Final Year IEEE Project 2013-2014 - Grid Computing Project Title and Abstract

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ETPL Smart Grid Last-Mile Communications Model and Its Application to the Study of GC-001 Leased Broadband Wired-Access Abstract: This paper addresses the modeling of specific Smart Grid (SG) communication requirements from a data networking research perspective, as a general approach to the study of different access technologies suitable for the last mile (LM). SGLM networks serve customers' Energy Services Interfaces. From functional descriptions of SG, a traffic model is developed. It is then applied to the study of an access architecture based on leased lines from local broadband access providers. This permits consideration of the potential starvation of domestic traffic, which is avoided by applying well-known traffic management techniques. From previous results obtained for a purpose-built WiMAX SGLM network, the intuition that a leased broadband access yields lower latencies is verified. In general, the proposed traffic model simplifies the design of benchmarks for the comparison of candidate access technologies. ETPL Performance Analysis of Multiuser Selection Scheme in Dynamic Home Area Networks GC-002 for Smart Grid Communications In this paper, multiuser selection scheme is employed in dynamic home area networks (HANs) for smart grid communications, to reduce the effects of fading at the receiver part of smart meter. The performance of multiuser selection scheme is evaluated in two cases: in the absence of interference and in the presence of multiuser interference (MUI). In the former case, the closed-form capacity outage probability as well as the numerical values of the bit error rate (BER) are obtained via the probability density function (PDF) of signal to noise ratio (SNR) that is derived from the amplitude distribution property of the classic indoor SalehValenzuela (S-V) channel. In the latter case, the multiuser interference cancellation coefficient as a random variable is added for the calculation of signal to interference noise ratio (SINR). In addition, due to free space path loss and log-normal shadowing, the sum of MUI is treated as another log-normal-distributed random variable by exploiting central limit theorem. Numerical results show that the performance of multiuser selection scheme in HANs of smart grid is due to several factors, i.e., total number of devices in HANs, traffic intensity, modulation scheme, and multiuser interference cancellation coefficient, etc. ETPL Optimizations of Power Consumption and Supply in the Smart Grid: Analysis of the GC-003 Impact of Data Communication Reliability Abstract: Data communications infrastructure will play an important role to transfer various information in smart grid. In this paper, we consider the reliability of the smart grid data communications infrastructure and its impact on the power consumption and supply optimizations. For optimizing the power consumption, we consider a deferrable load scheduling method which is modeled by using a constrained Markov decision process (CMDP) model, taking into account the unavailability of the home area network (HAN) and neighborhood area network (NAN) gateways. For optimizing the power supply, we consider an economic dispatch method which is modeled by using stochastic programming (SP), taking into account the unavailability of the exact power demand and supply information. The power consumption and supply costs are analyzed. In addition, we show how these costs can be reduced through the deployment of component redundancy in the smart grid data communications infrastructure. ETPL Smart Grid Communication: Its Challenges and Opportunities GC-004 The necessity to promote smart grid (SG) has been recognized with a strong consensus. The SG integrates electrical grids and communication infrastructures and forms an intelligent electricity network working with

all connected components to deliver sustainable electricity supplies. Many advanced communication technologies have been identified for SG applications with a potential to significantly enhance the overall efficiency of power grids. In this paper, the challenges and applications of communication technologies in SG are discussed. In particular, we identify three major challenges to implement SG communication systems, including standards interoperability, cognitive access to unlicensed radio spectra, and cyber security. The issues to implement SG communications on an evolutional path and its future trends are also addressed. The aim of this paper is to offer a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art researches on SG communications. ETPL Scalable Solutions of Markov Games for Smart-Grid Infrastructure Protection GC-005 Abstract: The anticipated proliferation of cyber components for collecting information and controlling operations of smart grids increases their vulnerability to a variety of cyber attacks. For instance, a large-scale simultaneous attack on smart meters to destabilize the grid could be feasible via cyber means, which is not viable via physical attacks alone. The interactions between the providers and attackers of the smart grid and their optimal strategies can be modeled as a Markov game. However, the computational complexity of such a game grows exponentially with the size of the infrastructure, making it impractical for smart grids of reasonable sizes. In this paper, we show that when the players' current interest is a subset of the states only and they are willing to accept small inaccuracies in the game solutions, many Markov game states can be pruned. We present a pruning algorithm in which a threshold parameter is used to control qualitatively the tradeoff between computation time and solution accuracy. The algorithm is iterative with decoupled state values in each iteration, and we parallelize the state estimations to reduce the overall computation time. We illustrate with examples that the pruning algorithm reduces the computation time greatly without losing much precision in the game solutions, and that parallelization further reduces the computation time. ETPL A Communication-Based Appliance Scheduling Scheme for Consumer-Premise Energy GC-006 Management Systems Abstract: In this paper, a communication-based load scheduling protocol is proposed for in-home appliances connected over a home area network. Specifically, a joint access and scheduling approach for appliances is developed to enable in-home appliances to coordinate power usage so that the total energy demand for the home is kept below a target value. The proposed protocol considers both schedulable appliances which have delay flexibility, and critical appliances which consume power as they desire. An optimization problem is formulated for the energy management controller to decide the target values for each time slot, by incorporating the variation of electricity prices and distributed wind power uncertainty. We model the evolution of the protocol as a two-dimensional Markov chain, and derive the steady-state distribution, by which the average delay of an appliance is then obtained. Simulation results verify the analysis and show cost saving to customers using the proposed scheme. ETPL Decentralized Controls and Communications for Autonomous Distribution Networks GC-007 in Smart Grid Abstract: The traditional power grid system was constructed in a centralized and radial topology where power is generated and delivered from one end to the other. Conventional methods for unidirectional power flow analysis will no longer be effective to control renewable energy sources implemented at the consumption sector efficiently; new strategies are called for to facilitate the bidirectional flow incurred by

power production of the distributed energy resource units. The transformation will require intelligent distribution automation by means of decentralized power management as well as information and communications technologies to actualize smart grid modernization. In this paper, we design autonomous distribution networks that take scalability into account by dividing the legacy distribution network into a set of subnetworks. We tackle the power flow and power balance issues individually in parallel to optimize the global distribution operation by our proposed power-control method. Meanwhile, we propose an overlay multi-tier communications infrastructure for the underlying power network to analyze the traffic of data information and control message required for associated power flow operation. Based on the proposed schemes, we show that we can potentially improve the utilization of renewable energy production and achieve data traffic reduction under decentralized operations as compared to legacy centralized management. ETPL Priority-Based Traffic Scheduling and Utility Optimization for Cognitive Radio GC-008 Communication Infrastructure-Based Smart Grid Abstract: Smart grid can be visualized as an intelligent control system over sensors and communication platforms. Recently, wireless multimedia sensor networks (WMSNs) have shown its advantages for smart grid by providing rich surveillance information for grid failure detection and recovery, energy source monitoring, asset management, security, etc. On the other hand, cognitive radio (CR) networks have been identified as a key wireless technology to reduce the communication interferences and improve the bandwidth efficiency for smart grid communication. There is an essential need to use the CR communication platform to support large-size and time-sensitive multimedia delivery for future smart grid system. In this paper, we consider the heterogeneous characteristics of smart grid traffic including multimedia and propose a priority-based traffic scheduling approach for CR communication infrastructure based smart grid system according to the various traffic types of smart grid such as control commands, multimedia sensing data and meter readings. Specifically, we develop CR channel allocation and traffic scheduling schemes taking into consideration of channel switch and spectrum sensing errors, and solve a system utility optimization problem for smart grid communication system. Our solutions are demonstrated through both analyzes and simulations. This research opens a new vista of future smart grid communications. ETPL Time Synchronization Attack in Smart Grid: Impact and Analysis GC-009 Abstract: Many operations in power grids, such as fault detection and event location estimation, depend on precise timing information. In this paper, a novel Time Synchronization Attack (TSA) is proposed to attack the timing information in smart grid. Since many applications in smart grid utilize synchronous measurements and most of the measurement devices are equipped with global positioning system (GPS) for precise timing, it is highly probable to attack the measurement system by spoofing the GPS. The effectiveness of TSA is demonstrated for three applications of phasor measurement unit (PMU) in smart grid, namely transmission line fault detection, voltage stability monitoring and event locationing. The validity of TSA is demonstrated by numerical simulations. ETPL Toward SWSs Discovery: Mapping from WSDL to OWL-S Based on Ontology Search GC-010 and Standardization Engine Abstract: Semantic Web Services (SWSs) represent the most recent and revolutionary technology developed for machine-to-machine interaction on the web 3.0. As for the conventional web services, the problem of discovering and selecting the most suitable web service represents a challenge for SWSs to be widely used.

In this paper, we propose a mapping algorithm that facilitates the redefinition of the conventional web services annotations (i.e., WSDL) using semantic annotations (i.e., OWL-S). This algorithm will be a part of a new discovery mechanism that relies on the semantic annotations of the web services to perform its task. The “local ontology repository” and “ontology search and standardization engine” are the backbone of this algorithm. Both of them target to define any data type in the system using a standard ontology-based concept. The originality of the proposed mapping algorithm is its applicability and consideration of the standardization problem. The proposed algorithm is implemented and its components are validated using some test collections and real examples. An experimental test of the proposed techniques is reported, showing the impact of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the time and the effort of the mapping process. Moreover, the experimental results promise that the proposed algorithm will have a positive impact on the discovery process as a whole. ETPL Battery Status-aware Authentication Scheme for V2G Networks in Smart Grid GC-011 Abstract: Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) is emerging as an attractive paradigm in smart grid, and provides power and information services by periodically collecting power status of battery vehicles (BVs). During a BV's interaction with power grid, it may be in one of the following states: charging, fully-charged (FC), and discharging. In this paper, we identify that there are unique security challenges in a BV's different battery states. Accordingly, we propose a battery status-aware authentication scheme (BASA) to address the issue for V2G networks. In BASA, 1) an aggregated-identifier is proposed during the charging-to-FC state transition to ensure that BVs can be authenticated without disclosing their real identities; 2) selective disclosure based challenge-response authentication is presented during the FC-to-discharging phase to realize anonymous data transmission; 3) an aggregated-status is reported during the discharging-to-charging transition in order to hide a BV's power level from an aggregator. In addition, we perform comprehensive security analysis, which shows that BASA achieves both privacy preservation and security protection during battery state transitions. The analysis also indicates that battery status awareness is crucial for BVs' secure operations for V2G networks in smart grid. ETPL Dependable Demand Response Management in the Smart Grid: A Stackelberg Game GC-012 Approach Abstract: Demand Response Management (DRM) is a key component in the smart grid to effectively reduce power generation costs and user bills. However, it has been an open issue to address the DRM problem in a network of multiple utility companies and consumers where every entity is concerned about maximizing its own benefit. In this paper, we propose a Stackelberg game between utility companies and end-users to maximize the revenue of each utility company and the payoff of each user. We derive analytical results for the Stackelberg equilibrium of the game and prove that a unique solution exists. We develop a distributed algorithm which converges to the equilibrium with only local information available for both utility companies and end-users. Though DRM helps to facilitate the reliability of power supply, the smart grid can be succeptible to privacy and security issues because of communication links between the utility companies and the consumers. We study the impact of an attacker who can manipulate the price information from the utility companies. We also propose a scheme based on the concept of shared reserve power to improve the grid reliability and ensure its dependability

