICA Gauge and Tool Makers Association Institute of Engineering Designers Institute of Incorporated Engineers Laser and Electro-Optic Association Loughborough University National Physical Laboratory Power Generation Contractors Association Railway Industry Association Society of British Aerospace Companies Ltd. Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders Transmission and Distribution Association United Kingdom Accreditation Service University of Birmingham Writing Instruments Association

This Published Document, having been prepared under the direction of the Consumer Products and Services Sector Committee, was published under the authority of the Standards Committee and comes into effect on 15 September 2001 BSI 08-2001

Amendments issued since publication Amd. No.

The following BSI references relate to the work on this publication: Committee reference TDW/4

Date

Comments

ISBN 0 580 38237 0

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Contents
Committees responsible Foreword Page Inside front cover ii 1 1 1 5 7 10 17 18 21 24 25 26 27 30 31 32 3 8 8 9 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 20 21 23 26 28 29 7 10 24 25

Introduction 1 Scope 2 Confirmed changes to BS 8888:2000 3 Advance information regarding the revision of BS ISO 1101 4 Advance information regarding the revision of BS ISO 1302 5 The application of mathematical filters in GPS (ISO/TS 16610 series) 6 The development of a model for geometric specification and verification (ISO/TS 17540 series) 7 Approaches to 3-D modelling 8 Design for manufacture Annex A (informative) Additions to the normative list of standards in BS 8888:2000, Annex A Annex B (informative) Additions to the informative list of standards in BS 8888:2000, Annex B Annex C (informative) The relationship between PD 8888:2001, BS 8888:2000 and BS 8888:2002 Annex D (informative) The GPS language in future developments Annex E (informative) The role of standards in education Annex F (informative) Corrections and clarification of BS 8888:2000 to be introduced at the time of the first revision Bibliography Figure 1 Metric reference graduations Figure 2 Existing symbol configuration Figure 3 New symbol configuration Figure 4 Control elements in indication of surface texture requirements on engineering drawings Figure 5 Output from a Gaussian filter superposed on unfiltered input profile Figure 6 Output of a cubic spline filter superposed on unfiltered input profile Figure 7 Output of a morphological operation (erosion) shown as a lower curve Figure 8 Output of an envelope filter Figure 9 Alternating sequence filter at increasing scale Figure 10 Tolerances 2-D representation Figure 11 Tolerances 3-D representation Figure 12 Application of limits in 2-D representation Figure 13 Application of limits in 3-D representation Figure 14 Model for a design process Figure C.1 The relationship between PD 8888:2001, BS 8888:2000 and BS 8888:2002 Figure D.1 The basic GPS framework Figure D.2 The duality principle (ISO 17450-1) Table 1 Standards that are to be cross-referenced in BS ISO 1302 Table 2 The ISO/TS 16610 series of technical specifications Table A.1 Additions to the normative list of standards in BS 8888:2000, Annex A Table B.1 Additions to the informative list of standards in BS 8888:2000, Annex B

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Foreword
This Published Document has been prepared by Technical Committee TDW/4. This Published Document is an interim report on the progress towards a first revision of the technical specification BS 8888:2000. In particular this Published Document identifies relevant BS ISO and BS EN ISO standards, new and revised, that have been completed during the year since publication of BS 8888:2000. In addition this Published Document provides background information on recent developments and new concepts that are influencing the technical requirements of new standards. Annex A of this document lists revised and newly published standards, destined to become normative references in the main text of BS 8888. Annex B lists other standards to which reference is recommended. Annex C contains illustration of the relationship between this report and BS 8888. Annex D contains a statement of the objectives and methods of operation currently applying to the main Technical Committees working in this field. The two main ISO Technical Committees are as follows. ISO/TC 10, Technical product definition. ISO/TC 213, Geometric product specification. The BSI Technical Committee is TDW/4, Engineering drawing, metrology and precision measurement and all related documentation. Annex E considers the role of standards in education. Annex F identifies a relatively small number of corrections/clarifications to BS 8888:2000, that will be introduced into the standard at the time of the first revision. This Published Document is published with a supplementary kit, BS 8888: Supplementary kit 1: Standards added 20002001. This Published Document is not to be regarded as a British Standard.

Summary of pages This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages 1 to 35 and a back cover. The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document was last issued.

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Introduction
Documentation for technical products is increasingly required to function in a demanding business environment. Completeness of specification, elimination of ambiguity and universal application are of paramount importance. This is because corporate entities demonstrate an increasing tendency to: pursue legal settlement of dispute; favour the introduction of quality management systems (e.g. BS EN ISO 9000); opt for outsourcing/sub-contracting in preference to in-house manufacture; depend upon digitized information transfer and computer aided processes. These tendencies run alongside a manufacturing environment in which the demand for highly sophisticated functionality of workpieces at a competitive, commercially viable cost is increasing. The increasing dependence upon computers reduces the opportunity for human interaction. Combined with todays social model, with its encouragement of mobility of labour, this dependence increases the need to build relevant knowledge into computer aided design, manufacturing and quality systems so that products are fully integrated, universally applicable and can be reasonably relied upon to be available when required. All of these factors bring immense pressure to bear on the design/specification to enhance the detail of its output in order to avoid any ambiguity. The role of the ISO Technical Committees working in the fields of geometric product specification (GPS) and technical product documentation (TPD) is to provide standards that can be applied comprehensively and unambiguously to these rapidly emerging technologies. The rapid development and application of new technologies is leading to a correspondingly rapid programme of standards development. Given the nature of standardization, based as it is on the concept of consensus, this is not always easy to deliver. However, considerable progress is being made and the number of additional standards which BS 8888 will need to encompass in its first revision in 2002 will almost certainly exceed 30; an increase of some 33 %. The nature of the changes to BS 8888 will involve some of the standards considered to be fundamental to the GPS concept. Without advance information the process of upgrading to BS 8888:2002 could place immense strain on the resources of the organizations and individuals involved. For this reason PD 8888:2001 is provided during the interim period. The primary objective of PD 8888 is to facilitate the early introduction of relevant changes to workplace practice and to thereby assist users of BS 8888:2000 to make a seamless transition to its successor BS 8888:2002.

1 Scope
This Published Document reports on the progress towards a first revision of the technical specification BS 8888:2000. In particular this Published Document identifies relevant BS ISO and BS EN ISO standards, new and revised, that have been completed during the year since publication of BS 8888:2000. Cross-references to new standards publications (excluding revisions) will not be fully incorporated until the first revision of BS 8888 is published in August 2002. The identification of such standards at this stage is intended to assist users of BS 8888 by providing advance notice of new requirements that will apply at a given future date. In so doing this Published Document enables users of BS 8888 to work towards the integration of new requirements into workplace procedures without undue disruption. In addition this Published Document provides background information on the recent developments and new concepts that are influencing the technical requirements of new standards. In particular clause 5, clause 6 and clause 7 fall into this category.

2 Confirmed changes to BS 8888:2000

2.1 General Sub-clause 2.3 to sub-clause 2.22 of this Published Document identify the new and revised BS ISO and BS EN ISO standards published and/or implemented since August 2000. These new and revised standards are scheduled to be incorporated in BS 8888, clause 2, as normative references (see 2.2). Within this Published Document new and revised BS ISO and BS EN ISO standards are referred to in the same order as they are in BS 8888:2000.

