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=
1 0 0
2 2 0
0 0 1
f and
(
=
1 1
1 1
h .
(5 marks)
(d) Write an algorithm to enhance the high frequencies in the Fourier transform domain
for edge enhancement. State the transfer function of the filter.
(5 marks)
Pg 4 ME5405
Question 3
(a) ( )
r
p r is the probability density function of a given image. It is of poor dynamic range.
We wish to transform the grey levels of this image so that they will have a probability
density function ( )
z
p z given below. In addition, in the new image, the gray levels are
limited to lie between the range
max min
and z z . Find the necessary transformation (i.e.
find z in terms of
max min
( ), and
z
p z z z ).
2
3
1 1
3 3
max min
1
( )
3
z
z
p z
z z
(10 marks)
(b) Figure 3(a) is the original image of a polished cross section of an enamel coating on
steel. The two distinct layers are different colour enamel containing different size
distribution of pores. The purpose of an image processing operation is to isolate only
the pores within the darker layer as shown in Figure 3(e). Figures 3(b) to 3(d) show
the results of the intermediate steps. Describe the steps employed in this operation.
[Hint: You may need to use Logical operation in this operation]
Figures 3(a) 3(e) (15 marks)
Pg 5 ME5405
Question 4
(a) The bright rectangle in the binary image shown in Figure 4(a) is of size 9 by 7.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the gradient of this image at every fixed based on the
approximation given as ( , )
x y
f x y g g V = + , where
x
g and
y
g are obtained
using the Sobel operators.
(ii) Determine the Laplacian of this image using the operator:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
( , ) 1, 1, , 1 , 1 4 , f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y f x y V = + + + + + , or in
the form of a 3 by 3 mask shown in Figure 4(b)
(iii) Compare the results of using the gradient and the Laplacian as an edge detector.
Note: In this question, you need to process also the one-pixel thick boundary around
the bright rectangle. Due to the symmetric nature of the image, you need only to
consider one quarter of the image in your calculation.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0 0 0
0
0
0
Figure 4(a)
Figure 4(b)
(13 marks)
Pg 6 ME5405
(b) (i) Without using mathematical proof, explain which of the following morphological
expressions is correct.
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(1)
(2)
A C A B C
A C A B C
=
=
(ii) Figure 4(c) shows a binary image A, while Figures 4(d) and 4(e) show two
structural elements B and C. Xindicates the origins of the image and structure
elements.
Figure 4(c) Image A
Figure 4(d) B Figure 4(e) C
Note that C B _ . Show the resulting images after the following morphological
operations.
(1)
(2)
A B
A C
What meaningful conclusion can you derive from the resulting images?
(12 marks)
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