Aisc-The Material Steel

Title Slide
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY
STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY :

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture
The Material Steel STEEL
S T E E L
American Institute of Steel Construction1
PRODUCTION TEAM College of Architecture UNC - Charlotte

Project Director Slide Design & Graphics Production Assistants David Thaddeus, AIA Deborah J. Arbes, RA Jennifer August Brittany Eaker Kathy Phillips Matt Parker David Thaddeus, AIA Nate Robb PowerPoint Photoshop
IT Coordination Photography Software
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For additional information, please contact: College of Architecture, UNC-Charlotte
David Thaddeus, AIA, Associate Professor Thaddeus@email.uncc.edu
The Material Steel | CREDITS
Acknowledgements
This project was made possible through funding from the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) with support from the College of Architecture at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte Special thanks to the following people at AISC for their support and help over the duration of the project: Fromy Rosenberg, PE, Director, AISC University Programs Megan Maurer, Coordinator, AISC University Programs The following people have my sincere gratitude for serving on the Focus Group and offering their comments and feedback in the development of this project :
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Kurt Baumgartner, AIA, JIA, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign Terri Meyer Boake, Associate Professor, University of Waterloo Thomas Fowler, Associate Professor, California Polytechnic State University Harry Kaufman, PE, NCARB, Professor, Southern Polytechnic State University Kemp Mooney, Kemp Mooney Architects Tim Mrozowski, AIA, Professor, Michigan State University Ryan Smith, Assistant Professor, University of Utah
The following AISC members have provided invaluable insight into the content of this teaching aid: Ron Bruce, PE, President, Builders Steel Company, North Kansas City, MO Lawrence Kruth, PE, Engineering & Safety Manager, Douglas Steel, Lansing, MI David McKenzie, PE, Vice President - Engineering, SP International, North Kansas City, MO
The Material Steel | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Terms
The American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) is a non-profit technical institute and trade association established in 1921 to serve the structural steel design community and construction industry in the United States. AISC is offering this teaching aid and learning tool for educational purposes only. The data and information in this presentation is not intended for use in the physical construction of steel structures. The information presented here is considered public information and as such may be distributed or copied. The use of appropriate credit to for images, byline, animations, and content is requested. We hope that you and your students will find this information useful. Please contact Fromy Rosenberg (rosenberg@aisc.org) for further information on AISC or for feedback on this teaching / learning product.
S T E E L
Please contact David Thaddeus (thaddeus@email.uncc.edu) for questions or comments on the content of this project.
The Material Steel | TERMS
Module I Contents: Overview
CONTENTS
The Material Facts

Chemical Composition Production Structural Properties
Clinical Sciences Research, Stanford University . Palo Alto, California Sir Norman Foster
Terminology
Profiles in Steel Protection of Steel Members Appropriate Technology / Sustainability of Steel
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The de Menil Collection Museum Houston, Texas Renzo Piano
The Material Steel | CONTENTS
Steel | The Material Facts

Steel was first produced in 1738 in Sheffield, England, know as crucible steel in was very pure, but difficult and expensive to produce. British Inventor Henry Bessemer produced the first economical steel in 1856. Today steel is produced in over 50 countries all across the world. To every ton of Portland Cement produced, 3 tons of wood and 10 tons of steel are produced. In 2003, China was the first country to produce more than 200 million tons of crude steel in a year (more than 20% of the worlds steel is produced in China). China is the worlds largest consumer of steel (cars, general industry, construction)
The United States and China are the largest importers of steel. Japan is the largest exporter of steel. Steel is the worlds most recycled material. Steel is recycled mostly from junk cars (3-400,000 cars per year per steel mill; 27 cars / minute in North America ). More than 60% of the steel produced annually is from recycled steel.
Properties of steel are not altered by how many times it is recycled. Per pound of material, steel is the most efficient of all building materials. A small amount of steel can do load-carrying tasks with a fraction of the material needed from other materials such as concrete or wood. Steel is the densest of structural materials and therefore handles longer spans, and produces lighter structures with the greatest economy. Steel can be found in fasteners (nails), structural components, rebar, sheet-metal, appliances, cars, ships, The Material Steel | THE MATERIAL FACTS
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Steel | Chemical Composition

Wrought Iron < 0.2 % Carbon Soft & Malleable
Steel 0.2 - 2 % Carbon
Cast Iron < 3 - 4 % Carbon Hard & Brittle
+
Controlled amounts of: Manganese, Phosphorous Silicon, Sulfur, Oxygen
Mild Steel 0.2 - 0.25 % Carbon Medium Steel 0.25 - 0.45 % Carbon Hard Steel 0.45 - 0.85 % Carbon Spring Steel 0.85 - 1.85 % Carbon
Carbon Steel
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Combinations of: Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Molybdenum, Nickel, Tungsten, Vanadium
Alloy Steel
Stainless Steel Weathering Steel
The Material Steel | CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Steel | Chemical Composition
Steel is an alloy of Iron, Carbon (<2%), and Manganese (<1%).