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2.2 Normative/informative status and the role of PD 8888:2001 British Standards can be presented in a number of differing forms. The more usual form is that of a specification or related test method. In specifications normative elements consist of requirements for action or application the observance of which is essential if compliance with the standard is to be claimed. Identification of a requirement (normative element) is conventionally achieved by use of the word shall, as in shall do. Informative text provides information considered relevant and useful. Wholly informative standards publications take the form of Codes of Practice or Guides. Such documents may consist of a series of recommendations. In a code of practice or guide the word should is conventionally used to denote a recommendation. Alongside these conventions the word can denotes that something is technically possible and may indicates permission BS 8888:2000 was conceived and prepared as a specification for the preparation of TPD, e.g. product specifications, irrespective of the medium selected for presentation. As a specification BS 8888:2000 consists largely of clauses that are identified as being normative. BS 8888:2000 also includes a significant amount of text of a purely informative nature. In BS 8888:2000 not only is the normative text identified by the use of shall, but all of the informative text in the main body of BS 8888 is placed under the appropriate process stage in clauses headed Commentary and recommendation. This Published Document has a wholly informative status. Although this document addresses subjects and standards that will be normative when eventually cross-referenced in BS 8888:2002 the Published Document does not of itself confer normative status. The function of this Published Document is to provide advance notice of changes to BS 8888 that will be introduced at the time of the first revision in 2002. However, users of BS 8888:2000 should be aware that revisions to existing standards already cross-referenced in BS 8888:2000, clause 2, are a de facto part of BS 8888:2000 and should be applied accordingly. Annex A of this document lists revised and newly published standards, destined to become normative references in the main text of BS 8888. Annex B lists other standards to which reference is recommended. Annex C provides illustration of the relationship between PD 8888:2001 and BS 8888:2002. 2.3 Terms and definitions (BS 8888:2000, clause 3) No change at this time. 2.4 Expression of the concept (BS 8888:2000, clause 4) In the absence of any published standards appropriate for normative citation BS 8888 includes only a recommendation that prior to the preparation of a technical product specification time should be allocated to the determination of: the broad requirements of the technical product specification; the functions that the technical product specification will be expected to fulfil; and a brief comment on how the design intent may be depicted. The lack of detailed guidance in this critical aspect of the design definition process is considered to be detrimental to the effective application of the overall system. After BS 8888:2000 was published work began on the preparation of a new standard that it is intended will fill this void (see clause 8). 2.5 Types of documentation (BS 8888:2000, clause 5) No change at this time. 2.6 Relationships (BS 8888:2000, clause 6) No change at this time.

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2.7 Presentation media (BS 8888:2000, clause 7) BS EN ISO 6428:1999, Technical Drawings Requirements for Microcopying, 3.4, includes the requirement that All markings figuring on the drawing shall comply with the specifications of ISO 5457. This requirement draws particular attention to the need for metric reference graduations to be added to BS 8888 to provide a facility for determining the scale of the enlarged reproduction. Unfortunately the most recently revised version of BS EN ISO 5457 does not contain illustration of metric reference graduations. To correct this omission the illustration provided here, Figure 1, will be added to clause 7 of BS 8888:2002.

Figure 1 Metric reference graduations 2.8 Scales (BS 8888:2000, clause 8) No change at this time. 2.9 Lines (BS 8888:2000, clause 9) No change at this time. 2.10 Lettering (BS 8888:2000, clause 10) No change at this time. 2.11 Projections (BS 8888:2000, clause 11) No change at this time. 2.12 Views (BS 8888:2000, clause 12) The following standards, relevant to the presentation of views, are to be incorporated in BS 8888 at the first full revision in 2002. It is strongly recommended that users of BS 8888:2000 take note of their content and start to apply their requirements at the earliest opportunity. BS ISO 128-30:2001 Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 30: Basic conventions for views. BS ISO 128-34:2001 Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 34: Views on mechanical engineering drawings. 2.13 Sections (BS 8888:2000, clause 13) The following standards, relevant to the representation of sections, are to be incorporated in BS 8888 at the first full revision in 2002. It is strongly recommended that users of BS 8888:2000 take note of their content and start to apply their requirements at the earliest opportunity. BS ISO 128-40:2001 Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 40: Basic conventions for cuts and sections. BS ISO 128-44:2001 Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 44: Sections on mechanical engineering drawings. BS ISO 128-50:2001 Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 50: Basic conventions for representing areas on cuts and sections.
NOTE ISO 128-44 and ISO 128-50 contain presentational defects in connection with which the UK Technical Committee voted negatively at the time of the formal vote. In the event the UK view did not prevail and the standards were published unchanged. It is stressed that these UK concerns related to accuracy in presentation of the figures lettering heights and arrow heads etc. and not to the technical content of the standard. Therefore there is no technical problem in cross-referencing the standards from BS 8888. Users should, however, regard the figures as illustrations only and use the text as the source of definition.

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2.14 Item references (BS 8888:2000, clause 14) No change at this time. 2.15 Symbols and abbreviations (BS 8888:2000, clause 15) No change at this time. 2.16 Representation of features (BS 8888:2000, clause 16) The following standard relevant to the representation of features is to be incorporated in BS 8888 at the first full revision in 2002. It is strongly recommended that users of BS 8888:2000 take note of the content of this new standard and start to apply its requirements at the earliest opportunity. BS EN ISO 5261:1999 Technical drawings Simplified representation of bars and profile sections. 2.17 Representation of components (BS 8888:2000, clause 17) The following standards, relevant to the representation of components, are to be incorporated in BS 8888 at the first full revision in 2002. It is strongly recommended that users of BS 8888:2000 take note of their content and start to apply their requirements at the earliest opportunity. BS EN ISO 5845-1:1999 BS EN 22553:1995 No change at this time. 2.19 Geometrical tolerancing (BS 8888:2000, clause 19) No change at this time.
NOTE Users of BS 8888:2000 should be aware that BS ISO 1101:1983 is currently the subject of significant revision. Please refer to clause 3 for further elaboration.

Technical drawings Simplified representation of the assembly of parts with fasteners Part 1: General principles. Welded, brazed and soldered joints Symbolic representation on drawings.

2.18 Dimensioning and tolerancing (BS 8888:2000, clause 18)

2.20 Surface texture indication (BS 8888:2000, clause 20) The following standard, relevant to the indication of surface texture, is to be incorporated in BS 8888 at the first full revision in 2002. It is strongly recommended that users of BS 8888:2000 take note of its content and start to apply its requirements at the earliest opportunity. BS EN ISO 8785:1999 Geometric product specification (GPS) Surface imperfections Terms, definitions and parameters. The full revision of BS ISO 1302 is expected for the autumn of 2001. Users of BS 8888:2000 are recommended to take note of the contents of clause 5 of this Published Document and to give consideration to the standards listed in Annex B as being related to the revised BS ISO 1302. 2.21 Storage and retrieval (BS 8888:2000, clause 21) No change at this time. 2.22 Marking (BS 8888:2000, clause 22) The following standard, relevant to marking, is to be incorporated in BS 8888, as additional Commentary and recommendation, at the first full revision in 2002. It is suggested that users of BS 8888:2000 make themselves aware of the content of this new standard and where appropriate, start to apply its recommendations at the earliest opportunity. BS ISO 16016:2001 Technical product documentation Protection notices for restricting the use of documents and products.

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3 Advance information regarding the revision of BS ISO 1101

3.1 Introduction The important international standard BS ISO 1101 is in the process of receiving its first major revision in nearly twenty years. Although the revision has not yet been issued users of BS 8888 should be aware of the changes and improvements that will be introduced by it. In addition to the various technical changes proposed in this revision the figures and the text will be updated. This is to keep BS ISO 1011 up-to-date with the terminology used in other GPS and TPD standards.
NOTE In the absence of approved final text this description of proposed changes to BS ISO 1101 is based upon the final draft of the standard as circulated to the BSI Technical Committee TDW/4. Although these comments may be assumed to be technically correct at the time of publication of PD 8888 users of BS 8888 should take care to review the new edition of BS ISO 1101 at the earliest opportunity following its publication.

