MAGNETIC EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT

The body having two properties-one of attraction and other of directive is said to be Magnet. POLE: The point in the magnet where the property of magnetism is maximum is said to be a Pole. The poles are of two types: 1) North pole or North Seeking Pole N Pole S Pole 2) South pole or South Seeking Pole

2 >Magnetic axis: The line joining the poles of the magnet is said to be Magnet axis.

>Magnetic equator: The line perpendicular to the magnetic axis and passing through the mid-point of the magnet is said to be Magnetic equator. >Effective length of the magnet: The distance between the poles of the magnet is said to be Effective length of the magnet. It is denoted by 2l or L. It is nearly 82% of the geometrical length of the magnet. >Magnetic field: The space around the magnet in which the properties of magnet are experienced is said to be Magnetic field. Magnetic field is given by magnetic lines of force. >Magnetic lines of force: The path of an isolated free unit north pole in the magnetic field is said to be Magnetic lines of force. OR Magnetic lines of force are the imaginary closed curves in magnetic field on which the tangent drawn at any point gives the direction of resultant magnetic field at any point. >Properties

of magnetic lines of force:

1) They start from north pole and go to south pole through the medium in which magnet is kept and they continues through the magnet from south pole to north pole, inside the magnet they are said to be induction lines. 2) They start normally and end normally to the magnet. 3) They do not intersect. If they will intersect there will be two tangent at the point which is impossible. 4) They repel each other. 5) They are like stretched strings. 6) If the magnetic lines of force are parallel and equidistance, the magnetic field will be uniform having same intensity everywhere. >Note: 1) Every magnet will be having two poles; one is north and other is south pole. The poles will be having equal strength. 2) If any magnet is broken into two pieces, we cannot separate the poles but we get two different magnets. In this process the pole strength will not decrease but the length of magnet will decrease. 3) In the magnet, free pole is not possible. We can have dipoles only whereas in the case of electric dipole separate poles are possible. 4) North pole is having equivalency with positive charge whereas south pole is having equivalency with negative charge. N Pole Positive Charge S Pole Negative Charge

>Magnetic moment of the magnet: The product of pole strength of any pole of the magnet and effective length of the magnet is said to be Magnetic moment of magnet. >Magnetic effect of current: 1) When any charge body is kept stationary at any point, there will be only electric field around it which is given by :E = Kq/r 2) When any charge is moving there will be electric and magnetic field around the moving charge. These two fields are mutually perpendicular. 3) When electric current passes through any conductor there is only magnetic field around the conductor and there is no electric field around the conductor. 4) The current carrying conductor will be having electric field in side it which is given by ; E = POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE / LENGTH 5) The current carrying conductor is not a charged conductor; the current passes so that the number of electrons coming at one end of conductor will be equal to the number of electrons leaving the conductor at the other end. As conductor is not charged so no electric field is around it. 6) The magnetic field around the conductor is due to drifting of electrons from one end to the other end of the conductor. 7) Thus moving charge and current carrying conductor both are the source of magnetic field. Source of electric field are any stationary charge (charged body) or moving charge. 8) Magnetic field produced due to current carrying conductor is said to be induced magnetic field or magnetic induction denoted by B. B is a vector quantity. Unit of B in C.G.S = Maxwell/cm= Gauss Unit of B in M.K.S = Weber/m = Newton/Amp. X m = Tesla 1 Tesla = 104 Gauss >Value of magnetic field produced due to current carrying conductor is calculated by Biot - Savarts law >Rules for the direction of magnetic field produced due to current: 1) RIGHT HAND PALM RULE -1: If we stretch our right hand so that the fingers are perpendicular to thumb. If thumb gives the direction of current in the conductor and fingers are pointed towards the point where direction of magnetic field is to be find out, then magnetic field will be perpendicular to the palm outwards. 2)RIGHT HAND THUMB RULE : If we hold a current carrying straight conductor in our right hand so that thumb gives the direction of current in the conductor, then the folded fingers around the conductor will give the direction of magnetic lines of force. 3) MAXWELL RIGHT HANDED SCREW RULE : In any right handed screw the forward or backward direction of motion of screw gives the direction of current in the conductor, then the direction of rotation to screw for forward or backward motion will gives direction of magnetic field produced due to current in the conductor. >Magnetic field due to current in a circular loop: If we take a current carrying circular coil, the coil behaves like a small magnet or like a magnetic dipole. There will be both the poles- north and south with the current carrying circular coil. The face of the coil in which current is passing anti-clockwise is the north pole and the face in which current is passing clockwise is the south pole.

>The direction of magnetic field due to current carrying circular coil will be along the axis of coil or perpendicular to the plain of coil.