It also contains small amounts of Phosphorous, Silicon, Sulfur and Oxygen
these chemical elements are controlled to provide consistent quality and grade of steel Carbon content greatly affects the properties of steel
More Carbon increases : strength, hardness, corrosion-resistance More Carbon decreases : malleability, ductility, and weldability The amount of Carbon does NOT affect the Modulus of Elasticity (E) of the Steel
Carbon Steel
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is Carbon Steel to which one or more chemical elements have been added to achieve certain physical or chemical properties Stainless Steel
Adding 15-18% Chromium and 7-8% Nickel produces corrosion-resistant steel
Alloy Steel
Cor-Ten Steel Sculpture By Richard Serra Museum of Modern Art Fort Worth, TX
Weathering Steel (Cor-Ten Steel)

Adding Copper and Phosphorous creates a steel that forms an oxide coating, rust, that adheres to the base metal and prevents further corrosion Module 1 | CHEMICAL COMPOSITION
Steel | Production
Iron ore constitutes 5% of earths crust, 70% of earths core is iron. U.S. has roughly 25% of world coal supply. Steel is heated to molten state to remove oxides Three Types of Production Furnaces:
Open Hearth Furnace (OHF) Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) Electric Arc Furnace (EAF)
Whether BOF or EAF all steel is recycled back into steel, so although Refining is the addition of alloys to obtain certain characteristics
BOF has a lower % of recycled steel, it is still as environmentally friendly.
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in the steel: Molybdenum- strength. Manganese- resistance to abrasion and impact. Vanadium- strength and toughness. Nickel and chromium- toughness, stiffness and corrosion resistance.
Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process is environmentally safer.

Casting: Liquid steel is cast into semi-finished products; billet, blooms By 1980s computer controls were prevalent in steel mills.
The Material Steel | PRODUCTION
Open Hearth Furnace (OHF):

Discontinued in USA due to OSHA and EPA regulations, it wasted energy and manpower.
Last Open Hearth Furnace in U.S. was closed down in 1980s.

Extreme heat burned out impurities in iron. Accepts variable amounts of scraps (20-80%) . 3000F minimum temperature required, 10 hours to accomplish. Worldwide, 3.6% of steel produced in 2003 was OHF.
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The Material Steel | PRODUCTION
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Steel | Structural Properties

Charles de Gaulle Airport Paris . France
Ductile, absorbs energy Steel buildings are light and therefore require smaller foundations than heavier building materials. Steel is a lightweight solution that is strong enough to allow for longer spans. Quick erection. Flexibility, Strength, Durability, Functionality. Shop Fabrication reduces on-site work down to the assembly and the erection of frame only. Shop Fabrication reduces on-site weather delays. Less time on construction site reduces cost.
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The Material Steel | STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
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Structural Properties: Overview
Steel is consistent, isotropic and homogenous. Density 490 LBS./ FT 3 or 0.25 LB. / IN 3 (concrete: 144 LBS./ FT 3 or 0.08 LB./ IN 3, wood: 35 - 40 LBS. / FT 3 )
Steel is capable of precise tolerances and with proper detailing will provide an exceptionally tight building envelope.
Minimum on-site waste. Strong and stiff for very little weight.
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The Material Steel | STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
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Steel | Terminology
Hot Rolled
Cold Formed
The Material Steel | TERMINOLOGY
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Steel | Terminology
Coping
Flange : Bending
Web : Shear Reduced Beam Section RBS (Dogbone)
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14
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Steel | Terminology
Fabricator
15
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Detailer
Steel | Terminology
Shear Studs
Camber
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Steel | Terminology
Fillet Weld
Groove Weld
Puddle Weld
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Steel | Terminology
Cross Bridging
Horizontal Bridging
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Erector
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Architecturally Exposed Structural Steel (AESS)