3.2 Details of changes and additions 3.2.1 Normative/informative status As with other BS ISO standards BS ISO 1101 has adopted the practice of referring to other standards and publications in a normative and informative manner. In the revised standard all of the text and illustrations within the main body of the document are normative while the annexes are all informative. 3.2.2 Spherical tolerance zone The most obvious change proposed for inclusion in the new edition of BS ISO 1101 concerns the indication of a spherical tolerancing zone. Spherical tolerancing zone will be specified and detailed thoroughly in the new edition of BS ISO 1101. The spherical tolerancing zone principle is one that carries its own abbreviation S with the requirement that this abbreviation appear before a diameter symbol in the tolerance frame to indicate that the tolerance zone is spherical. 3.2.3 Symbols for geometrical characteristics The proposed revision to BS ISO 1101 concerning symbols for geometrical characteristics will result in several changes to BS 8888:2000, Table 1 Symbols for toleranced characteristics. In BS 8888:2002 the title of the table will be changed to Symbols for geometrical characteristics. The columns in this table will be re-ordered to simplify the explanation of whether a geometrical tolerance is to be related to a datum feature for the specific application. Users of the new standard BS 8888:2002 will also notice that geometrical tolerances Profile any line and Profile any surface appear three times in the table. This change has been proposed because tolerance of form, orientation and location of features may all be controlled using one of the two symbols. 3.2.4 Geometry tolerancing principles 3.2.4.1 General Many new geometry tolerancing principles have been developed in other standards since the last revision to BS ISO 1101 in 1983. The revision of BS ISO 1101 will bring all of these different principles together and catalogue them in one standard. 3.2.4.2 Least material requirement A requirement for least material will be introduced into BS ISO 1101 by the revision, and although users should be aware of this requirement from their reference to BS ISO 2692, BS ISO 1101 will be fully up-to-date with the principle and its symbology. 3.2.4.3 Free state condition modifier A free state condition modifier will also be incorporated into BS ISO 1101 by the revision. Applicable to flexible parts, this principle is covered by BS ISO 10579, and although this is not a new technique, its inclusion brings BS ISO 1101 fully up-to-date with the principle and its symbology. 3.2.4.4 All around terminology and symbol Use of the all around terminology and symbol, similar to its use in welding symbology, is a new introduction to BS ISO 1101. This will offer users a useful tool for limiting the amount of information contained on geometrical product specifications, without risk of increasing ambiguity.

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3.2.4.5 Envelope requirement An envelope requirement will be introduced into BS ISO 1101 by the revision, and although users should be aware of this requirement from their reference to ISO 8015, BS ISO 1101 will now be fully up-to-date with the principle and its symbology. 3.2.4.6 Abbreviation for common zone BS ISO 1101:1983 details the principle of common zone for several separate features covered by the same tolerance zone. This revision introduces the abbreviation of CZ which is to be placed in the tolerance frame replacing the need to append the note COMMON ZONE adjacent to the tolerance frame. 3.2.5 Identification of geometric tolerances and datums The revision to BS ISO 1101 introduces the practice of identifying geometric tolerances and datums by placing an arrow or a datum triangle (solid or open) on a leader line pointing at the required surface. This enables a datum feature or tolerance to be identified when looking at the feature from above rather than having to view the feature from the side. 3.2.6 Screw threads, gears and splines: tolerances and datums 3.2.6.1 General Tolerances and datums specified for screw threads, gears and splines are to be detailed in the revision to BS ISO 1101. These datums and tolerances carry their own abbreviations of MD for major diameter, PD for pitch diameter and LD for minor diameter. The abbreviations are to appear below the tolerance or datum frame to which they refer. 3.2.6.2 Abbreviated modifiers The revised ISO 1101 will specify for the first time that abbreviated modifiers are always to be used to specify which feature of a gear or spline they apply to. 3.2.6.3 Screw thread defaults In the revised ISO 1101 screw threads will have a default, unless otherwise specified, that tolerances and datums be applied to the axis derived from the pitch cylinder. 3.2.7 Interrelationship between geometric tolerances An important part of geometric tolerancing will be added into BS ISO 1101 by the revision. The interrelationships between different geometric tolerances will now be explained in detail including the implications of choosing the best type of tolerance for the application. 3.3 Details of items removed from BS ISO 1101 by the revision 3.3.1 General The revision to BS ISO 1101 will remove requirements concerning several practices. Rather than opting to simply delete these requirements and make no further reference to them in the revised standard, every item that will be removed, including explanatory diagrams, will be retained in an informative annex (Annex A) with the title "Former practices. This will enable the user to quickly see the practices that may still be in use in their specific environment that are not now a part of the new specification. In summary, the following practices are now deprecated: attaching geometric tolerance frames or datum frames to a centreline; indication of datums within a tolerance frame without indicating any order of preference; linking the tolerance frame directly to the datum feature by the use of an appropriate leader line; specific parts of the common zone designation for geometric tolerances (see 3.2.4.6). 3.4 Ease of use: summary Those familiar with BS ISO 1101:1983 will notice the dramatic enhancement to the table explanation of geometric tolerances, introduced by the revision. Every tolerancing characteristic will be identified and use of the tolerances will be elaborated. The result will be a table with more explanation, more examples and less ambiguity, making the whole document much more detailed and user friendly.

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4 Advance information regarding the revision of BS ISO 1302

4.1 Introduction The first revision of BS ISO 1302, Geometrical product specification (GPS) Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation, is scheduled to be published towards the end of 2001, replacing the 1992 version which carried the more restricted title Technical Drawings Method of indicating surface texture. As the title implies the scope of the new version has been broadened and the standard will now specify rules for surface texture indication in all technical product documentation in terms of both graphical symbols and textual indications. 4.2 Expression BS ISO 1302 provides for the expression of surface characteristics by means of roughness, waviness and structural parameters (R, W and P profiles), roughness and waviness motifs and taking into account the material ratio curve. The definitions for these terms are given in an extensive list of ISO standards that are to be cross-referenced in BS ISO 1302. They can also be found in Table 1. Table 1 Standards that are to be cross-referenced in BS ISO 1302
Standard identifier Title Kit availability

BS ISO 129 BS EN ISO 3274

Technical drawings Dimensioning General principles, definitions, methods of execution and special indications. Geometric product specifications (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Nominal characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments. Geometrical product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters.

Kit 1 Supplementary

BS EN ISO 4287

Kit 2

BS EN ISO 4288

Geometric product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Supplementary Profile method Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture. Geometrical product specification (GPS) Surface imperfections Terms, definitions and parameters. Technical drawings Geometrical tolerancing Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out Generalities, definitions, symbols, indications on drawings. Technical drawings Simplified representation, moulded cast and forged parts. Technical product documentation Vocabulary Part 1: Terms related to technical drawing. Supplementary Kit 2

BS EN ISO 8785 BS ISO 1101

BS ISO 10135 BS ISO 10209-1 BS EN ISO 11562

Supplementary Supplementary

Supplementary Geometric product specifications (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Metrological characteristics of phase correct filters. General principles for the creation of graphical symbols. Geometric Product Specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Motif Parameters. Geometric Product Specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Surfaces having stratified functional properties Part 1: Filtering and general measurement conditions. Supplementary Supplementary Kit 2

BS EN ISO 81714-1 BS EN ISO 12085 BS EN ISO 13565-1

BS EN ISO 13565-2

Geometric Product Specification (GPS) Surface texture: Kit 2 Profile method Surfaces having stratified functional properties Part 2: Height characterization using the linear material ration curve.

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Table 1 Standards that are to be cross-referenced in BS ISO 1302 (continued)

Standard identifier Title Kit availability

BS EN ISO 13565-3

Geometric Product Specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Surfaces having stratified functional properties Part 3: Height characterization using the material probability curve. Geometrical product specifications (GPS) Inspection by measurement of workpieces and measuring equipment Part 1: Decision rules for proving conformance or non-conformance with specifications. Geometrical Product Specifications (GPS) Geometrical features Part 1: General terms and definitions.

Kit 2

BS EN ISO 14253-1

Supplementary

BS EN ISO 14660-1
NOTE

Kit 1

Details concerning the supplementary kit to this PD can be found in 4.5.

4.3 Options for enhanced expression In the revision of BS ISO 1302 the options for expressing surface texture requirements are to be developed and enhanced. Additional information will be provided regarding the composition of symbols and the presentation of associated information such as manufacturing method, surface lay and machining allowance. 4.4 The Ra parameter Proposed for inclusion in BS ISO 1302 is the repositioning of the Ra parameter indication within the surface texture symbol. This, in effect, changes the role of surface parameter Ra from its previous pre-eminent position to being just one of a series of options that may be selected to specify a particular surface. This changed representation is shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3. Figure 2 shows the existing symbol configuration and Figure 3 shows the new symbol configuration.