ETPL A Generic Query Model for the Unified Discovery of Heterogeneous Services GC-013 Abstract: In this paper, we propose Proteus, a generic query model for the discovery of operations offered by heterogeneous services. We demonstrate the need for such a model, and show how it unifies the task of service discovery through abstractions, which allow for the technology-independent formulation of service advertisements, queries, and query responses. On top of these generic elements, we build an intuitive, fuzzybased query evaluation mechanism that supports the service matchmaking process by employing and appropriately combining existing similarity metrics. Thanks to the generality of Proteus, it is possible to seamlessly accommodate the discovery of operations provided by various types of services without the need of changing the existing service infrastructure. Thus, our approach is applicable to a variety of settings ranging from traditional web services to service-oriented grids, peer-to-peer networks, geospatial information systems, and so on. Overall, compared to the existing query models supported by standard service discovery technologies, our approach is marked by openness, flexibility, and improved performance in terms of precision and recall. The feasibility and efficiency of Proteus are verified by a series of experiments. ETPL Reliable Wireless Communication Networks for Demand Response Control GC-014 Abstract: This paper presents methodologies for deriving reliability performance of wireless communication networks to support demand response (DR) control. First, the impact of communication impairments on a direct DR control program is investigated. Second, the outage probability of a wireless link is modelled and quantified, considering the multipath fading, shadowing, and random path loss given the location distribution of smart meters. Third, the distributions of packet delivery ratio are derived for two wireless network architectures: the single-hop infrastructure-based network and the multi-hop mesh network. Simulation results verify the above reliability models and provide important insights on the coverage of wireless communication networks considering the reliability requirements of DR programs. ETPL UDP: Usage-Based Dynamic Pricing With Privacy Preservation for Smart Grid GC-015 Abstract: Smart sensing and wireless communication technologies enable the electric power grid system to deliver electricity more efficiently through the dynamic analysis of the electricity demand and supply. The current solution is to extend the traditional static electricity pricing strategy to a time-based one where peaktime prices are defined to influence electricity usage behavior of customers. However, the time-based pricing strategy is not truly dynamic and the electricity resource cannot be optimally utilized in real time. In this paper, we propose a usage-based dynamic pricing (UDP) scheme for smart grid in a community environment, which enables the electricity price to correspond to the electricity usage in real time. In the UDP scheme, to simplify price management and reduce communication overhead, we introduce distributed community gateways as proxies of the utility company to timely respond to the price enquiries from the community customers. We consider both community-wide electricity usage and individual electricity usage as factors into price management: a customer gets higher electricity unit price if its own electricity usage becomes larger under certain conditions of the community-wide collective electricity usage. Additionally, we protect the privacy of the customers by restricting the disclosure of the individual electricity usage to the community gateways. Lastly, we provide privacy and performance analysis to demonstrate that the UDP

scheme supports real-time dynamic pricing in an efficient and privacy-preserving manner. ETPL Detecting Critical Nodes in Interdependent Power Networks for Vulnerability GC-016 Assessment Abstract: Power networks and information systems become more and more interdependent to ensure better supports for the functionality as well as improve the economy. However, power networks also tend to be more vulnerable due to the cascading failures from their interdependent information systems, i.e., the failures in the information systems can cause the failures of the coupled portion in power networks. Therefore, the accurate vulnerability assessment of interdependent power networks is of great importance in the presence of unexpected disruptive events or adversarial attacks targeting on critical network nodes. In this paper, we study the Interdependent Power Network Disruptor (IPND) optimization problem to identify critical nodes in an interdependent power network whose removals maximally destroy its functions due to both malfunction of these nodes and the cascading failures of its interdependent communication network. First, we show the IPND problem is NP-hard to be approximated within the factor of (2-) . Despite its intractability, we propose a greedy framework with novel centrality functions based on the networks' interdependencies, to efficiently solve this problem in a timely manner. An extensive experiment not only illustrates the effectiveness of our approach on networks with different topologies and interdependencies, but also highlights some important observations which help to sharpen the robustness of interdependent networks in the future. ETPL Proactive and Reactive Runtime Service Discovery: A Framework and Its Evaluation GC-017 Abstract: The identification of services during the execution of service-based applications to replace services in them that are no longer available and/or fail to satisfy certain requirements is an important issue. In this paper, we present a framework to support runtime service discovery. This framework can execute service discovery queries in pull and push mode. In pull mode, it executes queries when a need for finding a replacement service arises. In push mode, queries are subscribed to the framework to be executed proactively and, in parallel with the operation of the application, to identify adequate services that could be used if the need for replacing a service arises. Hence, the proactive (push) mode of query execution makes it more likely to avoid interruptions in the operation of service-based applications when a service in them needs to be replaced at runtime. In both modes of query execution, the identification of services relies on distance-based matching of structural, behavioral, quality, and contextual characteristics of services and applications. A prototype implementation of the framework has been developed and an evaluation was carried out to assess the performance of the framework. This evaluation has shown positive results, which are discussed in the paper. ETPL Bad Data Injection Attack and Defense in Electricity Market Using Game Theory GC-018 Study Abstract: Applications of cyber technologies improve the quality of monitoring and decision making in smart grid. These cyber technologies are vulnerable to malicious attacks, and compromising them can have serious technical and economical problems. This paper specifies the effect of compromising each measurement on the price of electricity, so that the attacker is able to change the prices in the desired direction (increasing or decreasing). Attacking and defending all measurements are impossible for the

attacker and defender, respectively. This situation is modeled as a zero-sum game between the attacker and defender. The game defines the proportion of times that the attacker and defender like to attack and defend different measurements, respectively. From the simulation results based on the PJM 5-Bus test system, we can show the effectiveness and properties of the studied game. ETPL An Empirical Study of Communication Infrastructures Towards the Smart Grid: GC-019 Design, Implementation, and Evaluation, Abstract: The smart grid features ubiquitous interconnections of power equipments to enable two-way flows of electricity and information for various intelligent power management applications, such as accurate relay protection and timely demand response. To fulfill such pervasive equipment interconnects, a full-fledged communication infrastructure is of great importance in the smart grid. There have been extensive works on disparate layouts of communication infrastructures in the smart grid by surveying feasible wired or wireless communication technologies, such as power line communications and cellular networks. Nevertheless, towards an operable, cost-efficient and backward-compatible communication solution, more comprehensive and practical understandings are still urgently needed regarding communication requirements, applicable protocols, and system performance. Through such comprehensive understandings, we are prone to answer a fundamental question, how to design, implement and integrate communication infrastructures with power systems. In this paper, we address this issue in a case study of a smart grid demonstration project, the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) systems. By investigating communication scenarios, we first clarify communication requirements implied in FREEDM use cases. Then, we adopt a predominant protocol framework, Distributed Network Protocol 3.0 over TCP/IP (DNP3 over TCP/IP), to practically establish connections between electric devices for data exchanges in a smallscale FREEDM system setting, Green Hub. Within the real-setting testbed, we measure the message delivery performance of the DNP3-based communication infrastructure. Our results reveal that diverse timing requirements of message deliveries are arguably primary concerns in a way that dominates viabilities of protocols or schemes in the communication infrastructure of the smart grid. Accordingly, although DNP3 over TCP/IP is widely considered as a smart grid co- munication solution, it cannot satisfy communication requirements in some time-critical scenarios, such as relay protections, which claim a further optimization on the protocol efficiency of DNP3. ETPL Trust System Design Optimization in Smart Grid Network Infrastructure GC-020 Abstract: The imposed communication network brings more vulnerabilities to the evolving smart grid. Therefore, defensive techniques such as intrusion detection will need to be deployed in this already complicated system. Deployment and runtime cost due to the defensive trust systems will affect the original function of smart grid system without careful planning and design. This paper is an effort to address this important issue. In particular, the set packing algorithm is used to optimize the placement of the trust nodes of the defensive system in the multiple layer architecture of the smart grid. After the trust nodes are placed, a trust node aware optimal routing algorithm is used to find the least cost routing in the communications of the nodes. Also, an algorithm to identify new trust node(s) is presented to address the fault tolerance requirement of the smart grid system. Simulation results demonstrate that our approach is promising by providing secure, efficient, and reliable communications in the smart grid network.

ETPL A Decentralized Security Framework for Data Aggregation and Access Control in GC-021 Smart Grids Abstract: We propose a decentralized security framework for smart grids that supports data aggregation and access control. Data can be aggregated by home area network (HAN), building area network (BAN), and neighboring area network (NAN) in such a way that the privacy of customers is protected. We use homomorphic encryption technique to achieve this. The consumer data that is collected is sent to the substations where it is monitored by remote terminal units (RTU). The proposed access control mechanism uses attribute-based encryption (ABE) which gives selective access to consumer data stored in data repositories and used by different smart grid users. RTUs and users have attributes and cryptographic keys distributed by several key distribution centers (KDC). RTUs send data encrypted under a set of attributes. Since RTUs are maintained in the substations they are well protected in control rooms and are assumed to be trusted. Users can decrypt information provided they have valid attributes. The access control scheme is distributed in nature and does not rely on a single KDC to distribute the keys which makes the approach robust. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first work on smart grids, which integrates these two important security components (privacy preserving data aggregation and access control) and the first paper which addresses access control in smart grids. ETPL Reliability Analysis of Substation Automation System Functions Using PRMs GC-022 Abstract: The current trend for building an ontology-based data management system (DMS) is to capitalize on efforts made to design a preexisting well-established DMS (a reference system). The method amounts to extracting from the reference DMS a piece of schema relevant to the new application needs-a module-, possibly personalizing it with extra constraints w.r.t. the application under construction, and then managing a data set using the resulting schema. In this paper, we extend the existing definitions of modules and we introduce novel properties of robustness that provide means for checking easily that a robust module-based DMS evolves safely w.r.t. both the schema and the data of the reference DMS. We carry out our investigations in the setting of description logics which underlie modern ontology languages, like RDFS, OWL, and OWL2 from W3C. Notably, we focus on the DL-liteA dialect of the DL-lite family, which encompasses the foundations of the QL profile of OWL2 (i.e., DL-liteR): the W3C recommendation for efficiently managing large data sets. ETPL Efficient Service Skyline Computation for Composite Service Selection GC-023 Abstract: This paper presents the application of a framework for reliability analysis of substation automation (SA) system functions. The framework is based on probabilistic relational models which combines probabilistic reasoning offered by Bayesian networks together with architecture models in form of entity relationship diagrams. In the analysis, both the physical infrastructure, and the logical structure of the system, is regarded in terms of qualitative modeling and quantitative analysis. Moreover, the framework treats the aspect of failures caused by software. An example is detailed with the framework applied to an IEC 61850-based SA system. The logical structure, including functions and their relations, is modeled in accordance with Pieces of Information for COMmunication (PICOM) defined in the IEC 61850 standard. By applying PICOMs as frame of reference when modeling functions the model instantiation becomes more standardized compared to subjectively defining functions. A quantitative reliability analysis is performed on