Architecturally
Exposed Structural Steel lends itself naturally to sustainable building.
AESS
avoids additional finishes and, therefore, saves the energy which would have been used to produce and transport those finishes.
Using steel whenever possible increases the amount of recyclable content in building. Using Bolted connections vs. Welded makes disassembly / re-use easier. The integration of structural and mechanical components which is facilitated by AESS can save building materials. Besides being structural, Hollow Steel Sections (HSS) can also convey hot water and therefore contribute to the heating or plumbing of the building. The finish color used on the AESS system can enhance reflectance, reducing lighting and thus saving A/C. Use of steel and glass atria for natural light (a design feature common in AESS buildings) can also reduce the demand for artificial lighting and in turn A/C demand.
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The high visibility of an AESS system demands a very high level of attention to the detailing of the steel members, their finishes and their connections.
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Steel | Profiles in Steel

Name Sample Designation Size Range Features / Strengths Applications Remarks
Wide Flange
W 12 x 50 12 : Nominal depth W 4 W 44 Bending 50 : Weight / Lin. Ft. 9 #/ft 30 #/ft Compression
Beams Columns
3/8< tf < 2 1/4< tw < 5
Bearing Piles
HP 14 x 102 14 : Nominal depth 102 : Weight / Lin.Ft.
HP 8 HP 14 Compression 36 - 117 #/ft Bearing
Piles
tw = tf < 1
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American Standard (I-beam)
S 15 x 50
15 : Nominal Depth 50 : Weight / Lin. Ft.
S 3 - S 24 5.7 - 121 #/ft
Bending
Beams Columns
Flanges slope at 2:12 Not as stable as W-shapes Smaller members that are not W, HP, S
M-Shapes
M 14 x 18 14 : Nominal depth 18 : Weight / Lin. Ft.
M 5-M 14 4.4-18 #/ft
Bending
Beams Columns
The Material Steel | PROFILES IN STEEL
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Name
Sample Designation
Size Range
Features / Strengths
Applications
Remarks
American Standard Channel
C 10 x 30 10: Actual depth 30: Weight / Lin. Ft.
C3 - C15 4.1 - 50 #/ft
Tension Compression
Bracing
Lintels Stairs Trusses
Nominal
Miscellaneous MC 13 x 50 13: Actual depth 50: Weight / Lin. Ft. Channels
MC 6-18 6.5 - 58 #/ft
Bending
Depth = Actual Depth strength
No torsional
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Name
Sample Designation
Size Range
Features / Strengths
Applications
Remarks
Structural Tees: WT 5 x 9.5 Cut from W MT 5 x 4.5 Cut from M ST 5 x 12.7 Cut from S
Compression 5: Nominal depth WT2 - WT18; 4.5 - 179.5 #/ft Tension 9.5, 4.5, 12.7: Bending Weight/Linear Ft. MT2.5 MT7; 2.2 - 9.45 #/ft
Bracing Trusses Lintels
Split W shape lengthwise
ST1.5 ST12; 2.85 - 60.5 #/ft

Equal Leg Angle L 4 x 4 x 1/2 L 1 x 1 x 1/84 : Leg size : Leg thickness L 8 x 8 x 1 1/8
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Unequal Leg Angle
L 6 x 4 x 1/2
6: Long leg 4: Short leg : Leg thickness
Compression Tension L 2 1/2 x 2 x 3/16 Bending - L 9 x 4 x 5/8
Bracing Trusses Lintels Connections
t = 1/8 t = 1- 1/8
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Name
Sample Designation
Size Range
Features / Strengths Compression Tension
Applications
Remarks
Square
4 x 4 x 1/2
4 each side thickness
2 x 2 x 3/16 8 x 8 x 5/8 t: 3/16 - 5/8
Columns Trusses Braces
Stable Good in Torsion
Rectangular
20 x 12 x 5/8
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20 side 12 side 5/8 thickness
3 x 2 x 3/16 20 x 12 x 5/84 t: 3/16 - 5/8
Compression Tension
Pipes
Standard Extra Strong Double Extra
6 Extra . Strong
-12 diameter Compression -12 diameter Tension 2 - 8 diameter
Stable Good in Torsion
Strong
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Steel | Fire Protection