Figure 2 Existing symbol configuration

Figure 3 New symbol configuration The position of the Ra parameter in Figure 2 is for a single surface requirement or for additional data necessary to create an unambiguous relationship between the surface texture requirement and the intended function of the surface. Example of such an expanded representation is included in the revision of BS ISO 1302, but for advance information, the key elements are reproduced in this Published Document in Figure 4.

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Experience has shown that, in order to specify an unambiguous relationship between the surface texture requirement and the function of the surface, it is usually necessary to make use of all of the key elements. Only very rarely can some items be omitted. It can be seen that a majority (b, c, d, e, f) of the elements are necessary for the correct setting of the measuring instrument whilst the remainder are required to facilitate the unambiguous evaluation of the measurement results and full comparison with the limits specified. The revision to BS ISO 1302 also provides for a system of defaults that may be applied where appropriate.

Key a b Indication of upper (U) or lower (L) specification limit Filter type X. Currently, the only standardized filter is the Gaussian filter (BS EN ISO 11562) whereas, previously, the standardized filter was the 2RC-filter. In the future other filter types may be standardized for specific uses. In the transition period it is recommended that specifiers indicate the filter type to be used on drawings, i.e. Gaussian or 2RC, to reduce ambiguity Transmission band, indicated as short wave-long wave filter Profile (R, W or P) Characteristic/parameter Evaluation length, as the number of sampling lengths Interpretation of the specification limit (16 %-rule or max-rule) Limit value in micrometers Nature of manufacturing process Surface texture lay Manufacturing process

c d e f g h i k m

Figure 4 Control elements in indication of surface texture requirements on engineering drawings 4.5 Introduction of the additional surface texture standards in BS 8888 The standards identified as being relevant to the application of the revised version of BS ISO 1302 have been included in a supplementary kit (see Annex A). The kit is issued to accompany this Published Document in advance of the revised standard itself being available. This has been done in the knowledge that BS ISO 1302 will be available during the currency of this Published Document. It is intended that at the time of the full revision of BS 8888:2000 into BS 8888:2002 all of the published standards related to surface texture will be incorporated in an enhanced Kit 2.

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5 The application of mathematical filters in GPS (ISO/TS 16610 series)

5.1 Introduction The ISO/TS 16610 series of technical specifications is currently under development and relevant parts are identified in Table 2. Table 2 The ISO/TS 16610 series of technical specifications
ISO Identifier Title

ISO/TS 16610-1 ISO/TS 16610-20 ISO/TS 16610-22 ISO/TS 16610-29 ISO/TS 16610-30 ISO/TS 16610-31 ISO/TS 16610-32 ISO/TS 16610-40 ISO/TS 16610-41

Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 1: Overview and basic terminology. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 20: Linear profile filters; Basic concepts. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 22: Linear profile filters; Spline filters. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 29: Linear profile filters; Spline wavelets. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 30: Robust profile filters; Basic concepts. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 31: Robust profile filters; Gaussian regression filters. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 32: Robust profile filters; Spline filters. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 40: Morphological profile filters; Basic concepts. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 41: Morphological profile filters; Disk and horizontal line segment filters. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 49: Morphological profile filters; Scale space techniques. Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 60: Linear areal filters; Basic concepts.

ISO/TS 16610-49 ISO/TS 16610-60

NOTE Of these standards Parts 1, 20, 22, 29, 32, 40, 41, 49 and 60 are technically complete and awaiting final editorial attention before being released for approval by international voting. Parts 30 and 31 were only added to the programme relatively recently and are at an earlier stage of development.

5.2 Acknowledgement and a disclaimer We gratefully acknowledge the help and support of numerous colleagues in the national and international standards bodies participating in this work. The ISO/TS 16610 series of standards have not been finalized. It is therefore essential that the opinions expressed in this report, whilst of the highest technical competence, be regarded as those of the authors and not as necessarily representing the official position of ISO or any of its member bodies. 5.3 The role of geometrical filters in GPS The notion of geometrical filters has been found to be useful not just for metrology and industrial inspection (referred to as geometrical product verification) but for the entire GPS field. This is because the designer who is engaged in GPS also needs to have a model of non-ideal surfaces that make up the boundary of the model of a manufactured part. The application of geometrical filters enables a unified view of what the designer has in mind while specifying tolerances, and the inspectors actions while examining a real workpiece.

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Intuitively a real surface is the set of an infinite number of points that separate a workpiece from its surroundings. Given any physical workpiece it is impossible to come up with a computable mathematical representation of this set; thus some additional information about the resolution at which the real surface is perceived is necessary. There are at least two known ways to characterize this resolution: one is using a mechanical real surface; and the other is using an electro-magnetic real surface. A mechanical surface is the set of all points on a real surface that a spherical probe of finite radius r can touch. An electro-magnetic real surface is the set of all reflection points on a real surface by electro-magnetic radiation with a specified wavelength . In both cases there is a nesting parameter: radius r in the case of mechanical real surface; and wavelength in the case of electro-magnetic real surface. The nesting arises from the fact that a real surface obtained with a smaller value for the nesting parameter contains more information than the one obtained with a larger value for the parameter. Theoretically a mathematical model that approximates the real surface can be obtained within any measure of closeness by choosing the nesting parameter very close to zero. A real surface corresponding to a specified nesting parameter is then partitioned into real integral features. These features still contain an infinite number of points. However, during actual inspection only a finite number of points on these features are sampled. These are called extracted integral features. It turns out that sampling alone is insufficient to extract a feature. Sampling should be accompanied by some smoothing to remove noise and unwanted details from the measured data. Therefore techniques for extracting information on real integral features involve both sampling and some filtration. ISO/TS 16610-1 rigorously defines the terminology used in the above loose description of the basic concepts. Technical Committee ISO/TC 213/AG 9, GPS Extraction techniques, has identified two types of geometrical filters, linear filters and morphological filters. These filters are the most commonly used filters in industry and thus it is appropriate to standardize them. These filters can operate on profiles as well as surfaces. 5.4 Linear filters Linear filters are the most commonly used geometrical filters in metrology. The Gaussian filter is a prime example of a linear filter where the weighting function is the standard Gaussian function. Mathematically linear filters are based on the theory of linear operators. Intuitively linear filters replace every point on a profile or surface by a weighted average of points in its neighbourhood. Linear filters differ in the way they effect this weighted averaging. Spline filters and spline wavelet filters are special cases of linear filters. They have made their appearance in recent times in technical literature and have attracted industrial attention because of their flexibility and increased capability. Technical information on linear filters considered by ISO can be found in M. Krystek, P. J. Scott and V. Srinivasan, Discrete linear filters for metrology, Proceedings of the 16th IMEKO World Congress [2]. Figure 5 gives an illustration of a Gaussian filter. Note how the filter smoothes out the high frequency variations. Figure 6 illustrates the working of a spline filter on the same input data. Filters using spline wavelets are showing promise for inspecting workpieces for conformance to specification as well as for diagnostics of manufacturing processes that produce the workpieces in the first place. Technically speaking spline wavelets provide a rigorous multi-resolution analysis of the measured data, a fact that is becoming increasingly important in computer aided metrological data acquisition and analysis. Of all linear filters Gaussian filters are the best known. Spline filters and spline wavelet filters are their less well known but more promising cousins. Spline filters and spline wavelet filters are introduced for the first time in ISO metrology documents in the ISO/TS 16610 series.