>The value of magnetic field around the centre of coil will be nearly uniform and it will be reducing towards the corners. >Magnetic field or the magnetic line of force produced by a circular loop will be as given below:

>Solenoid : 1) If insulated conducting wire is turned over a hollow metallic tube along its length uniformly, the radius of the hollow tube is negligible in comparision to the length of the tube. The device formed is said to be solenoid. 2) Solenoid behaves like a bar magnet. The magnetic field inside the solenoid will be along the axis of the solenoid. The value of magnetic field outside the solenoid will be zero. 3) In the case of very long solenoid, value of magnetic field inside the solenoid is nearly uniform. 4) Value of magnetic field at the ends is half to the value at the centre.

>Value of magnetic field acting on any moving charge in the magnetic field : If we take a magnetic field perpendicular to paper inwards and any charge q is moving in the magnetic field with a velocity v. Let the angle between the direction of velocity and magnetic field is , then the force acting on the charge due to magnetic field will be F. F = q v B sin This force is a magnetic force, hence we can conclude that any moving charge is having magnetic field around it. >Force acting on current carrying conductor kept in magnetic field : As the current carrying conductor is the source of magnetic field or there is a magnetic field around current carrying conductor.

If the current carrying conductor is kept in the magnetic field, then there will be a force acting on the current carrying conductor due to magnetic field. If B is the magnetic field and the conductor is of length L having current I is kept in the magnetic field then the force on this conductor due to magnetic field will be F.

F = B I L SIN >RIGHT HAND PALM ; RULE- 2 : This rule is for the force acting on current carrying conductor due to the magnetic field OR For the force acting on moving charge due to magnetic field. RULE : If we stretch the fingers and thumb of right hand so that they are perpendicular to each other, if fingers give the direction of the magnetic field and thumb gives the direction of current in the conductor kept in the magnetic field or positive moving charge in magnetic field, then the force on current carrying conductor or moving positive charge will be perpendicular to the palm outwards. >FLEMMING LEFT HAND RULE : If we fold the Fore finger, middle fingers and thumb of left hand, so that they are mutually perpendicular. If forefinger gives the direction of magnetic field in which current carrying conductor is kept, middle finger gives the direction of current in the conductor, then thumb will give the direction of force on current carrying conductor due to magnetic field. Note : dA F F FR = 0

dA

dA

F FR # 0 F

dA 1) Area is a vector quantity and the direction of area is perpendicular to the surface outwards. 2) If the two forces acting on a body are equal in value or in magnitude, opposite in direction and they are acting in a line then the resultant of these forces will be zero. 3) If two forces acting on a body are equal in value or magnitude, opposite in direction but not acting in a straight line, then these two forces are said to be couple of force and they will try to rotate the body. >Any current carrying coil kept in the magnetic field : 1) Consider any magnetic field which is perpendicular to paper outwards. In this magnetic field any coil P,Q,R,S is kept in a way that surface of the coil is perpendicular to magnetic field or normal to the surface of coil say area of coil is parallel to the magnetic field.

2) Force acting on the conductor PQ will be equal, opposite and in a line to the force on conductor SR, so no resultant force on these two conductors.

3) The force on the conductor PS and QR will also produce zero resultant force. Thus no resultant force on the current carrying coil due to magnetic field. 4) When the coil is kept in the magnetic field, so that normal to the surface of the coil is at any angle to the magnetic field.

5) In the condition Resultant Force on the sides PQ and SR will be zero but the forces on the PS and QR will be equal in magnitude opposite in direction but not in a same line. So, these two forces acting on the sides PS and QR will form a couple and will try to rotate the coil. >D.C. motor : The device which is used to change the electrical energy into mechanical energy is said to be motor. Motor is just opposite to the dynamo or generator. >Principal of motor: If any current carrying coil is kept in a magnetic field, there will be a couple acting on the coil. The couple will try to rotate the coil. >Structure of motor: 1) MAGNETIC FIELD: A strong magnetic field is produced with the help of the powerful poles of the magnetic or by electromagnet. The shape of poles of magnet will be horseshoe. 2) ARMATURE OR COIL: Armature is made with the help of insulated copper wire which is turned over a core of soft iron. The armature is kept between the powerful poles of magnet. The armature is connected with the shaft. 3) COMMUTATOR OR SPLIT RING COMMUTATOR : One end of the armature is connected to one split ring C1 and other end of the armature is connected with the other half of the spilt ringC2. Any ring is divided into halves. Each one is said to be split ring. The spilt ring will also rotate with the armature. 4) METALLIC BRUSSES: There are two brusses of carbon. The brusses are connected to load in which current is passed. The brusses B1 & B2 will be in the contact of split rings. 5) ELECRICAL SOURCE: To pass the electric current in the armature, we connect a source between the brusses B1 and B2. With the help of the brusses and split rings current is passed in the armature. 6)SHAFT AND PULLEY: The armature is connected to a shaft which rotates with the armature with same speed. We fixed up a pulley at the end of shaft. The pulley will also rotate which becomes a source of mechanical energy.