a function for tipping a circuit breaker in case of mismatch between currents. The result is presented both in terms of a qualitative architecture model and a quantitative result showing the probability of successful operation during a period of one year. ETPL Exploring Malicious Meter Inspection in Neighborhood Area Smart Grids GC-024 Abstract: In smart grids, smart meters may potentially be attacked or compromised to cause certain security risks. It is challenging to identify malicious meters when there are a large number of users. In this paper, we explore the malicious meter inspection (MMI) problem in neighborhood area smart grids. We propose a suite of inspection algorithms in a progressive manner. First, we present a basic scanning method, which takes linear time to accomplish inspection. The scanning method is efficient when the malicious meter ratio is high. Then, we propose a binary-tree-based inspection algorithm, which performs better than scanning when the malicious meter ratio is low. Finally, we employ an adaptive-tree-based algorithm, which leverages advantages of both the scanning and binary-tree inspections. Our approaches are tailored to fit both static and dynamic situations. The theoretical and experimental results have shown the effectiveness of the adaptive tree approach. ETPL Real-Time Opportunistic Scheduling for Residential Demand Response GC-025 Abstract: Demand response is a key feature of the smart grid. The addition of bidirectional communication to today's power grid can provide real-time pricing (RTP) to customers via smart meters. A growing number of appliance companies have started to design and produce smart appliances which embed intelligent control modules to implement residential demand response based on RTP. However, most of the current residential load scheduling schemes is centralized and based on either day-ahead pricing (DAP) or predicted price, which can deviate significantly from the RTP. In this paper, we propose an opportunistic scheduling scheme based on the optimal stopping rule as a real-time distributed scheduling algorithm for smart appliances' automation control. It determines the best time for appliances' operation to balance electricity bill reduction and inconvenience resulting from the operation delay. It is shown that our scheme is a distributed threshold policy when no constraint is considered. When a total power constraint exists, the proposed scheduling algorithm can be implemented in either a centralized or distributed fashion. Our scheme has low complexity and can be easily implemented. Simulation results validate proposed scheduling scheme shifts the operation to off-peak times and consequently leads to significant electricity bill saving with reasonable waiting time. ETPL Modeling Cyber-Physical Vulnerability of the Smart Grid With Incomplete GC-026 Information Abstract: This paper addresses the attack modeling using vulnerability of information, communication and electric grid network. Vulnerability of electric grid with incomplete information has been analyzed using graph theory based approach. Vulnerability of information and communication (cyber) network has been modeled utilizing concepts of discovery, access, feasibility, communication speed and detection threat. Common attack vector based on vulnerability of cyber and physical system have been utilized to operate breakers associated with generating resources to model aurora-like event. Real time simulations for modified IEEE 14 bus test case system and graph theory analysis for IEEE 118 bus system have been presented. Test case results show the possible impact on smart grid caused by integrated cyber-physical attack.

ETPL Outage-Storage Tradeoff in Frequency Regulation for Smart Grid With Renewables GC-027 Abstract: Future power grid systems are envisioned to be integrated with many distributed renewable energy sources (DRES). Energy storage is a key technology to enable reliable and cost-effective renewable energy. Given the fact that a large-scale energy storage device is usually costly to install and operate, we are naturally led to the following question: How much storage is necessary to guarantee the stability of a power grid network with DRESs? This paper represents a first step in systematically exploring the tradeoff between the capacity of energy storage devices and the outage probability, i.e., the probability of the occurrence of imbalance between the supply and demand. We first propose a secure scheduling and dispatch (SSD) algorithm that is capable of maintaining the grid stability in the presence of volatility in the power generation. We then derive a closed-form bound to quantify the tradeoff between the storage capacity and the outage probability. Under mild assumptions, we show that the outage probability decreases exponentially with respect to the square of the storage capacity. This finding implies that energy storage is an effective and economically viable solution to maintain the stability of a smart grid network, even in the presence of many volatile and intermittent renewable energy sources. The impact of correlation in energy generation on the stability of a smart grid network is also investigated . ETPL Multilayer Consensus ECC-Based Password Authenticated Key-Exchange (MCEPAK) GC-028 Protocol for Smart Grid System Abstract: This paper aims at providing a key agreement protocol for smart grid to cope with access control of appliances/devices located inside a Home Area Network (HAN) by a set of controllers outside the HAN. The commands/packets initiated by the controllers in crisis cases should be delivered fast and immune from any interruption. The HAN controller, which acts as a gateway, should not cause any delay by decrypting and re-encrypting the packets, nor should it has any chance to modify them. Considering the required level of security and quality of service, we design our protocol with an Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC) approach. We improve and implement the Password Authenticated Key Exchange (PAKE) protocol in two steps. First, we propose an auxiliary mechanism that is an ECC version of PAKE, and then extend it to a multilayer consensus model. We reduce the number of hash functions to one, and utilize a primitive password shared between an appliance and HAN controller to construct four valid individual consensus and authenticated symmetric keys between the appliance and upstream controllers by exchanging only 12 packets. Security analysis presents that our protocol is resilient to various attacks. Furthermore, performance analysis shows that the delay caused by the security process is reduced by more than one half. ETPL Relay-Aided Amplify-and-Forward Powerline Communications GC-029 Abstract: Powerline communications (PLC) is a favorable technique for many smart grid applications. By transmitting information over the existing powerline infrastructure, PLC has the benefit of low deployment cost. However, due to low transmit power, limited bandwidth, and harsh channel conditions, reliable longdistance and high-capacity PLC is challenging. Relay-aided (RA-) PLC is promising in addressing these issues. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the amplify-and-forward (AF) RA-PLC system from an information-theoretic perspective. The capacity of AF-based RA-PLC is analyzed for frequency-selective PLC channels. The capacity bounds are derived, and the optimal power allocation between the transmitting nodes and the optimal power distribution over the signal frequency band are obtained. The capacity benefits

and features of AF-based RA-PLC are evaluated with two prevalent powerline channel models. Based on the signal attenuation model, the capacity of AF-based RA-PLC is compared with direct-link (DL-)PLC, and the effect of relay location is revealed. In addition, based on the transmission line (TL) model, the effects of branch density and load impedance on the capacity of AF-based RA-PLC are evaluated. ETPL A Noninvasive Threat Analyzer for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid GC-030 Abstract: Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is the core component in a smart grid that exhibits a highly complex network configuration. AMI comprises heterogeneous cyber-physical components, which are interconnected through different communication media, protocols, and security measures. They are operated using different data delivery modes and security policies. The inherent complexity and heterogeneity in AMI significantly increases the potential of security threats due to misconfiguration or absence of defense, which may cause devastating damage to AMI. Therefore, there is a need for creating a formal model that can represent the global behavior of AMI configuration in order to verify the potential threats. In this paper, we present SmartAnalyzer, a security analysis tool, which offers manifold contributions: (i) formal modeling of AMI configuration that includes device configurations, topology, communication properties, interactions among the devices, data flows, and security properties; (ii) formal modeling of AMI invariants and user-driven constraints based on the interdependencies among AMI device configurations, security properties, and security control guidelines; (iii) verifying the AMI configuration's compliance with security constraints using a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solver; (iv) reporting of potential security threats based on constraint violations, (v) analyzing the impact of potential threats on the system; and (vi) systematic diagnosing of SMT unsatisfiable traces and providing necessary remediation plans. The accuracy and scalability of the tool are evaluated on an AMI testbed and various synthetic test networks. ETPL Taming Uncertainties in Real-Time Routing for Wireless Networked Sensing and GC-031 Control Abstract: Real-time routing is a basic element of closed-loop, real-time sensing and control, but it is challenging due to dynamic, uncertain link/path delays. The probabilistic nature of link/path delays makes the basic problem of computing the probabilistic distribution of path delays NP-hard, yet quantifying probabilistic path delays is a basic element of real-time routing and may well have to be executed by resource-constrained devices in a distributed manner; the highly varying nature of link/path delays makes it necessary to adapt to in-situ delay conditions in real-time routing, but it has been observed that delay-based routing can lead to instability, estimation error, and low data delivery performance in general. To address these challenges, we propose the Multi-Timescale Estimation (MTE) method; by accurately estimating the mean and variance of per-packet transmission time and by adapting to fast-varying queueing in an accurate, agile manner, MTE enables accurate, agile, and efficient estimation of probabilistic path delay bounds in a distributed manner. Based on MTE, we propose the Multi-Timescale Adaptation (MTA) routing protocol; MTA integrates the stability of an ETX-based directed-acyclic-graph (DAG) with the agility of spatiotemporal data flow control within the DAG to ensure real-time data delivery in the presence of dynamics and uncertainties. We also address the challenges of implementing MTE and MTA in resourceconstrained devices such as TelosB motes. We evaluate the performance of MTA using the NetEye and

Indriya sensor network testbeds. We find that MTA significantly outperforms existing protocols, e.g., improving deadline success ratio by 89% and reducing transmission cost by a factor of 9.7 in the NetEye testbed. ETPL Sensing-Performance Tradeoff in Cognitive Radio Enabled Smart Grid GC-032 Abstract: Smart grid is widely considered to be the next generation of power grid, where power generation, management, transmission, distribution, and utilization are fully upgraded to improve agility, reliability, efficiency, security, economy, and environmental friendliness. Demand response management (DRM) is recognized as a control unit of the smart grid, with the attempt to balance the real-time load as well as to shift the peak-hour load. Communications are critical to the accuracy and optimality of DRM, and hence at the core of the control performance of the smart grid. In this paper, we introduce cognitive radio into the smart grid to improve the communication quality. By means of spectrum sensing and channel switching, smart meters can decide to transmit data on either an original unlicensed channel or an additional licensed channel, so as to reduce the communication outage. Considering the energy cost taxed by spectrum sensing together with the control performance degradation incurred by imperfect communications, we formulate the sensing-performance tradeoff problem between better control performance and lower communication cost, paving the way towards a green smart grid. The impact of the communication outage on the control performance of DRM is also analyzed, which reduces the profit of power provider and the social welfare of the smart grid, although it may not always decrease the profit of power consumer. By employing the energy detector, we prove that there exists a unique optimal sensing time which yields the maximum tradeoff revenue, under the constraint that the licensed channel is sufficiently protected. Numerical results are provided to validate our theoretical analysis. ETPL Optimizing Electric Vehicle Charging With Energy Storage in the Electricity Market GC-033 The Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) that are currently under development for future smart grid systems can enable load aggregators to have bidirectional communications with both the grid and Electric Vehicles (EVs) to obtain real-time price and load information, and to adjust EV charging schedules in real time. In addition, Energy Storage (ES) can be utilized by the aggregator to mitigate the impact of uncertainty and inaccurate prediction. In this paper, we study a problem of scheduling EV charging with ES from an electricity market perspective with joint consideration for the aggregator energy trading in the dayahead and real-time markets. We present a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model to provide optimal solutions as well as a simple polynomial-time heuristic algorithm based on LP rounding. In addition, we present a communication protocol for interactions among the aggregator, the ES, the power grid, and EVs, and demonstrate how to integrate the proposed scheduling approach in real-time charging operations. Extensive simulation results based on real electricity price and load data have been presented to justify the effectiveness of the proposed approach and to show how several key parameters affect its performance. ETPL Stability Enhancement of Decentralized Inverter Control Through Wireless GC-034 Communications in Microgrids Abstract: Decentralized inverter control is essential in distributed generation (DG) microgrids for low deployment/operation cost and high reliability. However, decentralized inverter control suffers from a limited system stability mainly because of the lack of communications among different inverters. In this