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Figure 5 Output from a Gaussian filter superposed on unfiltered input profile

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Figure 6 Output of a cubic spline filter superposed on unfiltered input profile 5.5 Morphological filters Morphological filters are mathematically well defined operations that are rooted in Minkowski sums. Such filters can be defined for both profiles and surfaces. Morphological filters are particularly attractive for metrology applications where surfaces are scanned using a tactile probe having a specially shaped tip. Intuitively morphological filters operate by sweeping the input geometric object using a second geometric (structuring) element. Technical information on morphological filters considered by ISO can be found in V. Srinivasan, Discrete morphological filters for metrology, in: P. H. Osanna, D. Prestrednik, N. M. Durakbasa (Eds.) Proceedings of the 6th ISMQC IMEKO Symposium on Metrology for Quality Control in Production [3]. It was recognized by ISO/TC 213 that a morphological operation, called erosion, can be used to define a mechanical surface when information about the surface is gathered by collecting data on the locus of centres of a spherical ball that is rolled on the real surface. To illustrate this idea, Figure 7 shows an upper curve that is the locus of a 50 4m radius disk rolled over a profile. The mechanical surface is the lower curve obtained mathematically from the upper curve by the morphological operation of erosion. It was also recognized by ISO/TC 213 that several envelope filters used in metrology data processing are special cases of morphological filters. Figure 8 shows how an envelope filter using a 50 4m radius disk operates on an input data. This envelope filter was implemented as a morphological filter called the closing filter. Note how this fills valleys while preserving the peaks. A similar morphological filter called the opening filter knocks out the peaks and preserves the valleys. When applied in alternating sequence these two filters can be used to selectively eliminate features of any given size from the input data. Figure 6 illustrates how an alternating sequence filter operates at different scales on an input data.

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NOTE Output of a morphological operation (erosion) shown as a lower curve. The input is the upper curve. The lower curve is the mechanical surface corresponding to a 50 4m radius disk shown in three distinct places.

Figure 7 Output of a morphological operation (erosion) shown as a lower curve

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NOTE Output of an envelope filter, implemented as a morphological filter called closing filter, is shown as the upper curve. The input to the filter is the lower curve.

Figure 8 Output of an envelope filter

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NOTE Operating the alternating sequence filter at increasing scale, features varying in size from small to large can be progressively removed from the input data.

Figure 9 Alternating sequence filter at increasing scale 5.6 Summary and concluding remarks An integrated view of nine documents is presented in the proposed ISO/TS 16610 series of standards. This is the first time that many of the geometrical filters, both old and new, will be presented under a unified framework by ISO. It is intended that the series will be issued as quickly as possible, as technical specifications, so that industry can start using them immediately. This will enable the evaluation of their industrial utility and also enable work towards their issue as official ISO standards at a later date, albeit in an evolved form. In addition to providing the usual standardized definitions of terminology, basic concepts and recommended practices these ISO documents contain references to a publicly accessible web-site that will provide algorithms to enable the application of these filters. This availability of actual code supports the efficient implementation of the standards and provides an open source for computational metrology. This departure from tradition is intended to hasten the industrial adoption of the newer filters.

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6 The development of a model for geometric specification and verification (ISO/TS 17540 series)
6.1 General concepts In an environment of increased globalization exchange of technical product information is of great importance and the need to express unambiguous geometry of a product is essential. To ensure the product specification is precise and complete a new approach in standardization has been developed whereby standards are developed in a global top-down methodology. This new concept is being specified in a two-part international technical specification. ISO/TS 17450-1, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) General concepts Part 1: Model for geometric specification and verification; and ISO/TS 17450-2, Geometrical product specifications (GPS) General concepts Part 2: Operators and uncertainties. The aim of this international technical specification is to offer tools for this new approach in GPS. These tools will be the basis for new standards with a common language for geometrical definition used in design, manufacturing and inspection. The tools are based upon the characteristics and operation of workpiece features taking account of constraints between features. 6.2 ISO/TS 17450-1: Model for geometrical specification and verification Part 1 of ISO/TS 17450 will provide a model for geometrical specification and verification defining the corresponding concepts. Part 1 will also explain the mathematical basis of the concepts. The purpose of this model is as follows. Express the fundamental concepts on which the geometrical specification of the product can be based with a global approach including all the tools needed in GPS. Provide a mathematical model of the concepts in order to facilitate standardization inputs to: software designers for computer aided design (CAD) systems; software designers for computing algorithms in metrology; the makers of standards working on standards for the exchange of product model data (STEPs) a computerized exchange of product data between CAD systems. It is not intended that ISO/TS 17450-1 be used directly as a standard way to specify geometry. Rather it is intended to serve as a basis for revising and completing existing standards to adopt a unified and systematic approach in order to do the following. Provide a non-ambiguous GPS language to be used by all disciplines. Identify correctly features, characteristics and rules enabling standard users to: propose default definitions; propose rules to express non-default definitions; propose a simplified symbology; develop consistent rules for deviation assessment and measuring methods; use statistical tools. When deriving a product a designer takes a number of design steps taking into account a number of parameters including the products functional need or performance. In response to this the functional specification will take into account the manufacturing process and the permissible deviation limits of the product. This process will facilitate production whilst ensuring the functional requirements are fulfilled. Usually a designer will start by defining a product of perfect form with shape and dimensions which fit the functions of the product. ISO/TS 17450-1 refers to this preliminary design as the nominal model. At this stage only nominal values have been determined which are impossible to reproduce or inspect (each manufacturing or measuring process has its own variability or uncertainty). From the nominal model the designer can then take into consideration the variations expected in the manufacturing process and the limitations required for the product to meet its functional need and specification (skin model). Tolerances or maximum permissible limits of each characteristic (size and form) can then be defined. When the product is manufactured (real surface) the metrologist can determine whether the product falls within the range of permissible deviations that were specified (skin model).

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6.3 ISO/TS 17450-2: Operators and uncertainties The foundation of the GPS philosophy can be explained by four basic principles. It is possible to significantly control the function of a product/feature using one or more GPS in the TPD. A GPS can be stated in the TPD. The product/feature is considered acceptable when the specification is fulfilled. Only those elements explicitly required in TPD need to be taken into account. The actual GPS stated in the TPD defines the measurand. Realization of a GPS is independent of the GPS. Standard GPS rules and definitions for verification define theoretically perfect means for determining conformance of a product/feature to a GPS. However, verification is always accomplished imperfectly. A GPS is complete when all intended functions of the product/feature are described and controlled with GPS characteristics. It is considered that in some cases the GPS will be incomplete because some functions are described imperfectly. Hence the requirement of the product function may not be adequately defined in the GPS. The difference between the intended function requirements and the GPS can be referred to as correlation uncertainty and implies imperfect control. Imperfect GPS implies absence of control and can be referred to as specification uncertainty. For example a GPS with small correlation uncertainty and small specification uncertainty would completely describe and control geometric characteristics and so tightly control the intended function. Additionally measurement uncertainty includes method and implementation uncertainties and will impact on verification uncertainty. For example a large method uncertainty and a large implementation uncertainty would result in the measuring process not following the specification very tightly and the overall verification process would be implemented with significant deviations. To ensure a product meets the intended functional requirements, specification and verification uncertainties should be considered. A set of tools should be available that can give accuracy to the level of detail the GPS requires. To adequately control the product/feature specification and to ensure that there is complete understanding throughout the processes of design, manufacture and verification, it is necessary that both language and terminology be defined unambiguously. ISO/TS 17450-2 defines the terms for operators and uncertainties as they are to be used in future GPS standards.

7 Approaches to 3-D modelling

7.1 Introduction 3-D modelling is rapidly becoming the main design tool for engineering worldwide. For example in the consumer product arena the drive to shorten time to market has led to the full exploitation of model based engineering (MBE). However, the ability to use concurrent engineering techniques associated with MBE which enable product data specifications (including drawings), rapid prototyping, computer aided manufacture, computer aided inspection and finite-element analysis to be controlled by one model within a reduced time frame will in time bring advantages to most other industries. Within industry there are currently many examples of art to part. This is where a product is manufactured from a model without the aid of drawings. These have generally been designed with a specific manufacturing process in mind where the accuracy and uncertainty of the manufacturing process is allowed for in the model. Traditionally the 2-D drawing has always been the controlling factor. The introduction of GPS has equipped the designer with better tools to convey full design intent using unambiguous 2-D drawings and specifications. With the increasing availability of low cost 3-D CAD options on the market the time is now fast approaching where paperless manufacture can be seen as a cost saving option across a wider spectrum of industry. BSI and ISO are looking into the complexities associated with GPS transition from 2-D to 3-D. It is likely that due to current problems with electronic documents and legal admissibility a facility that produces hard copies in both 2-D and 3-D may be required for some time.