>Working: 1) As the electric current is passed in the armature their will be couple acting on armature which will rotate the armature. 2) As the armature will rotate, the split ring C 1 and C2 will also rotate. Let C1 split ring is in the contact of B1 bruss and C2 split ring in the contact of B 2 bruss. As the armature will rotate, its half of rotation, then split ring C1 will be in contact of B2 bruss and split ring C2 will be in the contact of B1 bruss. Direction of current in the armature will change but coil having rotation in same direction. 3) As the armature rotate, the shaft will rotate and pulley connected will rotate. The pulley will be the source of energy. 4) In the motor we can use coil to produce magnetic field in place of permanent pole of magnet and current is passed with the help of the source. >Electromagnetic induction: To produce electric current or electric potential difference with the help of the magnetism or magnet or magnetic field is said to be electromagnetic induction. >Magnetic field: The space around the magnet in which the property of magnet are experienced by any other magnetic pole or magnet is said to be magnetic field. Magnetic field is represented by magnetic line of force. >Magnetic flux: Number of normal or perpendicular lines of force passing through any area kept in the magnetic field is said to be magnetic flux to the area. Unit of flux is Weber. >FARADAYS EXPERIMENT: N S

G 1) There is a coil having close circuit with galvanometer, there will be no current in the circuit by its own because there is no source of the circuit. 2) If we take a strong magnet and there is relative motion in the coil and the magnet, then there is a deflection in the galvanometer or say there is a current in the induction coil. 3) As the magnet and coil are coming closer, the deflection in the galvanometer will be in a direction and the deflection will be in the opposite direction as the coil and magnet are going away. 4) As the relative motion is faster the value of deflection will be more or say current will be more. 5) Due to the relative motion between coil and magnet, the current passing in the coil is said to be induced current. The potential difference across the coil due to which current is passed is said to induced potential difference or induced electro motive force. The phenomena to produce the induced electro motive force due to the relative motion between coil and magnet is said to be electromagnetic induction.

 Note: In the process of electromagnetic induction, the electro motive force is induced or produced. The current will be only when the circuit or the coil is closed or circuit is having finite resistance. >Explanation of electromagnetic induction: As there is a relative motion between coil and magnet, the magnetic line of force linked or passing through the coil will change. When the magnet and coil are coming closer, the flux passing through the coil will increase. When the magnet and coil are going away, the flux passing through the coil will decrease. In this way when the flux passing through the coil changes, there will be an induced e m f across the coil. >Cause of induced e m f or induced current is the continues change in flux passing through the coil. The value of induced e m f will be proportional to the rate of change of flux or change in flux per unit time. >Rotation of coil in magnetic field and induced e m f: Consider any magnetic field B which is perpendicular to paper outward. In this magnetic field the coil (PQRS) is kept so that surface of the coil is perpendicular to magnetic field or area of coil is parallel to magnetic field. This coil is rotated in vertical plain about the horizontal axis. As the coil will rotate the flux passing through the coil will be changing continuously and continues change in flux causes an induced e.m.f. across the coil. The induced e m f is given by the graph as:-

>Generator or Dynamo: The device which is used to change the mechanical energy into electrical is said to be dynamo or generator. Dynamo or generator are mainly of two types:1)Alternative current generator 2)Direct current generator Note: A.C. = The current in which value of current and direction of current changes continuously in a regular order is said to A.C.

D.C. = The current in which direction of current does not changes with the time is said to be D.C.. If the value of current also remain same as direction, then it is said to be constant D.C..

>A.C. generator: The generator in which current or voltage produced is having a periodic change in its value and direction both is said to A.C. generator. >PRINCIPLE of A.C. generator: It is based on the principal of electromagnetic induction. If any coil is rotated in magnetic field, the magnetic line of force or flux linked with the coil will change continuously. The continues change in flux will cause an induced e m f across the coil.

>Structure: 1)MAGNETIC FIELD: A strong magnetic field is produced with the help of powerful poles of magnet or with the help of electromagnet. In small generators, poles of magnet having shape of horse shoe but in big generators magnetic field is produced with the help of electromagnet. 2)ARMATURE: It is a coil made with the help of the insulated copper wire which is turned over a core of soft iron. The armature or coil is kept between the powerful poles of magnet with the help of a shaft. The coil is rotated in magnetic field with very high velocity. 3)SLIP RING: There are two circular rings of copper which are said to be slip ring. Ends of the armature is connected to them. A end of the armature is connected to the P slip ring and D end is connected to the Q slip ring. These rings are connected with the access of armature and slip ring rotates with the armature. The slip rings are not in contact in between. 4)METALLIC BRUSSES: There are two brusses of carbon R and S. They are in the contact of slip rings. The brusses are connected to load in which current is to be passed. The brusses are stationary.

>Working: 1) With the help of any mechanical energy the armature of the generator is rotated in the magnetic field. The value of flux linked with the armature will change continuously. 2) As the flux linked with the armature or coil changes continuously, that will cause an induced e m f across the coil. 3) The induced e m f developed across the armature will be between the brusses through the slip ring. Hence, there will be an induced across the load connected between the brusses. Thus, an alternative current passes in the load. 4) If we replace the slip ring by split ring or commutator, then the current passing in the load will be direct current.