paper, we investigate stability enhancement of the droop based decentralized inverter control in microgrids. Specifically, we propose a power sharing based control strategy which incorporates the information of the total real and reactive power generation of all DG units. The information is acquired by a wireless network (such as a WiFi, ZigBee, and/or cellular communication network) in a decentralized manner. Based on the desired power sharing of each DG unit and the acquired information of total generation, additional control terms are added to the traditional droop controller. We evaluate the performance of the proposed control strategy based on small-signal stability analysis. As timely communication may not be established for a microgrid with low-cost wireless communication devices, two kinds of analytical models are developed with respect to negligible and nonnegligible communication delays, respectively. Extensive numerical results are presented to demonstrate the system stability under the proposed control strategy with respect to different. ETPL Privacy-Aware Profiling and Statistical Data Extraction for Smart Sustainable Energy GC-035 Systems Abstract: The growing population and global warming have been calling for more effective energy usage, which have stimulated the emergence of smart sustainable energy technology. The distinct feature of this newly emerging technology is the incorporation of advanced information and communication technologies (ICT), which collects more detailed information on how energy is generated, distributed, and consumed. Various smart metering technologies have also been proposed to support the optimization on sustainable energy usage. Despite the obvious benefits of these technologies, people may still hesitate to adopt them because of possible privacy breach. On the other hand, we observe that the major target information for making the sustainable energy system smart is the aggregated statistics of energy usage, not the full detailed usage profiles which would compromise customers' privacy. Thus, how to design schemes to collect aggregated statistics while preserving customers' privacy becomes an important research problem. In this paper, we propose two schemes to deal with this problem. The first one can support dynamic profiling, which can extract aggregated statistical information without compromising individual privacy. The second one aims to extract correlation information among various factors for the smart system design and can also be used as an underlying tool for baseline inference and association rule mining. ETPL Multi-Objective Optimal Energy Consumption Scheduling in Smart Grids GC-036 Abstract: A major source of inefficiency in power grids is the underutilization of generation capacity. This is mainly because load demand during peak hours is much larger than that during off-peak hours. Moreover, extra generation capacity is needed to maintain a security margin above peak load demand. As load demand keeps increasing and two-way communications are enabled by smart meters (SMs), demand response (DR) has been proposed as an alternative to installing new power plants in smart grids. DR makes use of real-time schemes to allow users to modify their load demand patterns according to their energy consumption costs. In particular, when load demand is high, energy consumption cost will be high and users may decide to postpone certain amount of their consumption needs. This strategy may effectively reduce the peak load demand and increases the off-peak demand, and hence could increase existing generation capacity utilization and reduce the need to install extra generation plants. In this paper, we consider a third-party managing the energy consumption of a group of users, and formulate the load scheduling problem as a constrained multiobjective optimization problem (CMOP). The optimization objectives are to minimize energy consumption cost and to maximize a certain utility, which can be conflicting and non-commensurable. We then develop

two evolutionary algorithms (EAs) to obtain the Pareto-front solutions and the -Pareto front solutions to the CMOP, respectively, which are validated by extensive simulation results. ETPL Advanced Power Distribution System Configuration for Smart Grid GC-037 Abstract: Power distribution systems should meet demands such as high reliability, efficiency, and penetration of renewable energy generators (REGs) in a smart grid. In general, power distribution systems are radial in nature. One-way power flow is the advantage of a radial system. However, the introduction of REGs causes bidirectional power flow. Furthermore, there are limits to improvements in reliability and efficiency in a radial system. Therefore, the upgrading of primary feeders from a radial to a loop configuration has been considered in the Korea Smart Distribution Project. An advanced power distribution system (APDS), in which primary feeders operate in a loop configuration, has been explored in this paper. First, the design scheme of a conventional power distribution system configuration that adopts distribution automation is introduced. Subsequently, an upgrading scheme of loop configuration using normally opened tie switches and a tie switch selection algorithm for loss minimization are described. Finally, the advantages of the upgraded configuration are reported through case studies. It is observed that the APDS configuration can integrate more REGs from the viewpoint of voltage regulation. An advanced distribution system allowing greater use of REGs will be a major contribution to smart grid implementation. ETPL Smart Operation of HVDC Systems for Large Penetration of Wind Energy Resources GC-038 Abstract: The target for South Korea's domestic energy consumption is to increase the proportion of the total energy consumption supplied by renewable energy to 11% by 2030. Increasing renewable energy generation has become a natural trend, thereby making it an essential factor to be considered in research for the development of a smart grid. The power system of Jeju Island is connected to the mainland (the Korean Peninsula) through HVDC #1, with another line, HVDC #2, presently under construction. The purpose of the first HVDC construction was essentially to supply a portion of the power supply to the Jeju area. However, if the construction of HVDC #2 is completed, the role of the Jeju HVDC system in the Jeju power system will be changed significantly. If flexibility through the operation of an HVDC system is increased, more wind farms can be built on Jeju Island. In addition, depending on the operation of HVDC #1 and #2, the stability of the Jeju power system will be changed greatly. In this paper, the operation of the HVDC lines and its impacts are analyzed. ETPL Operation Schemes of Smart Distribution Networks With Distributed Energy GC-039 Resources for Loss Reduction and Service Restoration Abstract: The integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) into the future Smart Distribution Network (SDN) has challenging issues regarding the successful development of smart grids. The SDN offers new opportunities in the improvement of the efficiency of power distribution networks. The DERs will be distributed in the existing distribution networks, interconnected in customer areas and operated on its own schedule without communication to the control center of the existing distribution system. The DER units have both positive and negative effects regarding SDN operations. With the appropriate operation of the DER units in the SDN, losses can be reduced during normal operations and they can support local loads during abnormal conditions. Thus, the positive effects of the DER units need to be enabled in the SDN by adopting advanced operation schemes. In this paper, the smart control functions for the DER units in the

SDN are defined and classified. In addition, the integration schemes for the SDN with DER units are introduced. The proposed operation strategies will be implemented into the Korean Smart Distribution Management System (KSDMS) as operation schemes used for loss reduction and service restoration. A sample case study shows the effectiveness of the proposed operation schemes to achieve smart operation functions for the SDN with DER units. ETPL Design of Smart Distribution Management System for Obtaining Real-Time Security GC-040 Analysis and Predictive Operation in Korea Abstract: The Development of smart grids offers new opportunities to improve the efficiency of operating and controlling distribution systems. It allows network operators to optimize the use of dispersed generation resources and enables real-time communication between customers and utility service providers to allow optimization and balancing of energy usage. Such an improvement in the flexibility and control of the distribution network is only possible if the control center operator has more accurate knowledge of the realtime situation of the network. The Korean Smart Distribution Management System (KSDMS) project was started in 2009 to achieve advanced distribution operation for potential smart grid systems in Korea. In this paper, we summarize two KSDMS design strategies for situational awareness in real-time distribution operation. One is the preparation of standardized data acquisition networks. In the KSDMS, numerous data related to the voltage, current, faults, power quality and load profiles of the network are gathered using a standardized communication method based on IEC 61850. The other is a real-time security analysis tools for smart distribution systems, designed to provide the distribution operator with accurate real-time situational information and predictive operation. We present a database design which can be used commonly for all security analysis programs in KSDMS. ETPL Price Elasticity of Demand Modeling With Economic Effects on Electricity Markets GC-041 Using an Agent-Based Model Abstract: Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is a technology that would allow consumers to exhibit price elasticity of demand under smart-grid environments. The market power of the generation and transmission companies can be mitigated when consumers respond to price signals. Such responses by consumers can also result in reductions in price spikes, consumer energy bills, and emissions of greenhouse gases and other pollutants. In this paper, we use the Electricity Market Complex Adaptive System (EMCAS), an agent-based model that simulates restructured electricity markets, to explore the impact of consumers' price elasticity of demand on the performance of the electricity market. An 11-node test network with eight generation companies and five aggregated consumers is simulated for a period of one month. Results are provided and discussed for a case study based on the Korean power system. ETPL Power Scheduling of Distributed Generators for Economic and Stable Operation of a GC-042 Microgrid Abstract: This paper is concerned with the power dispatch problem of distributed generators (DGs) for optimal operation of a microgrid. The objective is to minimize the fuel cost during the grid-connected operation, while ensuring stable operation after islanding. To achieve this goal, the economic dispatch (ED) problem and related constraints are formulated. The constraints considered in this study are: i) reserve for variation in load demand, ii) reserve for variation in the power outputs of non-dispatchable DGs, iii) flow limits between two adjacent areas, and iv) reserve for the stable islanded operation. The first three constraints, which have been employed in ED problem for conventional power systems, are modified to

apply to Microgrids. We also provide a detailed formulation of the constraint for stable islanded operation in accordance with two power-sharing principles: i) fixed droop and ii) adjustable droop. The problem is solved using a modified direct search method, and the effect of the constraints on the operational cost is investigated via numerical simulations. ETPL State Estimation for Supervisory Monitoring of Substations GC-043 Abstract: This paper introduces the application of state estimation to double bus double breaker distribution substations, which are typically used in the Korean power system, to improve the reliability of substation automation systems. In spite of the recent remarkable progress in the field of sensors and equipments, it is hard to detect device malfunctions or degraded devices automatically in the supervisory monitoring system. The object of the proposed system is not the state estimation itself, but its application to the supervisory detection of the malfunction or degradation of the devices. The supervisory monitoring process consists of a two step procedure-topology processing and normal state estimation. In a substation, the on-off states of the circuit breakers determine the topology. This paper mainly presents the topology processing expert system including the knowledge representation. The expert system is operated with a predefined period to identify and correct topological errors in the distribution substations. The proposed system is now in the field test stage in the Sanchung pilot substation and it will be applied to the next generation substation automation system in Korea. ETPL Study of the Effectiveness of a Korean Smart Transmission Grid Based on SynchroGC-044 Phasor Data of K-WAMS Abstract: ecent technological achievement in areas of distributed computing, networking, high speed communications and digital control, as well as the availability of accurate GPS time source, are rapidly becoming the enabling factors for the development of a new generation of real time power grid monitoring tools. KDN (Korea electric power Date Network Co.) R&D department with KERI, Korea University and LSIS has embarked on long term research and development work in the field of wide area systems specifically applied to the power transmission grid in Korea. Primary focus will be on wide area measurement and monitoring, analysis, assessment technique and tools aimed at preventing the propagation of power grid instabilities. Of special interest are voltage stability and small signal stability. This project aligns with KEPCO (the Korea Electric Power Company). In this paper, case studies performed with the use of the developed system are presented. ETPL Modified Dynamic Phasor Estimation Algorithm for the Transient Signals of GC-045 Distributed Generators Abstract: In this paper, a modified dynamic phasor estimation method for protection relays is proposed to calculate the dynamic phasor of a fundamental frequency component with time-variant amplitude. The fault current is assumed to be the combination of a decaying dc offset, a decaying fundamental frequency component and harmonics with constant amplitude. The exponential functions of the decaying dc offset and fundament frequency component are replaced by Taylor series. Then, the LS (Least Square) technique is used to estimate the magnitudes and the time constants of decaying components. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated by using computer-simulated signals based on simple equations and fault current signals collected from DFIG wind farm model in MATLAB Simulink. The test results indicate that the proposed algorithm can accurately estimate the decaying amplitude and the time constant of the fundamental