Objective: To maintain structural integrity for a specified period of time to allow the evacuation of occupants and secure access for firefighters.
Fire resistance is expressed in units of time it takes the structural member to reach failure by heating. Steel loses its integrity at 500C (~930F), and most of its strength at 600C (1100F). Lighter steel sections will require more fire protection than thicker sections since heavier sections will heat up at a slower rate.
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Steel sections that are in contact with concrete take longer to heat up than ones without contact.
The thickness of fire protection material dictates its fire rating and the protection time it delivers. Light gauge steel products heat up very quickly.
The Material Steel | FIRE PROTECTION
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Most fire protection systems can provide up to 4 hours (non-combustible) including intumescent paints.
Fire protection systems are determined by appearance, durability, cost, ease of installation, finish quality, surface preparation needed, and speed of application.
Steel that is to be fire protected should not be painted or galvanized in order to adhere straight to the base metal. Minimum fire-resistance ratings for primary and secondary structural members is provided in Building Codes and is based on Occupancy and Type of Construction.
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The total area and weight of a building determines its Building Type.
Most multi-story steel frames are Type I or Type II - non combustible. Primary structural members include: columns, beams, girders, trusses and other structural members directly connected to columns.
Charles de Gaulle Airport Paris . France
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Material
Information
Appearance
Installation
Quality
Surface Preparation
Cost
(Relative)
Fire Rating
SPRAYED
Non-reactive
Sprayed Fire Resistant Materials (SFRM) | Two Types: Reactive and Non-Reactive

May be used exposed Mineral Fiber Overspray (Dry) Can be troweled &
Cementitious (Wet) Reactive
Not typically aesthetically acceptable in public areas
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Provides insulation by expanding and providing char Thin-film of low heat Intumescent conductivity Paint Kicks in at 200-250, & way before Epoxy Base steel starts Intumescent to fail
Thin coat
allows steel profile to retain detail and remain aesthetically pleasing
attractive decorative finishes are available Epoxy Base has course texture
Industrial Thickness: Application 0.03 0.4
Epoxy Base Up to 1 thick
Easy to cover complex areas/details Must mask adjacent areas Very Messy Interferes with other trades Brush or spray applied. Easy to cover detail (around pipes, etc.) Easy to repair Wet trade Must have proper atmosphere conditions at time of application Overspray must be considered
Care must be taken to achieve even application
Applied to
unpainted steel
Up to 4 hrs.
1 hr. per inch
increasing thickness adds durability but also weight
Limited fireprotection duration
Steel preparation may be necessary
$$ to $$$
Up to
(standard)
1 Hr.
Can
achieve 4 Hrs., but is costly = more passes = more cost
Thicker
27
Material
Information
Appearance
Installation
Quality
Surface Preparation
Cost
(Relative)
Fire Rating
Gypsum Board
Non-reactive
Acceptable
Clean, boxed appearance can be left unfinished in unseen areas or finished where visible Unsightly (needs to be hidden) Same as concrete or concrete block construction
Dry (no wet mess) Difficult in small / detailed areas. Slower than some other methods Dry. No effect on other trades
Uniform thickness assures the quality of the rating columns less usual for beams
Applied to
unfinished steel
$$
Up to 4 Hrs. = 1 hr.
Typical for
Blanket Insulation Concrete Encasing
Non-reactive
Uniform thickness Unsurpassed Durability Weatherability
Applied to
unfinished steel
1-2 Hrs. varies with thickness
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Less popular today with the introduction of lighter fire protection materials
Typical
construction methods lost space due to massiveness adds significant weight to the structure
Applied to
unfinished steel
$$$
28
Additional Fireproofing Methods
Water and antifreeze for Hollow Steel Section (HSS)

Metal flame shields. Filling HSS with concrete increases their compressive ability while also providing fire protection. - Plain concrete fill (1-2 hours), steel yields after 20-30 minutes, then concrete takes over, concrete can only last so long, then cracks and collapses. - Adding steel fiber to concrete (2-3 hours) helps carry compression loads longer. - Adding rebar (2-3 hours).
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Steel | Corrosion Protection

Objective: To protect structural integrity from the environmental forces, which act over time, to deteriorate the individual members of the system.

Plain steel corrodes quickly in moist environments.
Corrosion of steel does not occur if relative humidity <60%; at 70% relative humidity corrosion is accelerated.
Corrosion (oxidation) is an electrochemical reaction that oxidizes the iron in steel, commonly called rust. This makes the steel look unsightly.
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It eventually makes steel thinner, vulnerable to water infiltration, it spalls, loses its structural strength, gradually disintegrates, and ultimately fails.
When a metal oxidizes, it reverts to its natural, lower energy state. Zinc is a less noble metal than steel, but corrodes at a slower rate.
The Material Steel | CORROSION PROTECTION
30
Internal Alloying
Involves altering the composition of the steel alloy to include nickel, chromium and other corrosion resistant elements. This results in stainless steel or weathering steel (weathering steel forms a tight oxide layer that adheres to the base metal and protects it). This method of protection (internal alloying) is more expensive than painting or metallic coating.
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Barrier Protection
Paint

Is a barrier protection system. Not impervious to moisture infiltration.
Scratches and thus loses its protection ability.