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7.2 Work in progress BSI Technical Committee TDW/4 is an active contributor to two ISO Technical Committees (ISO/TC 10 and ISO/TC 213). Within these committees working groups have been set up to produce standards covering 3-D modelling in much the same way as 2-D draughting is covered today. Technical Committee TDW/4 is also preparing its own parallel investigation. Industry and professional institutions have been invited to join a new panel, TDW/4/-/7, an electronic panel for Electronic technical specification. A questionnaire has been sent to all identified participants in this new panel so that TDW/4 can prepare and internationally circulate a paper setting out a consensus UK industry view of requirements for such standards. With ever increasing availability of 3-D CAD packages it is necessary that new standards be independent of any particular package. It has been decided that it will not be appropriate for STEP to have a major influence in producing 3-D standards: allowing maximum freedom to design. However, it is recognized by BSI and ISO that STEP is the international translation vehicle between CAD systems and as such the STEP committees will be kept informed of, and will be invited to comment on, the work carried out by the working groups. ISO/TC 10 is presently engaged in the production of a standard with the title Presentation of product definition data for 3-D models with the objective being to define the data that should be present in 3-D models. Considerable work has been carried out in the USA by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) in the production of an ASME standard on digital modelling. This standard is currently in its approval stage. ISO/TC 10 committee members have seen a preview and it is likely to become the basis of an ISO working document. ISO/TC 213 is looking at the difficulties associated with the application of 3-D annotations. Most 3-D CAD systems today use different methods to construct models, assign attributes and determine associativity. 2-D drawings contain tolerances that are view dependent or direction dependent, e.g. straightness. 3-D models are not confined to views or annotations and as such the positioning of tolerance indicators will require control (see Figure 10 and Figure 11).

NOTE

In 2-D the choice of view determines the location and the orientation of the feature.

Figure 10 Tolerances 2-D representation

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NOTE In 3-D it will be necessary to define and fix the orientation of the tolerance set (tolerance frame, leader line and arrow) to have the same expression as in Figure 10.

Figure 11 Tolerances 3-D representation A similar situation arises when applying limits to a specified feature, e.g. the profile of a surface, see Figure 12 and Figure 13.

NOTE

In 2-D the choice of view determines the limits of the toleranced feature.

Figure 12 Application of limits in 2-D representation

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NOTE

In 3-D the software generally defines several geometrical figures for the same surface indicated in Figure 12.

Figure 13 Application of limits in 3-D representation As demonstrated by these simple examples the need for a consistent approach towards 3-D annotation becomes paramount. The use of annotation planes to align directional tolerances and improve readability from any orientation of the model is presently being investigated. The annotation of projected tolerance zones and surface texture is also being investigated. Rationalization of the types of tolerances used on 3-D models is also under consideration. ISO/TC 213 is working towards producing a standard that will enable a 3-D model to recover all information described in any view of its 2-D version and to use a 3-D tolerancing language on 3-D representations as legal documents.

8 Design for manufacture

8.1 Introduction At present there are no British Standards that specify how the designer should set about the task of preparing conceptualizations for manufacture in the most efficient and cost-effective manner. The nearest standards publication is PD 6470, The management of design for economic production, which is now somewhat dated in terms of its scope and content. The technical designer needs an enhanced understanding of materials, design for manufacture, the implications of outsourcing, product safety and the needs of European and international markets. These aspects are somewhat beyond the scope and content of PD 6470. In addition the complexity of products is generally on the increase with a higher emphasis on time and cost. BS 8888:2000 draws these elements of the design definition process into its specification remit. As a result the need for the development of a standards publication setting out a methodical (rather than intuitive) approach to the preparation of technical product specifications is paramount. PD 6470 is therefore to be replaced by a Code of Practice, eventually in several parts covering different types of product, but initially with the release of a code for mechanical design: BS 8887-1, see 9.2. 8.2 BS 8887 Design for manufacture The proposed new code of practice BS 8887-1, Design for manufacture Part 1: Methodology, application and conventions, will address any design task irrespective of whether the designer works for a manufacturer, a design company or on a freelance basis. It is expected that BS 8887-1 will be of considerable interest to a wide range of businesses and be applicable to a broad range of product types. One area where it is envisaged that the code of practice will receive particular interest is in small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). In SMEs there may be a need to establish a design function but resources for training and the development of in-house manuals may be severely restricted. Elsewhere in 21

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businesses experiencing the need for a more methodical approach to design the code will provide a valuable source of information and guidance. Established designers or design companies seeking a benchmark for design competency may also find the code of practice relevant. It is hoped that in time BS 8887-1 will also be adopted in the educational sector as a course book for design and design-related courses. It is recognized that there are various commercially available textbooks in this field and that professional bodies also have codes of practice to which their members subscribe. These works, although extremely valuable in themselves, tend to cover the specific techniques available to the designer [brainstorming, quality function deployment (QFD), value analysis etc.] and raw design data (properties of materials, types of fasteners available, standard sizes of gears, screw threads etc.). These codes of practice tend not to cover a methodology describing how the designer should systematically set about preparing and specifying concepts for manufacture, and equally importantly, for verification. Given the inadequacy of information on international standardization prior to the publication of BS 8888:2000 such publications are unlikely to have referred to the most up-to-date standards or had the benefit of the current approaches that they employ. It is intended that the new code of practice will be defined by the scope: This British Standard defines and describes the methodology and conventions relevant to designing for manufacture and recommends best practice procedures for the preparation and presentation of technical specifications in a form that will facilitate efficient manufacture whilst fulfilling and maintaining the integrity of the design concept. The code of practice BS 8887-1 will be prepared taking into account previously published BSI documents in this subject area, documents of a similar nature prepared by relevant professional bodies and new developments in international standards prepared by ISO/TC 10 and ISO/TC 213. The code will include: the design brief (identifying all the aspects that a designer can reasonably expect to be present in any design brief received, including design budget); design methodologies (best practice sequence of events, parameters to be considered, established techniques and their correct use); cost considerations (all aspects including marketing considerations); industrial design (styling, ergonomics etc.); detail design (preparation of the concept for manufacture); requirements for verification; documentation; manufacturing and design improvement. In addition, it is planned to include several annexes containing case studies on such subjects as: small scale instrument-type products; medium scale consumer products; large capital equipment items; patents, registered designs, and intellectual property rights; special considerations for design for foreign markets (e.g. trade restrictions, differences in ergonomics/anthropological measurements, cultural aspects for products, labelling, environmental limitations or opportunities, approvals required for certain products in certain countries, language problems with product marking and literature, product liability). The BS 8887-1 project commenced earlier this year and is scheduled to be completed in early 2003. Designers and those experienced in the management of the design process are invited to participate and should, in the first instance, contact the Secretary to TDW/4 (e-mail: brian.such@bsi-global.com). BS 8887-1 will be based on the model of an iterative process depicted in Figure 14.

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Key Indicates the main flow of the process, through and beyond manufacturing. It is important to recognize that the relationships between the elements will be more interactive than sequential. Indicates essential flow of information with regard to the detail of the specification, initiated with the expectation of feedback that may, in turn, influence the process. Indicates informed response to the specification made both during its preparation and as a result of its operation.

Figure 14 Model for a design process

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Annex A (informative) Additions to the normative list of standards in BS 8888:2000, Annex A

The new/revised standards identified in this Published Document as being essential to the application of BS 8888 are listed in Table A.1. These new/revised standards will be available at the time of publication of this Published Document as a supplementary kit, BS 8888: Supplementary kit 1: Standards added 20002001. When BS 8888:2002 is published the standards contained in the supplementary kit will be added to one of three kits that accompany BS 8888. Table A.1 shows the kit in which the new/revised standards will eventually be found. These three kits are grouped in relation to ISO standards under the following headings. Kit 1: General principles. Kit 2: Dimensioning and tolerancing. Kit 3: Computer aided engineering. Table A.1 Additions to the normative list of standards in BS 8888:2000, Annex A
BS 8888:2000 clause Identifier Title of the standard Eventual kit location

12.1

BS ISO 128-30

Technical drawings General principles of presentation Part 30: Basic conventions for views. Technical drawings General principles of presentation Part 34: Views on mechanical engineering drawings.