frequency component. ETPL DSM Considered Probabilistic Reliability Evaluation and an Information System for GC-046 Power Systems Including Wind Turbine Generators Abstract: This paper proposes a methodology for evaluating the probabilistic reliability, considering demand side management (DSM) and Web based on a daily interval reliability information system for a grid constrained composite power system including wind turbine generators(WTG). The proposed model can consider capacity limitations and transmission line unavailabilities and the operation of WTG modeled by multi-states. The importance of renewable energy sources is growing at a rapid rate due to environmental concerns. A web based online daily time interval reliability integrated information system (WORRIS) is applied using the methodology proposed in this paper. This paper describes the architecture of the WORRIS Version 7.0 system. ETPL A Quantitative Analysis on Future World Marketability of HTS Power Industry GC-047 Abstract: This study estimates total world market volumes of HTS power industry, one of the main smart grid equipment in the future when the market penetration ratio reaches 100% in the future. The results of this paper are based on the GOULDEN Report providing the total market volumes of conventional power industry for the world market. This study determines the market penetration ratio using the judgment method with market penetration S-curve induced from Delphi method and Product Life Cycle from 2011 (expected to be a launching year, not the actual year) to 2050 (expected to be a final target year). For this purpose, HTS market penetration ratio of each stage, so called innovation, early adapters, early/late majority and laggard stage, is analyzed using S-curve and thus calculated the total future market volumes of HTS equipment. In conclusion, this paper shows the quantitative analysis for HTS cable, FCL, transformer and rotational machine in the world market. ETPL An Information-Theoretic Approach to PMU Placement in Electric Power Systems GC-048 Abstract: This paper presents an information-theoretic approach to address the phasor measurement unit (PMU) placement problem in electric power systems. Different from the conventional `topological observability' based approaches, this paper advocates a much more refined, information-theoretic criterion, namely the mutual information (MI) between PMU measurements and power system states. The proposed MI criterion not only includes observability as a special case, but also rigorously models the uncertainty reduction on power system states from PMU measurements. Thus, it can generate highly informative PMU configurations. The MI criterion can also facilitate robust PMU placement by explicitly modeling probabilistic PMU outages. We propose a greedy PMU placement algorithm, and show that it achieves an approximation ratio of (1-1/e) for any PMU placement budget. We further show that the performance is the best that one can achieve, in the sense that it is NP-hard to achieve any approximation ratio beyond (1-1/e) . Such performance guarantee makes the greedy algorithm very attractive in the practical scenario of multistage installations for utilities with limited budgets. Finally, simulation results demonstrate near-optimal performance of the proposed PMU placement algorithm. ETPL Analysis of Frequency Dynamics in Power Grid: A Bayesian Structure Learning GC-049 Approach

Abstract: The oscillation of frequency in power grid is studied in this paper. The possibility association of frequencies measured at different locations are modeled by a Bayesian network with the logical structure learned using Bayesian structure learning and real measurements in the U.S. power grid. Frequency data analysis and the detection of incorrect frequency measurements (caused by equipment error or malicious attack) are performed over the logical Bayesian network structure. Such application of Bayesian network is a powerful mathematical tool in computational intelligence. Without the physical power network topology information, a two-branch search-and-score structure learning algorithm with L -1 regulation is proposed to learn the logical structure, achieving around 97% correct prediction rate for future frequency and 92% detection rate for false frequency data with 2% false alarm rate. The tool of epidemic propagation over this logical network is also exploited to analyze the propagation of frequency changes. Using the KolmogorovSmirnov test, such logical structure is demonstrated to be well approximated by the Small World network model. And the propagation of frequency changes is demonstrated to be described by the SusceptibleInfectious-Susceptible (SIS) model quite well. The Bayesian structure obtained from the real measurement is statistically validated using a 5-fold training data and the Pearson system. ETPL Harmonic state estimation through optimal monitoring systems GC-050 Abstract: The present paper describes a methodology based on Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) that defines the configuration required for a monitoring system, in order to monitor voltage and current state variables from a power network. The methodology defines not only the sites where the meters should be installed, but also how their transducers (PTs and CTs) should be connected. The monitoring system's observability is verified through three different rules based on Kirchhoff's laws. A branch-and-bound algorithm and a modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) are used to solve the optimization problem. The objective is to reduce the cost of the whole monitoring system. It is also shown why intelligent searching methods are required for solving the optimization problem. Three different networks were used to assess the methodology's performance: IEEE 14-bus system, IEEE 30-bus system and a real power distribution feeder. The results were compared with the ones obtained through other methodologies that have already been published before. ETPL Fuzzy Control of Distributed PV Inverters/Energy Storage Systems/Electric Vehicles GC-051 for Frequency Regulation in a Large Power System Abstract: Control is proposed from the view point of the frequency fluctuation problem produced by the large penetration of PV power and sudden load variation. The fuzzy based frequency control has three inputs: average insolation, change of insolation and frequency deviation. Following these three inputs, a frequency control system for the distributed PV inverters is proposed. For the case of different insolations in the different areas of the power system, a coordinated control method of the distributed PV inverters, energy storage systems (ESSs) and EVs is presented. The proposed method is simulated by considering dual power and information flows between supply and demand sides in a large power system and is found satisfactory to provide frequency control and to reduce tie-line power fluctuations. ETPL Reinforcement Learning Based Real-Time Wide-Area Stabilizing Control Agents to GC-052 Enhance Power System Stability Abstract: In this paper, the design of a network of real-time close-loop wide-area decentralized power system stabilizers (WD-PSSs) is investigated. In this approach, real-time wide-area measurement data are

processed and utilized to design a set of stability agents based on a Reinforcement Learning (RL) method. Recent technological breakthroughs in wide-area measurement system (WAMS) make the use of the system-wide signals possible in designing power system controllers. The main design objectives of these controllers are to stabilize the system after severe disturbances and mitigate the oscillations afterward. The proposed stability agents are decentralized and autonomous. The proposed method extends the stability boundary of the system and achieves the above goals without losing any generator or load area and without any knowledge of the disturbances causing the response. This paper describes the developed framework and addresses different challenges in designing such a network. A case study is provided to illustrate and verify the performance and robustness of the proposed approach. ETPL Intelligent Local Area Signals Based Damping of Power System Oscillations Using GC-053 Virtual Generators and Approximate Dynamic Programming Abstract: his paper illustrates the development of an intelligent local area signals based controller for damping low-frequency oscillations in power systems. The controller is trained offline to perform well under a wide variety of power system operating points, allowing it to handle the complex, stochastic, and time-varying nature of power systems. Neural network based system identification eliminates the need to develop accurate models from first principles for control design, resulting in a methodology that is completely data driven. The virtual generator concept is used to generate simplified representations of the power system online using time-synchronized signals from phasor measurement units at generating stations within an area of the system. These representations improve scalability by reducing the complexity of the system seen by the controller and by allowing it to treat a group of several synchronous machines at distant locations from each other as a single unit for damping control purposes. A reinforcement learning mechanism for approximate dynamic programming allows the controller to approach optimality as it gains experience through interactions with simulations of the system. Results obtained on the 68-bus New England/New York benchmark system demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in damping lowfrequency inter-area oscillations without additional control effort. ETPL Optimized Control of DFIG-Based Wind Generation Using Sensitivity Analysis and GC-054 Particle Swarm Optimization Abstract: Optimal control of large-scale wind farm has become a critical issue for the development of renewable energy systems and their integration into the power grid to provide reliable, secure, and efficient electricity. Among many enabling technologies, the latest research results from both the power and energy community and computational intelligence (CI) community have demonstrated that CI research could provide key technical innovations into this challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a sensitivity analysis approach based on both trajectory and frequency domain information integrated with evolutionary algorithm to achieve the optimal control of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) based wind generation. Instead of optimizing all the control parameters, our key idea is to use the sensitivity analysis to first identify the critical parameters, the unified dominate control parameters (UDCP), to reduce the optimization complexity. Based on such selected parameters, we then use particle swarm optimization (PSO) to find the optimal values to achieve the control objective. Simulation analysis and comparative studies demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. ETPL A Multi-Timescale Scheduling Approach for Stochastic Reliability in Smart Grids GC-055 With Wind Generation and Opportunistic Demand

Abstract: In this study, we focus on the stochastic reliability of smart grids with two classes of energy userstraditional energy users and opportunistic energy users (e.g., smart appliances or electric vehicles), and investigate the procurement of energy supply from both conventional generation (base-load and fast-start) and wind generation via multi-timescale scheduling. Specifically, in day-ahead scheduling, with the distributional information of wind generation and demand, we characterize the optimal procurement of the energy supply from base-load generation and the day-ahead price; in real-time scheduling, with the realizations of wind generation and the demand of traditional energy users, we optimize real-time price to manage opportunistic demand so as to achieve system-wise reliability and efficiency. More specifically, we consider two different models for opportunistic energy users: non-persistent and persistent, and characterize the optimal scheduling and pricing decisions for both models by exploiting various computational and optimization tools. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed scheduling and pricing schemes can effectively manage opportunistic demand and enhance system reliability, thus have the potential to improve the penetration of wind generation. ETPL Hybrid Approach for Power System Operational Planning With Smart Grid and GC-056 Small-Signal Stability Enhancement Considerations Abstract: Operational planning of power systems, especially in terms of overall reliability and security, is a key issue in the smart grid development. Hence, it is necessary to develop new strategies to cope with increasing uncertainties arising from the fast changing ways power systems are being operated. This paper presents a comprehensive approach to determine an optimal transmission network expansion plan considering the enhancement of small-signal stability through wide-scale deployment of the existing and planned transmission system assets. The dynamic model of the transmission network operational planning (TNOP) is solved based on a combination of the Mean-Variance Mapping Optimization (MVMO), and the classic dynamic programming method embedded with a heuristic procedure. Besides, a probabilistic eigenanalysis-based recursive method is proposed to determine the optimal control strategies that are highly relevant to the enhancement of the system small-signal stability performance throughout the planning horizon. Numerical results demonstrate the viewpoint and the effectiveness of the proposed approach in providing optimal strategies of minimum cost while avoiding the instability risk associated to poorly damped low-frequency electromechanical oscillations. ETPL Contingency-Based Nodal Market Operation Using Intelligent Economic Alarm GC-057 Processor Abstract: This paper focuses on system monitoring and alarm processing and the use of those alarms for economic decision in the nodal electricity market. The task of an Intelligent Economic Alarm Processor (IEAP) is to analyze thousands of alarm messages and extract useful information that explains cause-effect sequences associated with the unexpected contingencies. A graphical Fuzzy Reasoning Petri-nets (FRPN) model that uses fuzzy logic parameters to effectively tackle the uncertainties is built. The economic alarm processor module then processes the fault event signal, analyzes the impact on the market operation activities and different participants, and gives recommendations to optimize the total economic impact under fault scenarios. A contingency-based strategic bidding model concept is proposed to help the market participants take advantages of the latest system operation information and maximize their benefits over the competitors.