Weather conditions affect application.
Metal Coating: Zinc, Aluminum (anodizing)
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Cheap, easy to apply by dipping (easy to coat details), maintenance free. Barrier protection system that is impermeable.
Metallic zinc coating has good adhesion to base metal, abrasion and corrosion resistance.
Zinc is a reactive material which will eventually corrode and erode away.
32
Galvanized protection is proportional to its thickness and corrosion rate. Steel is protected by the sacrificial corrosion of the zinc layer ( 1/10 the rate of steel corrosion). If scratched, adjacent steel will not corrode. Twice the coating thickness will result in twice the protection. Amount of protection also depends on the environment in which the steel will be used (industrial atmospheres, marine, soil, near chemicals). Galvanizing is done in a factory where quality is consistent and work is independent of the weather.
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33
Surface Preparation and Hot-Dipping:
Surface preparation is essential for any barrier protection to be effective.

Steel surface may be prepared by: Caustic cleaning - removes organic contaminants such as dirt, oil, etc by dipping in a hot alkali solution. Pickling - removes scale and rust by dipping in an acid solution. Fluxing - removes oxides and prevents further oxidation.
S T E E L
If surface is not clean, zinc will not metallurgically react with the steel. Unclean areas will come out uncoated from hot-dip process.
34
Hot dipping involves complete immersion of member in 98% molten (840F) zinc. The molten zinc reacts with steel to form a series of alloy layers.
Members are entirely coated on all surfaces including all details.

Hot-dip galvanizing metallurgically binds the zinc coating to the base metal and provides protection from corrosive environments.
S T E E L
Hot-dip galvanizing of hollow steel sections (tubes and pipes) will coat both inside and outside allowing indoor / outdoor use.
35
Steel | Sustainability

Steel is the most recycled product in the world. Changes in the processes of steel production have reduced energy demands. The use of continuous casting eliminates energy demands for re-heat treatment of steel. Steel buildings and other products are consistently salvaged and recycled. Concrete is crushed and used as road fill; rebar is recycled. Although steel is locally manufactured, not all raw ingredients for B.O.F. are locally extracted. Four Rs of sustainability: Reduce, Re-use, Recycle, and Restore. Steel producers are constantly striving to reduce emissions into air and water, and in general to soften the impact on the world environment.
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The Material Steel | SUSTAINABILITY
36
Recycling steel is done for economic reasons in addition to the environmental benefits. Most steel products (cars, appliances, bridges, buildings) have longevity of use and so there is a shortage of steel to recycle. Since the supply of steel for recycling is less than demand, raw materials for B.O.F. continue to be mined.
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Once a steel appliance is melted down, it may find new life as a steel column, a can of soup, a car, or an appliance again. Environmental efficiency of materials is analyzed according to the LEED performance standard or embodied energy (life cycle inventory) approach (cradle to grave and cradle to cradle). Efficiency of material recycling can be measured either by recycled content or reclamation rate (number of times it is recycled). Magnetic properties of steel permit easy separation from other building materials after demolition.
The De Menil Collection Museum . Houston, Texas Renzo Piano
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The North American steel industry has been recycling steel scrap for 150 years through 1800 scrap processors and 12000 auto-dismantling facilities. Whether B.O.F. or E.A.F. product, steel is recycled into other steel.
Steel products have an endless life through infinite recovery cycles without losing workability or strength and so may be a perfect application of cradle to cradle concept.
Re-using steel could be through disassembly for later re-assembly, or through re-use on another project or through re-melting in a furnace.
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Steel that is to be re-used may be tested for yield strength or carbon content. Chemical tests are also used to verify the weld-ability of recycled steel. Through the use of smaller and lighter members for longer spans than other materials, steel will reduce the building section and thus the sizes of mechanical systems needed.
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In some instances, using a steel frame instead of a concrete frame will result in half the dead load and half the foundation weight. Steel is a green building product.
In general, it is often more economical to salvage a building rather than sending it to the landfill.
Steel industry accounts for 6% (approximately 45 Billion M Watts) of total electrical energy consumption in U.S.
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Since 1999, construction of all new federal facilities must apply sustainable design principles.
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Recycling Facts and Figures