Kit 1

12.1

BS ISO 128-34

Kit 1

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BS ISO 128-401

Technical drawings General principles of Kit 1 presentation Part 40: Basic conventions for cuts and sections. Technical drawings General principles of presentation Part 44: Sections on mechanical engineering drawings. Technical drawings General principles of presentation Part 50: Basic conventions for representing areas on cuts and sections. Technical drawings Simplified representation of bars and profile sections. Technical drawings Simplified representation of the assembly of parts with fasteners. Kit 1

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BS ISO 128-44a

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BS ISO 128-50a BS EN ISO 5261 BS EN ISO 5845-1 BS EN ISO 8785

Kit 1

16 17 20

Kit 1 Kit 1

Geometric product specifications (GPS) Surface Kit 2 imperfections Terms, definitions and parameters. Welded, brazed and soldered joints Symbolic representation on drawings. General principles for the creation of graphical symbols. Kit 1 Kit 2

17 20
a

BS EN 22553 BS EN ISO 81714-1

Standards in relation to which the UK has some concerns with regard to the quality of illustration but which have been implemented as British Standards because the technical content is correct and necessary to the overall application of BS 8888. In each case, a National foreword identifies the precise nature of the concerns.

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Annex B (informative) Additions to the informative list of standards in BS 8888:2000, Annex B

The new/revised standards identified in this Published Document as providing information relevant to the application of BS 8888 are listed in Table B.1. These new/revised standards will be available at the time of publication of this Published Document as a supplementary kit, BS 8888: Supplementary kit 1: Standards added 20002001. When BS 8888:2002 is published the standards contained in the supplementary kit will be added to one of three kits that accompany BS 8888. Table B.1 shows the kit in which the new/revised standards will eventually be found. These include the surface texture related standards identified in clause 4 of this Published Document. Table B.1 Additions to the informative list of standards in BS 8888:2000, Annex B
BS 8888:2000 clause Identifier Title of the standard Eventual kit location

20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22

BS EN ISO 3274 BS EN ISO 4288 BS ISO 10135 BS EN ISO 11562 BS EN ISO 81714-1 BS EN ISO 12085 BS EN ISO 14253-1 BS ISO 16016

Geometric product specification Surface texture profile method Contact stylus. Geometric product specification Surface texture profile method Rules and procedures. Technical drawings Simplified representation, moulded cast and forged parts. Geometric product specification Surface texture profile method Phase correct filters. Geometric product specification Surface texture profile method Motif parameters. Geometric product specification Inspection by measurement of workpieces Decision rules. Technical product documentation Protection notices for restricting the use of documents and products.

Kit 2 Kit 2 Kit 2 Kit 2

General principles for the creation of graphical symbols. Kit 2 Kit 2 Kit 2 Kit 1

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Annex C (informative) The relationship between PD 8888:2001, BS 8888:2000 and BS 8888:2002

Figure C.1 shows the relationship between PD 8888:2001, BS 8888:2000 and BS 8888:2002. Figure C.1 also shows new/revised standards proposed for inclusion in BS 8888:2002.

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Figure C.1 The relationship between PD 8888:2001, BS 8888:2000 and BS 8888:2002

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Annex D (informative) The GPS language in future developments

D.1 Vision of an improved engineering tool The ISO/TC 213 mission statement states: The integrated GPS system for specification and verification of workpiece geometry is an improved engineering tool for product development and manufacturing. This GPS system is necessary as companies rapidly move ahead with new technologies, new manufacturing processes, new materials and technically advanced products in an environment of international outsourcing. The objective of the improved GPS system is to provide tools for the economic management of variability in products and processes. This will be achieved by the use of a more precise method of expressing workpiece functional requirements, complete and well defined specifications and integrated verification approaches. This improved GPS system will clarify current practices and can be harmonized with the work of other relevant Technical Committees (TC) of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). This harmonization will, for example, enable better integration with 3-D CAD, CAM (Computer aided management) and CAQ (Computer aided quality management) systems. The improved GPS system will be based on the experience from the use of current practices and traditions. The legal and technical contents of existing drawings will, however, be left intact in recognition of the vast domain of existing specifications, which cannot be changed without the explicit or implicit consent of those responsible. Proper implementation of the improved GPS system will control costs by reducing the manufacture of inadequate workpieces resulting from incompletely defined specifications. D.2 Controlling function Controlling the geometry and material properties of the workpiece(s) can ensure the intended function of a product. GPS is the language for controlling geometry only and its evolution will be based on computable mathematics and correct consistent logic using a generic set of rules that can be applied to all types of specifications. The challenge for the future is to enrich the GPS language to allow expression of requirements relating to a wide range of workpiece functions. The basic GPS framework is shown in Figure D.1. Proper implementation of the improved GPS system is a prerequisite for the continuous improvement of product quality and time to market.

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Figure D.1 The basic GPS framework D.3 Uncertainty The improved GPS system will use uncertainty as the currency for quantifying: a) how well the specification expresses the functional requirements; b) what ambiguities exists in the specification itself; c) the uncertainty of measurement. This will be based on the duality principle defined in ISO 17450-1 and graphically represented in BS 8888:2000, Figure D.2. This concept is included again here because it has been further refined in the intervening period. However, the terms used remain the same and the definitions included in BS 8888:2000 still apply. It is suggested that this whole concept be regarded as a common tool-box, available for both the specifier (designer) and the verifier (metrologist). The procedure for this is envisaged as being initiated by the designer, using the GPS language and tool-box, to prepare a complete and unambiguous specification. The identical tools are used, in turn, by the metrologist to compare the finished workpiece with the specification, reporting on identified differences in terms of uncertainty. (See BS 8888:2000, Annex D).

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Figure D.2 The duality principle (ISO 17450-1) D.4 Simplification The improved GPS language will be richer, more precise and therefore more verbose. However, in the majority of cases the complexity of drawing indications will not increase due to the consistency of the logic and the default concept. There will be a global default for each type of GPS, which is based on simplicity and minimization of total cost. In addition, there will be a number of shorthand indications covering commonly occurring workpiece functions, e.g. fits. Proper implementation of the improved GPS system within a company will be important for survival in an environment of global competition.

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D.5 Future developments in GPS international standardization An effort to ensure unambiguous terminology that is as simple as well as practicable is being spearheaded by ISO/TC 213, Dimensional and geometrical product specifications and verification. The Technical Committee, ISO/TC 23, has been given a remit to undertake the following role: Standardization in the field of geometrical product specifications (GPS) i.e. macro- and micro-geometry specifications covering dimensional and geometrical tolerancing, surface properties and the related verification principles, measuring equipment and calibration requirements including the uncertainty of dimensional and geometrical measurements. The standardization includes the basic layout and explanation of drawing indications (symbols). This work is being undertaken with the closest possible cooperation of ISO/TC 10, Technical product documentation, which has been given a remit to undertake the following role: Standardization and coordination of technical product documentation (TPD), including technical drawings, manually produced or computer based for technical purposes throughout the product life cycle, to facilitate preparation, management, storage, retrieval, reproduction, exchange and use. For the United Kingdom BSI Technical Committee TDW/4, Engineering drawing, metrology, precision measurement and all related documentation, provides technical input and participation to both of these international standard committees. Further information in respect of the scope, objectives and working of this committee, together with additional information about its links with the ISO Committees, may be found by visiting the TDW/4 web pages. These may be accessed via the BSI Web-site at www.bsi-global.com. Having accessed the main site take your cursor to Standards in the top menu and click on Standards development in the drop-down list. From there, a simple click on Electronic document distribution to the left of your screen will provide you with all the instructions or guidance necessary, no matter what your level of computer literacy. We await your visit.

