Unbalance

consequences, causes, definitions ... Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Fundamentals - Part 1
unbalance, C.o.G., eccentricity, centrifugal force, vektor ...

Fundamentals - Part 2
axial unbalance distribution on rigid rotors, types of unbalances ...

Tolerances
quality grade, allocation of balancing planes ...

Measuring Unbalance
balancing machines, accomodation, drive, measuring principles ...

Balancing speed determined by

balancing maschine, rotor, economy, safety ...

Correction of Unbalance
types of correction (add, remove, shift), economy, errors, tolerance ...

Errors
phenomena, causes, types, cure (typical examples) ...

State of a Rotor
rigid rotor (constant behaviour), other rotors (variable ~ ) ...

Addentum
articles ...

Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Determination of permissible residual unbalance
Determination of balance quality requirements by three different methods

contents ISO 1940-1

ISO 1940-1 chapter 6 6.2 6.3 6.4 7

balance quality grade experimental determination bearing forces

Allocation to each correction plane is necessary when using Determination of the residual unbalance by balance quality grade bearing forces

8 balancing machine 8.1

Unbalance Tolerances
according ISO 1940-1
Formula G=e* v=e* Unit mm/s

Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

balance quality

mm/s

the quality grade G corresponds to the velocity v of the c.g. around the rotational axis in operation

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

balance quality

Remarks in the table 1) = 2 n / 60 approx. n / 10, if n is measured in revolutions per minute and in radians per second 2) For allocating the permissible residual unbalance to correction planes, see clause 7 3) A crankshaft/drive is an assembly which includes a crankshaft, flywheel, clutch, pulley, vibration damper, rotating portion of connecting rod, etc. (see 3.5) 4) For purposes of this part of ISO 1940, slow diesel engines are those with a piston velocity of less than 9 m/s; fast diesel engines are those with a piston velocity of greater than 9 m/s. 5) In complete engines, the rotor mass comprises the sum of all masses belonging to the crankshaft/drive described in note 3 above.

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

balance quality

The numerical value of G is equal to the product of e per x T expressed in millimeters per second

Maximum service speed of rotation r / min (rpm, revolutions per minute) r/s (rps, revolutions per second, can use also Hz - Hertz) It is not T
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Unbalance Tolerances
Calculation of permissible residual unbalance
Symmetrical rotor - permissible residual unbalance in 2 plane ISO 1940-1

G = Quality Grade eper = permissible specific unbalance (total) Uper = permissible residual unbalance (total) Uper 1/2 = permissible residual unbalance (per plane 1/2) Uper1/2 = permissible residual mass (per plane 1/2) W = rotor weight n = operational speed

G * W * 1000 * 10 Uper 1/2 = N*2

(gmm)

Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
Symmetrical rotor permissible residual unbalance in 1 plane static balancing

Single plane balancing

Uper 1

Uper

ISO 1940-1 chapter 3.3 6.3 7.2

Uper 1 = Uper

1
Veit Bleistein - 27.Okt.1999

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
Symmetrical rotor permissible residual unbalance in 2 planes close to bearing planes

Symmetrical set-up

ISO 1940-1 chapter

Uper

7.3.1

Uper 1 Uper 1 = Uper 2 = Uper 2

Uper 2

Veit Bleistein - 27.Okt.1999

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Exercise
Example rotor type rotor mass correction radius service speed armature m = 100 kg r1 = r2 = 100 mm n = 3000 1/min

Exercise

ISO 1940-1

r1
quality grade G

r2

permissible specific unbalance (total) e =

perm. residual unbalance (total) perm. res. unbalance per plane

U per

Uper 1 = Uper 2 =

perm. unbalance mass per plane

u per 1 = u per 2 =

Veit Bleistein - 27.Okt.1999

page 11-04-ex.

Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
Symmetrical rotor c.g. In mid third of rotor length one each correction plane in the outer thirds related to the bearing distance L
1 2

Symmetrical set-up

ISO 1940-1 chapter 7.3.2.1

Uper 1 = Uper 2 =

Uper 2

L/3

L/3 L

L/3

Veit Bleistein - 27.Okt.1999

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
Non-symmetrcal rotor c.g. in not symmetrical to the correction planes permissible residual unbalance:

NonSymmetrical set-up

U per

ISO 1940-1 chapter 7.3.2._

Uper 1
h2 = 0.7 Uper b h1 = 0.7 Uper b

Uper 2

0.3 Uper = U per1= U per 0.3 Uper = Uper2 = U per

h1 b L

h2

Veit Bleistein - 10.Aug.2000

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Effect of unbalances in the bearing planes
U1 U2 UA

Effect in bearing planes

UB

Static Unbalance UA,B = U1,2

b L b L

U1

Couple Unbalance b UA,B = U1,2 L

b L

UA
b L

UB

U2

Veit Bleistein - 11.Aug.2000

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes

Balancing planes vs. bearing planes

Unbalance Vectors can be calculated precisely for other planes (on a rigid rotor) Unbalance Tolerances are not vectors, but areas. Unbalance Tolerances are the maximum amount of unblance permissable. The angular position is not normally considered. Unbalance Tolerances cannot be calculated precisely for other planes. The worst case is always . considered Therefore either the static unbalance or the couple unbalance is usually corrected better than necessary.

Veit Bleistein - 28-Feb-2001

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
Both sides overhanging (outboard) correction planes Symmetrcal Rotor permissible residual unbalance in 2 correction planes with wide distance between correction planes L 1

Symmetrical set-up

Uper

U per*

Uper * = U per b

Uper* U1 = U2 = 2
L b
Veit Bleistein - 11.Aug.2000

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
non-symmetrical rotor narrow correction planes c.g. between bearing planes
2 or 3 correction planes possible

Non-symmetrical set-up, inboard narrow planes

ISO 1940-1 chapter

Uper

7.3.2.3

Permissible static unbalance

Uper 3 =

Uper 2

L
b

2c Uper 2 3L 4b 3
L

Permissible couple unbalance

Uper 1 = Uper 2 =

Veit Bleistein - 27.Okt.1999

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
non-symmetrical rotor narrow correction planes c.g. not between bearing planes (outboard, overhanging rotor)
2 or 3 correction planes possible

Non-symmetrical set-up,outboard narrow planes

1
Uper

ISO 1940-1 chapter 7.3.2.3

Permissible static unbalance

b c L

Uper L Uper 3 = 2 2c
Permissible couple unbalance

Uper 3L = = Uper 1 Uper 2 2 4b

3
Veit Bleistein - 27.Okt.1999

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
Permissible static unbalance

example
acc. ISO 1940-1

1
Uper

Uper 3

Uper L = 2 2c

Uper 3 = Uper 0.19

b = 26 Permissible couple unbalance c = 115 L = 86

Uper 3L = Uper = 1 Uper 2 2 4b

= Uper 1.24 Uper = 1 Uper 2

Veit Bleistein - 27.Okt.1999

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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
Permissible resid. Unbalance in plane 1 is the smallest figure out of these 4 equations
Uper 1 = Uper U per 1= U per U per 1= U per U per 1= U per kL [(L-a) + R(L-a-b)] kL [(L-a) - R(L-a-b)] (1 - k) L [a + R(a +b)] (1 - k) L [a - R(a +b)] (1) (2) (3) (4)
Reference-bearing

General methods

Uper Uper 1 Uper 2

Permissible resid. Unbalance in plane 2 Uper 2 = R U per 1 Within these parameters k = U per /URef per 0.3 = k = 0.7 R = Uper 2 /Uper 1 0.5 = R = 2.0
Veit Bleistein - 27.Okt.1999

b L
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Balancing and Diagnostic Systems

Unbalance Tolerances
Allocation to correction planes
Permissible resid. Unbalance in plane 1 is the smallest figure out of these 4 equations
Uper 1 = U per U =U kL [(L-a) + R(L-a-b)]

General methods rel. example

Uper Uper 1 Uper 2

= Uper 0.51

per 1

per

kL [(L-a) - R(L-a-b)] = Uper 0.64 (1 - k) L [a + R(a +b)] (1 - k) L [a - R(a +b)] = Uper 0.68 = Uper 1.05
Reference-bearing

Uper 1 = U per Uper 1 = U per

Permissible resid. Unbalance in plane 2 Uper 2 = R Uper 1= 0.7 Uper 1 = 0.36 Uper With these parameters k = U perRef /Uper R = Uper 2 /U per 1
Veit Bleistein - 27.Okt.1999

k = 0.5 R = 0.7

a =15

b = 85

L = 116
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