ETPL Energy Load Forecasting Using Empirical Mode Decomposition and Support Vector GC-058 Regression Abstract: In this paper we focus our attention on the long-term load forecasting problem, that is the prediction of energy consumption for several months ahead (up to one or more years), useful in order to ease the proper scheduling of operative conditions (such as the planning of fuel supply). While several effective techniques are available in the short-term framework, no reliable methods have been proposed for long-term predictions. For this purpose, we describe in this work a new procedure, which exploits the Empirical Mode Decomposition method to disaggregate a time series into two sets of components, respectively describing the trend and the local oscillations of the energy consumption values. These sets are then used for training Support Vector Regression models. The experimental results, obtained both on a public-domain and on an office building dataset, allow to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. ETPL A Noninvasive Threat Analyzer for Advanced Metering Infrastructure in Smart Grid GC-059 Abstract: Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) is the core component in a smart grid that exhibits a highly complex network configuration. AMI comprises heterogeneous cyber-physical components, which are interconnected through different communication media, protocols, and security measures. They are operated using different data delivery modes and security policies. The inherent complexity and heterogeneity in AMI significantly increases the potential of security threats due to misconfiguration or absence of defense, which may cause devastating damage to AMI. Therefore, there is a need for creating a formal model that can represent the global behavior of AMI configuration in order to verify the potential threats. In this paper, we present SmartAnalyzer, a security analysis tool, which offers manifold contributions: (i) formal modeling of AMI configuration that includes device configurations, topology, communication properties, interactions among the devices, data flows, and security properties; (ii) formal modeling of AMI invariants and user-driven constraints based on the interdependencies among AMI device configurations, security properties, and security control guidelines; (iii) verifying the AMI configuration's compliance with security constraints using a Satisfiability Modulo Theory (SMT) solver; (iv) reporting of potential security threats based on constraint violations, (v) analyzing the impact of potential threats on the system; and (vi) systematic diagnosing of SMT unsatisfiable traces and providing necessary remediation plans. The accuracy and scalability of the tool are evaluated on an AMI testbed and various synthetic test networks. ETPL GC- A Game Theory Strategy to Integrate Distributed Agent-Based Functions in Smart 060 Grids Abstract: The increasing incorporation of renewable energy sources and the emergence of new forms and patterns of electricity consumption are contributing to the upsurge in the complexity of power grids. A bottom-up-agent-based approach is able to handle the new environment, such that the system reliability can be maintained and costs reduced. However, this approach leads to possible conflicting interests between maintaining secure grid operation and the market requirements. This paper proposes a strategy to solve the conflicting interests in order to achieve overall optimal performance in the electricity supply system. The method is based on a cooperative game theory to optimally allocate resources from all (local) actors, i.e.,

network operators, active producers, and consumers. Via this approach, agent-based functions, for facilitating both network services and energy markets, can be integrated and coordinated. Simulations are performed to verify the proposed concept on a medium voltage 30-bus test network. Results show the effectiveness of the approach in optimally harmonizing functions of power routing and matching. ETPL A SAX-Based Advanced Computational Tool for Assessment of Clustered Rooftop GC-061 Solar PV Impacts on LV and MV Networks in Smart Grid Future distribution networks with increasing level of solar PV penetration will be managed using smart grid technologies capable of producing appropriate and timely response during normal and abnormal operational events. Distribution feeder loads vary throughout the day according to the trend of consumption of the customers. Solar PV outputs fluctuate in proportion to irradiance level of sun. Simultaneous occurrence of both of these variations would result in various operating conditions that may lead to unexpected events, and would require a large amount of network data to be processed and analyzed for decision making. It is envisaged that such data will be available in the future grids with the availability of smart technologies and advanced communication in residential dwellings, commercial buildings and industrial complexes. In this paper, an advanced intelligent computational tool is developed to characterize and analyze the large amount of data associated with wide variations in network behavior using SAX (Symbolic Aggregate Approximation) and pattern recognition. The proposed tool is capable of dealing with network asymmetry, load unbalance, single-phase solar PV integration and their impacts on upstream networks and will assist in making right and timely decision to mitigate adverse impacts of solar PV. The proposed tool has been tested with a practical three-phase distribution system in Australia and can provide an extensive assessment with less computational efforts and time. ETPL On Improving Distortion Power Quality Index in Distributed Power Grids GC-062 Abstract: This paper presents the Euclidean norm based new power quality index (PQI), which is directly related to the distortion power generated from nonlinear loads, to apply for a practical distribution power network by improving the performance of the previous PQI proposed by the authors. The proposed PQI is formed as a combination of two factors, which are the electrical load composition rate (LCR) and the Euclidean norm of total harmonic distortions (THDs) in measured voltage and current waveforms. The reduced multivariate polynomial (RMP) model with the one-shot training property is applied to estimate the LCR. Based on the proposed PQI, the harmonic pollution ranking, which indicates how much negative effect each nonlinear load has on the point of common coupling (PCC) with respect to distortion power, is determined. Its effectiveness and validity are verified by the experimental results from its prototype's implementation in a laboratory with a single-phase 3 kW photovoltaic (PV) grid-connected inverter, which contributes to a small distortion in voltage at the PCC, and practical nonlinear loads. Then, the harmonic current injection model based time-domain simulations are carried out to prove the effectiveness of the proposed PQI under the other conditions with different nonlinear loads. ETPL Smart Grid Communication: Its Challenges and Opportunities GC-063 The necessity to promote smart grid (SG) has been recognized with a strong consensus. The SG integrates electrical grids and communication infrastructures and forms an intelligent electricity network working with all connected components to deliver sustainable electricity supplies. Many advanced communication

technologies have been identified for SG applications with a potential to significantly enhance the overall efficiency of power grids. In this paper, the challenges and applications of communication technologies in SG are discussed. In particular, we identify three major challenges to implement SG communication systems, including standards interoperability, cognitive access to unlicensed radio spectra, and cyber security. The issues to implement SG communications on an evolutional path and its future trends are also addressed. The aim of this paper is to offer a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art researches on SG communications. ETPL Day-Ahead Resource Scheduling Including Demand Response for Electric Vehicles GC-064 Abstract: The energy resource scheduling is becoming increasingly important, as the use of distributed resources is intensified and massive gridable vehicle (V2G) use is envisaged. This paper presents a methodology for day-ahead energy resource scheduling for smart grids considering the intensive use of distributed generation and V2G. The main focus is the comparison of different EV management approaches in the day-ahead energy resources management, namely uncontrolled charging, smart charging, V2G and Demand Response (DR) programs in the V2G approach. Three different DR programs are designed and tested (trip reduce, shifting reduce and reduce+shifting). Other important contribution of the paper is the comparison between deterministic and computational intelligence techniques to reduce the execution time. The proposed scheduling is solved with a modified particle swarm optimization. Mixed integer non-linear programming is also used for comparison purposes. Full ac power flow calculation is included to allow taking into account the network constraints. A case study with a 33-bus distribution network and 2000 V2G resources is used to illustrate the performance of the proposed method. ETPL Modified Particle Swarm Optimization Applied to Integrated Demand Response and GC-065 DG Resources Scheduling Abstract: The elastic behavior of the demand consumption jointly used with other available resources such as distributed generation (DG) can play a crucial role for the success of smart grids. The intensive use of Distributed Energy Resources (DER) and the technical and contractual constraints result in large-scale non linear optimization problems that require computational intelligence methods to be solved. This paper proposes a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) based methodology to support the minimization of the operation costs of a virtual power player that manages the resources in a distribution network and the network itself. Resources include the DER available in the considered time period and the energy that can be bought from external energy suppliers. Network constraints are considered. The proposed approach uses Gaussian mutation of the strategic parameters and contextual self-parameterization of the maximum and minimum particle velocities. The case study considers a real 937 bus distribution network, with 20310 consumers and 548 distributed generators. The obtained solutions are compared with a deterministic approach and with PSO without mutation and Evolutionary PSO, both using self-parameterization. ETPL Comprehensive Real-Time Microgrid Power Management and Control With GC-066 Distributed Agents Abstract: Advances in smart grid technology have yet to coalesce into a comprehensive solution integrating the landscape of future power systems. The microgrid concept may offer a solution for combining advanced components and enabling technologies within an infrastructure that must expand to meet emerging demands. As autonomous power system entities, microgrids require robust real-time power management and control to

simultaneously operate jointly with the utility, provide reliable service, and help achieve customer-driven objectives utilizing local power system assets. In this paper, a decentralized control architecture for microgrids is presented, along with a simulation environment appropriate for on-going investigations into real-time, agent-based decision-making. Challenges faced by operating self-organizing multi-agent system (MAS) are presented, as well as results for a representative power management scenario for a multi-asset microgrid capable of operating in grid-interconnected or islanded mode. The system and formulations presented demonstrate the viability and capability of decentralized agent-based control for microgrids and illustrate their potential towards achieving smart grid goals. ETPL Biogeography Based Optimal State Feedback Controller for Frequency Regulation of a GC-067 Smart Microgrid Abstract: Development of Q and R matrices for designing a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) is still a research challenge. The theory says they should belong to the group of positive definite matrices, so we need to find out the most suitable amongst them in order to obtain the desired response. In this paper biogeography based optimization (BBO) technique has been applied to come up with the best Q and R matrices such that the frequency excursion following a disturbance in a microgrid is minimized. As all the states in a practical system may not be measurable hence, we have used Kalman estimator to estimate them. These estimated states along with other measured states are used by the LQR to produce the desired control signal. The microgrid is made smarter by using the agent based scheme integrated with a master controller and a proper communication protocol. The simulation results show that the proposed approach improves the microgrid frequency response and also gives a new alternative method for frequency control of a smart microgrid. ETPL Economic Analysis and Power Management of a Small Autonomous Hybrid Power GC-068 System (SAHPS) Using Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) Algorithm Abstract: In this study, Biogeography Based Optimization (BBO) algorithm is developed for the prediction of the optimal sizing coefficient of Small Autonomous Hybrid Power System (SAHPS) in remote areas. BBO algorithm is used to evaluate optimal component sizing and operational strategy by minimizing the total cost of SAHPS, while guaranteeing the availability of energy. Due to the complexity of the SAHPS design with nonlinear integral planning, BBO algorithm is used to solve the problem. The developed BBO Algorithm has been applied to design the wind/PV/hydro hybrid energy systems to supply a colony located in the area of Jaipur, Rajasthan (India) during the period of January, 2010 to January 2011. It is clear from the results that the proposed BBO method has excellent convergence property, requires less computational time and can avoid the shortcoming of premature convergence of other optimization techniques to obtain a better solution ETPL Advanced Metering for Phase Identification, Transformer Identification, and GC-069 Secondary Modeling Abstract: Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) offers utilities new ways to model and analyze distribution circuits. Results from two circuits introduce a new method to identify phasing of transformers and single-phase taps using voltage and kilowatt-hour measurements from AMI. In addition to phase identification, we show how to use the same approach to create or check meter-to-transformer mappings. These algorithms are based on linear regression and basic voltage drop relationships. With this approach, secondary connectivity and impedance models can be auto generated. In addition, detection of unmetered