70 Million tons of steel recycled annually. 60% of which was derived from construction. 400 Million tons worldwide. 1.5 x all other recycled material. 1 ton recycled steel saves: 2500 lbs iron ore 1400 lbs coal 120 lbs limestone
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LEED:
Commercial construction produces 2-2.5 lbs solid waste / sq.ft. in demolition. This may be recycled or re-used.
Nasher Sculpture Center . Dallas, Texas Peter Walker, Landscape Architect
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Improved Production Methods
Early Recycling Processes: 100 tons of raw material yielded 60 tons steel. Current Recycling Processes: 100 tons of raw material yielded 90 tons steel. B.O.F. 25-35% scraps. E.A.F. 90 -100% scraps.
In 2003: 60.2% steel cans, 102.8% cars, 89.7% appliances, 96% structural steel members, 60% rebar were recycled.
Total 70.7% of all steel products are recycled. In U.S. most structural shapes and rebars are produced in E.A.F. HSS are produced in B.O.F.
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Cy Twombly Gallery Houston, Texas Renzo Piano
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Nasher Sculpture Center Dallas, Texas Renzo Piano
USGBC - US Green Building Council LEED - Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

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LEED is a performance, not a descriptive standard. Most widely used green building rating in U.S. 69 possible points
Platinum 52+ Gold 39-51 Silver 33-38 Certified 26-32 (not much cost in securing Certified level)
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LEED Core Categories

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Sustainable Sites
credits possible
14
Local ecology, near public transport, reduction of commuting by car. Water Efficiency
credits possible
Buildings account for 1/6 fresh water consumption water efficient fixtures reduce this amount. Energy and Atmosphere 17 credits possible Renewable and green power sources. Materials and Resources 13 credits possible Conserve raw materials and resources (fossil fuels) Steel contributes most to this category.
Material Steel | SUSTAINABILITY The Indoor Environmental Quality
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LEED Core Categories

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture Sustainable Sites - 14 credits possible Local ecology, near public transport, reduction of commuting by car.

Water Efficiency - 5 credits possible Buildings account for 1/6 fresh water consumption water efficient fixtures reduce this amount.
Energy and Atmosphere - 17 credits
possible
Renewable and green power sources.
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Materials and Resources - 13

Conserve raw materials and
credits possible
resources (fossil fuels) Steel contributes most to this category.

Indoor Environmental Quality - 15

credits possible
Air quality, thermal comfort, daylight.
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Materials and Resources
2: Building Re-use
Conservation of existing resource, no environmental impacts from transportation, steel buildings more likely than others for re-use, easy and cheap retro fits for adaptive re-use. Encourages use of existing materials over new materials saves cost of added manufacturing energy High recycled content. Materials to be manufactured within 500 miles of fabricator. Raw materials extracted within 500 miles of site (fabricator).
The Clark Center, Stanford University Palo Alto, California Sir Norman Foster
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S T E E L
the end
The Material Steel | The American Institute of Steel Construction
48

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Title Slide

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY :

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

The Material Steel STEEL

American Institute of Steel Construction1

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

PRODUCTION TEAM College of Architecture UNC - Charlotte

IT Coordination Photography Software

For additional information, please contact: College of Architecture, UNC-Charlotte

David Thaddeus, AIA, Associate Professor Thaddeus@email.uncc.edu

The Material Steel | CREDITS

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

The Material Steel | ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

The Material Steel | TERMS

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Module I Contents: Overview

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

The Material Facts

The de Menil Collection Museum Houston, Texas Renzo Piano

The Material Steel | CONTENTS

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

Steel | The Material Facts

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

Steel | Chemical Composition

Steel 0.2 - 2 % Carbon

Cast Iron < 3 - 4 % Carbon Hard & Brittle

Combinations of: Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Molybdenum, Nickel, Tungsten, Vanadium

The Material Steel | CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

Steel | Chemical Composition

Steel is an alloy of Iron, Carbon (<2%), and Manganese (<1%).

Weathering Steel (Cor-Ten Steel)

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

BOF has a lower % of recycled steel, it is still as environmentally friendly.

Electric Arc Furnace (EAF) process is environmentally safer.

The Material Steel | PRODUCTION

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

Open Hearth Furnace (OHF):

Last Open Hearth Furnace in U.S. was closed down in 1980s.

The Material Steel | PRODUCTION

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

Steel | Structural Properties

The Material Steel | STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

Structural Properties: Overview

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

The Material Steel | STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

The Material Steel | TERMINOLOGY

STRUCTURE OF THE EVERYDAY

a teaching primer for colleges of architecture

Web : Shear Reduced Beam Section RBS (Dogbone)