Annex E (informative) The role of standards in education

It has long been recognized in the standards environment that familiarity with the nature and application of relevant standards brings immense benefits in education. This is particularly the case amongst those students undertaking a course of technical education. Students benefit and so do the industries in which they will ultimately take their place. Unfortunately standards themselves are not always drafted in a manner appropriate to teaching aids. Indeed the very rules by which their drafting is governed often precludes their preparation with that function in mind. To address this problem BSI has traditionally produced educational support documents (PPs) in relation to standards considered to be of particular significance in educational terms. The now withdrawn BS 308, Code of practice for mechanical engineering drawing, was one such standard and BSI made several related educational support documents available as Published Documents or PPs in this subject area. With the withdrawal of BS 308 these documents lose their direct relevance. Coupled with the increased complexity of the replacement, BS 8888:2000, there is an even greater need to provide suitably prepared information for use by teachers, lecturers and students in secondary and further education. In response to this, a new publication PP 8888 is in the course of preparation. This will be presented in two parts, with Part 1 being targeted at the needs of secondary education and Part 2 targeted at the needs of higher education. It is intended that the latter will be equally applicable in an industrial training situation. PP 8888-2 may also be found useful as a training support document. It highlights changes to some of the more significant, recently revised standards and provides insight on the development of certain innovative concepts such as the use of data extraction techniques in sampling and filtering (see clause 5).

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Annex F (informative) Corrections and clarification of BS 8888:2000 to be introduced at the time of the first revision
F.1 Corrections F.1.1 General The following errors have been identified in BS 8888:2000 and will be corrected at the time of the first revision. F.1.2 Figure 5 In the original figure, the left-hand view should be annotated 9,5X 18 deep and in the right hand view the bottom of the hole should be a drill point profile and not a radius. F.1.3 Figure 7 The annotation 800 Outer Surface should be presented in capitals as 800 OUTER SURFACE. F.1.4 Annex C Abbreviations should be shown without Serif and should not be in bold format. The SQ symbol requires enlargement. The taper symbol is not presented as it was previously presented in the withdrawn standard BS 308-21) and will be corrected. F.1.5 Annex E In Annex E the abbreviation CR is not explained and is to be added.
NOTE This is covered in Annex B of BS 8888:2000 but should also be included in Annex E.

F.2 Clarification Some clarification is necessary concerning gaps between extension lines and features. The implementation and inclusion in BS 8888 of ISO 129 highlighted an apparent anomaly in the presentation of extension lines. ISO 129 covers this by illustrated examples only. There is no text to say whether or not a gap is required. The soon to be published ISO 129-1 will include, in clause 5.3 in the third sentence, the following text: in certain technical fields, a gap between the feature and the beginning of the extension line is acceptable. The UK has always held to the view that for reasons of clarity a gap is preferable. In the revised standard the gap is permissible. Therefore it is intended that the UK practice should be maintained and there is no intention to amend the figures in BS 8888. The new text from the soon to be published ISO 129-1 text will, however, be included in the first revision of BS 8888.

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Bibliography
Standards publications BS 8887-12), Design for manufacture Part 1: Methodology, application and conventions. BS EN 22553:1995, Welded brazed and soldered joints Symbolic representation on drawings. BS EN ISO 3274, Geometric product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Nominal characteristics of contact (stylus) instruments. BS EN ISO 4287, Geometrical product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Terms, definitions and surface texture parameters. BS EN ISO 4288, Geometric product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Rules and procedures for the assessment of surface texture. BS EN ISO 5261:1999, Technical drawings Simplified representation of bars and profile sections. BS EN ISO 5457, Technical product documentation Sizes and layouts of drawing sheets. BS EN ISO 5845-1:1999, Technical drawings Simplified representation of the assembly of parts with fasteners Part 1: General principles. BS EN ISO 6428:1999, Technical drawings Requirements for Microcopying. BS EN ISO 8785:1999, Geometric product specification (GPS) Surface imperfections Terms, definitions and parameters. BS EN ISO 9000, Quality management systems Fundamentals and vocabulary. BS EN ISO 11562, Geometric product specifications (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Metrological characteristics of phase correct filters. BS EN ISO 12085, Geometric product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Motif Parameters. BS EN ISO 13565-1, Geometric product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Surfaces having stratified functional properties Part 1: Filtering and general measurement conditions. BS EN ISO 13565-2, Geometric product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Surfaces having stratified functional properties Part 2: Height characterization using the linear material ration curve. BS EN ISO 13565-3, Geometric product specification (GPS) Surface texture: Profile method Surfaces having stratified functional properties Part 3: Height characterization using the material probability curve. BS EN ISO 14253-1, Geometrical product specification (GPS) Inspection by measurement of workpieces and measuring equipment Part 1: Decision rules for proving conformance or non-conformance with specifications. BS EN ISO 14660-1 Geometric product specification (GPS) Geometrical features Part 1: General terms and definitions. BS EN ISO 81714-1, General principles for the creation of graphical symbols. BS ISO 128-30:2001, Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 30: Basic conventions for views. BS ISO 128-34:2001, Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 34: Views on mechanical engineering drawings. BS ISO 128-40:2001, Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 40: Basic conventions for cuts and sections. BS ISO 128-44:2001, Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 44: Sections on mechanical engineering drawings. BS ISO 128-50:2001, Technical drawing General principles of presentation Part 50: Basic conventions for representing areas on cuts and sections. BS ISO 129:1985, Technical drawings Dimensioning General principles, definitions, methods of execution and special indications.

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BS ISO 1101:1983, Geometrical product specification (GPS) Geometrical tolerancing Tolerances of form, orientation, location and run-out. BS ISO 10113), Technical drawings Geometrical tolerancing Tolerancing of form, orientation, location and run-out Generalities, definitions, symbols, indications on drawings. BS ISO 1302:1992, Technical drawings Methods of indicating surface texture. BS ISO 2692, Technical drawings Geometrical tolerancing Maximum material principle (including Amendment 1:1992 Least material requirement). BS ISO 10135, Technical drawings Simplified representation, moulded cast and forged parts. BS ISO 10209-1, Technical product documentation (TPD) Vocabulary Part 1: Terms related to technical drawing. BS ISO 10579, Technical drawings Dimensioning tolerancing Non-rigid parts. BS ISO 16016:2001, Technical product documentation Protection notices for restricting the use of documents and products. ISO 129-13), Technical drawings Indication of dimensions and tolerances Part 1: General principles. ISO 13023), Geometrical product specification (GPS) Indication of surface texture in technical product documentation. ISO 8015, Technical drawings Fundamental tolerancing principle. ISO/TS 16610-13), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 1: Overview and basic terminology. ISO/TS 16610-203), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 20: Linear profile filters; Basic concepts. ISO/TS 16610-223), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 22: Linear profile filters; Spline filters. ISO/TS 16610-293), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 29: Linear profile filters; Spline wavelets. ISO/TS 16610-303), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 30: Robust profile filters; Basic concepts. ISO/TS 16610-313), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 31: Robust profile filters; Gaussian regression filters. ISO/TS 16610-323), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 32: Robust profile filters; Spline filters. ISO/TS 16610-403), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 40: Morphological profile filters; Basic concepts. ISO/TS 16610-413), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 41: Morphological profile filters; Disk and horizontal line segment filters. ISO/TS 16610-493), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 49: Morphological profile filters; Scale space techniques. ISO/TS 16610-603), Geometric product specification (GPS) Data extraction techniques by sampling and filtering Part 60: Linear areal filters; Basic concepts. ISO/TS 17450-13), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) General concepts Part 1: Model for geometric specification and verification. ISO/TS 17450-23), Geometrical product specifications (GPS) General concepts Part 2: Operators and uncertainties.

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PD 6470, The management of design for economic production Standardization philosophy aimed at improving performance of the electrical and mechanical manufacturing sectors. PP 8888-14), Engineering Drawing Practice Part 1: A guide for schools and colleges to BS 8888:2000, Technical product documentation. PP 8888-24), Engineering drawing practice Part 2: A guide for higher education to BS 8888:2000, Technical product documentation. BS 8888:2000, Technical product documentation. Reference publications [1] http://www.ds.dk/isotc213. [2] Krystek, M., P. J. Scott and V. Srinivasan, Discrete linear filters for metrology, Proceedings of the 16th IMEKO World Congress, Hofburg, Vienna, Austria, September 2528, 2000. [3] Srinivasan, V. Discrete morphological filters for metrology, in: Osanna P.H., D. Prestrednik, and N.M. Durakbasa (Eds.) Proceedings of the 6th ISMQC IMEKO Symposium on Metrology for Quality Control in Production. (Vienna, September 810, 1998), TU Vienna, Austria, pp. 623628, 1998.

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