load appears possible. Also demonstrated is use of AMI to estimate primary-side voltage profiles. ETPL A Multiagent Modeling and Investigation of Smart Homes With Power Generation, GC-070 Storage, and Trading Features Abstract: Smart homes, as active participants in a smart grid, may no longer be modeled by passive load curves; because their interactive communication and bidirectional power flow within the smart grid affects demand, generation, and electricity rates. To consider such dynamic environmental properties, we use a multiagent-system-based approach in which individual homes are autonomous agents making rational decisions to buy, sell, or store electricity based on their present and expected future amount of load, generation, and storage, accounting for the benefits each decision can offer. In the proposed scheme, home agents prioritize their decisions based on the expected utilities they provide. Smart homes' intention to minimize their electricity bills is in line with the grid's aim to flatten the total demand curve. With a set of case studies and sensitivity analyses, we show how the overall performance of the home agents converges-as an emergent behavior-to an equilibrium benefiting both the entities in different operational conditions and determines the situations in which conventional homes would benefit from purchasing their own local generation-storage systems. ETPL Smart Personal Sensor Network Control for Energy Saving in DC Grid Powered LED GC-071 Lighting System Abstract: Emerging smart grid technologies aim to renovate traditional power grid by integrating intelligent devices and their communications for monitoring and automation of the power grid to enable efficient demand-side energy management. In this paper, energy management in smart dc building grid powered dc electrical appliances like lighting is investigated, in particular energy savings from proposed personal lighting management strategy. Unlike conventional fluorescent lamps powered mainly by ac grid, LED luminaires are dc in nature, thus results in significant power conversion losses, if operate on traditional ac powered system, are analyzed with proposed dc distribution building grid for LED lighting. This paper continues to explore the use of smart wireless sensors for personal control of the dc grid powered networked LED lighting. Experimental results show that the proposed smart LED lighting system with an energy saving mechanism incorporated is able to achieve similar lighting performance as the conventional lighting condition, while at the same time, able to attain about 44% energy saving as compared to the original ac fluorescent system. For a low voltage dc grid being implemented, the maximum power loss and voltage drop of the developed dc distribution building grid are 2.25% and 3% respectively. ETPL The Impact of Load Characterization on the Average Properties of Statistical Models GC-072 for Powerline Channels Abstract: In this paper the impact of load characterization on the statistical modeling of indoor powerline channels is investigated in the bandwidth 100 kHz-50 MHz. Our analysis refers to the mean properties of such channels (so that their time-varying features are ignored) and is based on: a) the use of the statistical channel simulator, which has been validated through experimental measurements, described in ; b) the availability of a set of experimental results about the impedance of various appliances. Our numerical and experimental results evidence that, on the one hand, for frequencies beyond 20 MHz the influence of load characterization on the accuracy of statistical channel modelling is marginal; however, on the other hand, for frequencies in the order of 0-20 MHz the properties of the loads connected to a power network can

appreciably affect the properties of the channel model. ETPL An Intelligent Home Energy Management System to Improve Demand Response GC-073 Abstract: Demand Response (DR) and Time-of-Use (TOU) pricing refer to programs which offer incentives to customers who curtail their energy use during times of peak demand. In this paper, we propose an integrated solution to predict and re-engineer the electricity demand (e.g., peak load reduction and shift) in a locality at a given day/time. The system presented in this paper expands DR to residential loads by dynamically scheduling and controlling appliances in each dwelling unit. A decision-support system is developed to forecast electricity demand in the home and enable the user to save energy by recommending optimal run time schedules for appliances, given user constraints and TOU pricing from the utility company. The schedule is communicated to the smart appliances over a self-organizing home energy network and executed by the appliance control interfaces developed in this study. A predictor is developed to predict, based on the user's life style and other social/environmental factors, the potential schedules for appliance run times. An aggregator is used to accumulate predicted demand from residential customers. ETPL Adaptive Negotiation Agent for Facilitating Bi-Directional Energy Trading Between GC-074 Smart Building and Utility Grid, Abstract: Smart and green buildings have attracted much attention in recent years. Development of an effective negotiation model for facilitating the bi-directional energy trading between the utility grid and the building is important for enhancing the building intelligence. In this paper, a negotiation agent based on adaptive attitude bidding strategy (AABS) is proposed. A comprehensive set of factors for the integrated smart building and utility grid system is taken into account in developing the negotiation model. The AABS based negotiation agent turns out to be able to dynamically adjust its behavior in response to varying attitudes in the negotiation process. In addition, an improved particle swarm optimization-adaptive attitude bidding strategy (PSO-AABS) based negotiation agent is developed for adaptively adjusting the trader's decisions according to the opponent's behaviors. It turns out to be capable of making rational deals in bidirectional energy trading by maximizing the trader's payoffs with reduced negotiation time. The feasibility of the proposed negotiation agents is evaluated by the simulation results. ETPL Optimal Planning and Routing in Medium Voltage PowerLine Communications GC-075 Networks Abstract: This paper deals with the problem of deploying a PowerLine Communication (PLC) network over a medium voltage (MV) power grid. The PLC network is used to connect the end nodes (ENs) of the MV grid to the service provider by means of PLC network nodes enabled as access points. In particular, a network planning problem is faced wherein we require to define the PLC network topology by deciding which MV network nodes are to be enabled as access points. An optimization problem is then formulated, which minimizes the cost of enabling the access points and maximizes the reliability of PLC network paths in a multi-objective optimization fashion. This work also considers resiliency (i.e., it guarantees the PLC network connectivity even in case of link faults) and capacity constraints (i.e., it checks that there are enough resources to transmit the estimated amount of traffic over the PLC network paths). As a byproduct, the optimization algorithm also returns the optimal routing. Simulations based on realistic MV network topologies validate the proposed approach

ETPL A Scalable Three-Step Approach for Demand Side Management of Plug-in Hybrid GC-076 Vehicles Abstract: In this paper, we present a scalable approach for DSM (demand side management) of PHEVs (plug-in hybrid electric vehicles). Essentially, our approach consists of three steps: aggregation, optimization, and control. In the aggregation step, individual PHEV charging constraints are aggregated upwards in a tree structure. In the optimization step, the aggregated constraints are used for scalable computation of a collective charging plan, which minimizes costs for electricity supply. In the real-time control step, this charging plan is used to create an incentive signal for all PHEVs, determined by a marketbased priority scheme. These three steps are executed iteratively to cope with uncertainty and dynamism. In simulation experiments, the proposed three-step approach is benchmarked against classic, fully centralized approaches. Results show that our approach is able to charge PHEVs with comparable quality to optimal, centrally computed charging plans, while significantly improving scalability. ETPL Using ICT-Controlled Plug-in Electric Vehicles to Supply Grid Regulation in GC-077 California at Different Renewable Integration Levels Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to quantify the potential for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) to meet operating reserve requirements associated with increased deployment of wind and solar generation. The paper advances prior PEV estimates in three key ways. First, we employ easily implementable scheduling strategies with very low centralized computing requirements. Second, we estimate PEV availability based on data sampled from the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS). Third, we predict regulation demand on a per minute basis using published models from the California ISO for 20% and 33% renewable electricity supply. Our key results are as follows: First, the amount of regulation up and regulation down energy delivered by PEVs can be balanced by using a hybrid of two scheduling strategies. Second, the percentage of regulation energy that can be delivered with PEVs is always significantly higher than the percentage of conventional regulation power capacity that is deferred by PEVs. Third, regulation up is harder to satisfy with PEVs than regulation down. Fourth, the scheduling strategies we employ here have a limited impact on load following requirements. Our results indicate that 3 million PEVs could satisfy a significant portion-but not all-of the regulation energy and capacity requirements that are anticipated in California in 2020. ETPL Efficient Computation of Sensitivity Coefficients of Node Voltages and Line Currents GC-078 in Unbalanced Radial Electrical Distribution Networks Abstract: The problem of optimal control of power distribution systems is becoming increasingly compelling due to the progressive penetration of distributed energy resources in this specific layer of the electrical infrastructure. Distribution systems are, indeed, experiencing significant changes in terms of operation philosophies that are often based on optimal control strategies relying on the computation of linearized dependencies between controlled (e.g., voltages, frequency in case of islanding operation) and control variables (e.g., power injections, transformers tap positions). As the implementation of these strategies in real-time controllers imposes stringent time constraints, the derivation of analytical dependency between controlled and control variables becomes a non-trivial task to be solved. With reference to optimal voltage and power flow controls, this paper aims at providing an analytical derivation of node voltages and line currents as a function of the nodal power injections and transformers tap-changers positions. Compared to other approaches presented in the literature, the one proposed here is based on the use of the [Y] compound matrix of a generic multi-phase radial unbalanced network. In order to estimate the

computational benefits of the proposed approach, the relevant improvements are also quantified versus traditional methods. The validation of the proposed method is carried out by using both IEEE 13 and 34 nodes test feeders. The paper finally shows the use of the proposed method for the problem of optimal voltage control applied to the IEEE 34 node test feeder ETPL Power Flow Optimization for Smart Microgrids by SDP Relaxation on Linear GC-079 Networks Abstract: In a smart microgrid currents injected by distributed energy resources (DERs) and by the point of common coupling can be adapted to minimize the energy cost. Design and quality constraints usually make the problem grow fast with the number of nodes in the network. In this paper we provide a solution to the optimization problem having a significantly reduced complexity with respect to existing techniques. The efficiency of the proposed solution stems by modeling the smart microgrid as a linear network where loads are approximated as impedances. This simplification allows avoiding explicit use of power flow equations, and having a number of equation proportional to the number of DERs rather than to the total number of nodes (loads and DERs). The optimal power flow problem is then solved by a semidefinite programming (SDP) relaxation, which provides the initial point for the search of a feasible solution by a sequential convex programming procedure based on a local linear approximation of non-convex constraints. Numerical results show the merits of the proposed approach for typical smart microgrid scenarios. ETPL Simulative Comparison of Multiprotocol Label Switching and OpenFlow Network GC-080 Technologies for Transmission Operations Abstract: Utility companies are integrating multiprotocol label switching (MPLS) technologies into existing backbone networks, including networks between substations and control centers. MPLS has mechanisms for efficient overlay technologies as well as mechanisms to enhance security: features essential to the functioning of the smart grid. However, with MPLS routing and other switching technologies innovation is restricted to the features enclosed in the box. More specifically, there is no practical way for utility operators or researchers to test new ideas such as alternatives to IP or MPLS on a realistic scale to obtain the experience and confidence necessary for real world deployments. As a result, novel ideas go untested. Conversely, the OpenFlow framework has enabled significant advancements in network research. OpenFlow provides utility operators and researchers the programmability and flexibility necessary to enable innovation in next-generation communication architectures for the smart grid. This level of flexibility allows OpenFlow to provide all features of MPLS and also allows OpenFlow devices to co-exist with existing MPLS devices. The simulation results in this paper demonstrate that OpenFlow performs as well as MPLS, and may therefore be considered an alternative to MPLS for smart grid applications. ETPL Multi-Agent Based Hierarchical Hybrid Control for Smart Microgrid GC-081 Abstract: This paper studies the smart control issue for an autonomous microgrid in order to maintain the secure voltages as well as maximize economic and environmental benefits. A control scheme called as multi-agent based hierarchical hybrid control is proposed versus the hierarchical control requirements and hybrid dynamic behaviors of the microgrid. The control scheme is composed of an upper level energy management agent, several middle level coordinated control agents and many lower level unit control agents. The goals of smart control are achieved by designed control strategies. The simulations are given to demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed smart control for an autonomous microgrid.

ETPL Electric Vehicle Mobility in Transmission-Constrained Hourly Power Generation GC-082 Scheduling Abstract: The proposed approach evaluates the effect of integrating a large number of electric vehicles (EVs) on power grid operation and control. The EV fleets could serve as electricity load when drawing energy from the grid and as energy storage (vehicle-to-grid) when delivering energy to the grid. The paper considers two operating modes for EV fleets which are consumer-controlled and grid-controlled. The power grid generation mix represents a multitude of units including thermal, hydro, and wind. The paper considers the impact of EV battery utilization on offsetting the hourly variability of wind generation units in transmission-constrained power grids. The paper considers charging/discharging schedule of EV batteries and consumer driving requirements on the optimal hourly transmission-constrained commitment and dispatch of generation units in the day-ahead scheduling. The hourly solution of the proposed method will minimize the cost of supplying the hourly load while satisfying the temporal constraints of individual components in power grids. ETPL Optimal Control of End-User Energy Storage GC-083 Abstract: An increasing number of retail energy markets show price fluctuations, providing users with the opportunity to buy energy at lower than average prices. We propose to temporarily store this inexpensive energy in a battery, and use it to satisfy demand when energy prices are high, thus allowing users to exploit the price variations without having to shift their demand to the low-price periods. We study the battery control policy that yields the best performance, i.e., minimizes the total discounted costs. The optimal policy is shown to have a threshold structure, and we derive these thresholds in a few special cases. The cost savings obtained from energy storage are demonstrated through extensive numerical experiments, and we offer various directions for future research ETPL Distribution Power Flow Management Utilizing an Online Constraint Programming GC-084 Method Abstract: This paper presents a novel active power flow management (PFM) method for managing multiple distributed generator (DG) units connected to medium voltage distribution networks. The method uses the artificial intelligence technique of constraint programming to autonomously manage DG real power outputs and offers flexible and network agnostic characteristics. The method is assessed using multiple scenarios on two real case study networks to examine simulated closed-loop control actions under certain thermal excursions. The test cases are explored with algorithms implemented, in software, on commercially available substation computing hardware to identify computation timescales and investigate algorithm robustness when presented with measurement error. The archival value of this paper is in the specification and evaluation of a novel application of the constraint programming technique for online control of DG in thermally constrained distribution networks. ETPL Fully Distributed Coordination of Multiple DFIGs in a Microgrid for Load Sharing GC-085 Abstract: When wind power penetration is high, the available generation may be more than needed, especially for wind-powered microgrids working autonomously. Because the maximum peak power tracking algorithm may result in a supply-demand imbalance, an alternative algorithm is needed for load sharing. In this paper, a fully distributed control scheme is presented to coordinate the operations of multiple doubly-fed

induction generators (DFIGs) in a microgrid. According to the proposed control strategy, each bus in a microgrid has an associated bus agent that may have two function modules. The global information discovery module discovers the total available wind generation and total demand. The load sharing control module calculates the generation reference of a DFIG. The consensus-based algorithm can guarantee convergence for microgrids of arbitrary topologies under various operating conditions. By controlling the utilization levels of DFIGs to a common value, the supply-demand balance can be maintained. In addition, the detrimental impact of inaccurate and outdated predictions of maximum wind power can be alleviated. The generated control references are tracked by coordinating converter controls and pitch angle control. Simulation results with a 5-DFIG microgrid demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme. ETPL Residential Distribution System Harmonic Compensation Using PV Interfacing GC-086 Inverter Abstract: The increased non-linear loads in today's typical home are a growing concern for utility companies. This situation might be worsened by the harmonic resonance introduced by the installation of capacitor banks in the distribution network. To mitigate the harmonic distortions, passive or active filters are typically used. However, with the increasing implementation of distributed generation (DG) in residential areas, using DG systems to improve the power quality is becoming a promising idea, particularly because many DG systems, such as photovoltaic (PV), wind and fuel cells, have DG-grid interfacing converters. In this paper, the potential for using photovoltaic (PV) interfacing inverters to compensate the residential system harmonics is explored. A system model including the residential load and DG is first developed. An in-depth analysis and comparison of different compensation schemes based on the virtual harmonic damping impedance concept are then carried out. The effects of the capacitor banks in the system are also studied. The effectiveness of the harmonic compensation strategies under different conditions is verified through analysis and simulations. ETPL Distributed Control of the Power Supply-Demand Balance GC-087 Abstract: This paper aims to achieve a balance of power in a group of prosumers, based on a price mechanism, i.e., to steer the difference between the total production and consumption of power to zero. We first set the information network topology such that the prosumers exchange price (power) information with their neighbors according to a chosen information network topology. Based on the exchanged information and the prosumers own measured power demand, each prosumer uses a local control strategy to turn on and off its power generator to cooperatively achieve the global balance. More specifically, the local control strategy results from a distributed model predictive control method based on dual decomposition and subgradient iterations. The method achieves a unique dynamic price signal for each prosumer. Simulation results with realistic data validate the method. ETPL Cyber-Physical Security Testbeds: Architecture, Application, and Evaluation for GC-088 Smart Grid Abstract: The development of a smarter electric grid will depend on increased deployments of information and communication technology (ICT) to support novel communication and control functions. Unfortunately, this additional dependency also expands the risk from cyber attacks. Designing systems with adequate cyber security depends heavily on the availability of representative environments, such as testbeds, where current issues and future ideas can be evaluated. This paper provides an overview of a smart grid security testbed,

including the set of control, communication, and physical system components required to provide an accurate cyber-physical environment. It then identifies various testbed research applications and also identifies how various components support these applications. The PowerCyber testbed at Iowa State University is then introduced, including the architecture, applications, and novel capabilities, such as virtualization, Real Time Digital Simulators (RTDS), and ISEAGE WAN emulation. Finally, several attack scenarios are evaluated using the testbed to explore cyber-physical impacts. In particular, availability and integrity attacks are demonstrated with both isolated and coordinated approaches, these attacks are then evaluated based on the physical system's voltage and rotor angle stability. ETPL On the Exact Solution to a Smart Grid Cyber-Security Analysis Problem GC-089 Abstract: This paper considers a smart grid cyber-security problem analyzing the vulnerabilities of electric power networks to false data attacks. The analysis problem is related to a constrained cardinality minimization problem. The main result shows that an relaxation technique provides an exact optimal solution to this cardinality minimization problem. The proposed result is based on a polyhedral combinatorics argument. It is different from well-known results based on mutual coherence and restricted isometry property. The results are illustrated on benchmarks including the IEEE 118-bus, IEEE 300-bus, and the Polish 2383-bus and 2736-bus systems.. ETPL Demand-Side Management via Distributed Energy Generation and Storage GC-090 Optimization Abstract: Demand-side management, together with the integration of distributed energy generation and storage, are considered increasingly essential elements for implementing the smart grid concept and balancing massive energy production from renewable sources. We focus on a smart grid in which the demand-side comprises traditional users as well as users owning some kind of distributed energy sources and/or energy storage devices. By means of a day-ahead optimization process regulated by an independent central unit, the latter users intend to reduce their monetary energy expense by producing or storing energy rather than just purchasing their energy needs from the grid. In this paper, we formulate the resulting grid optimization problem as a noncooperative game and analyze the existence of optimal strategies. Furthermore, we present a distributed algorithm to be run on the users' smart meters, which provides the optimal production and/or storage strategies, while preserving the privacy of the users and minimizing the required signaling with the central unit. Finally, the proposed day-ahead optimization is tested in a realistic situation. ETPL Automatic Distributed Voltage Control Algorithm in Smart Grids Applications GC-091 Abstract: The widespread use of distributed generation (DG), which is installed in medium-voltage distribution networks, impacts the future development of modern electrical systems that must evolve towards smart grids. A fundamental topic for smart grids is automatic distributed voltage control (ADVC). The voltage is now regulated at the MV busbar acting on the on-load tap changer of the HV/MV transformer. This method does not guarantee the correct voltage value in the network nodes when the distributed generators deliver their power. In contrast, the ADVC allows control of the voltage acting on a

single generator; therefore, a better voltage profile can be obtained. In this paper, an approach based on sensitivity theory is shown to control the node voltages regulating the reactive power injected by the generators. After the theoretical analysis, a numerical example is presented to validate the theory. The proposed voltage regulation method has been developed in collaboration with Enel Distribuzione S.p.A. (the major Italian DSO), and it will be applied in the Smart Grids POI-P3 pilot project, which is financed by the Italian Economic Development Ministry. Before the real field application in the pilot project, a real-time digital simulation has been used to validate the algorithm presented. Moving in this direction, Enel Distribuzione S.p.A. built a new test center in Milan equipped with a real-time digital simulator (from RTDS Technologies). ETPL GC- IGDT Based Robust Decision Making Tool for DNOs in Load Procurement Under 092 Severe Uncertainty This paper presents the application of information gap decision theory (IGDT) to help the distribution network operators (DNOs) in choosing the supplying resources for meeting the demand of their customers. The three main energy resources are pool market, distributed generations (DGs), and the bilateral contracts. In deregulated environment, the DNO is faced with many uncertainties associated to the mentioned resources which may not have enough information about their nature and behaviors. In such cases, the classical methods like probabilistic methods or fuzzy methods are not applicable for uncertainty modeling because they need some information about the uncertainty behaviors like probability distribution function (PDF) or their membership functions. In this paper, a decision making framework is proposed based on IGDT model to solve this problem. The uncertain parameters considered here, are as follows: price of electricity in pool market and demand of each bus. The robust strategy of DNO is determined to hedge him against the risk of increasing the total cost beyond what it is willing to pay. The effectiveness of the proposed tool is assessed and demonstrated by applying it on a large distribution network. ETPL Energy Imbalance Management Using a Robust Pricing Scheme GC-093 Abstract: This paper focuses on the problem of energy imbalance management in a microgrid. The problem is investigated from the power market perspective. Unlike the traditional power grid, a microgrid can obtain extra energy from a renewable energy source (RES) such as a solar panel or a wind turbine. However, the stochastic input from the RES brings difficulty in balancing the energy supply and demand. In this study, a novel pricing scheme is proposed that provides robustness against such intermittent power input. The proposed scheme considers possible uncertainty in the marginal benefit and the marginal cost of the power market. It uses all available information on the power supply, power demand, and imbalanced energy. The parameters of the scheme are evaluated using an performance index. It is shown that the parameters can be obtained by solving a linear matrix inequality problem, which is efficiently solvable due to its convexity. Simulation examples are given to show the favorable performance of the proposed scheme in comparison with existing area control error pricing schemes.linear matrix inequality problem,area control error pricing schemes. ETPL Estimating the Impact of Electric Vehicle Smart Charging on Distribution GC-094 Transformer Aging Abstract: This paper describes a method for estimating the impact of plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging on overhead distribution transformers, based on detailed travel demand data and under several

different schemes for mitigating overloads by shifting PEV charging times (smart charging). The paper also presents a new smart charging algorithm that manages PEV charging based on estimated transformer temperatures. We simulated the varied behavior of drivers from the 2009 National Household Transportation Survey, and transformer temperatures based an IEEE standard dynamic thermal model. Results are shown for Monte Carlo simulation of a 25 kVA overhead distribution transformer, with ambient temperature data from hot and cold climate locations, for uncontrolled and several smart-charging scenarios. These results illustrate the substantial impact of ambient temperatures on distribution transformer aging, and indicate that temperature-based smart charging can dramatically reduce both the mean and variance in transformer aging without substantially reducing the frequency with which PEVs obtain a full charge. Finally, the results indicate that simple smart charging schemes, such as delaying charging until after midnight can actually increase, rather than decrease, transformer aging. ETPL Design Considerations of a Centralized Load Controller Using Thermostatically GC-095 Controlled Appliances for Continuous Regulation Reserves Abstract: This paper presents design considerations for a centralized load controller to control thermostatically controlled appliances (TCAs) for continuous regulation reserves (CRRs). The controller logics for setting up the baseline load, generating priority lists, issuing dispatch commands, and tuning the simplified forecaster model using measurement data are described. To study the impacts of different control parameter settings on control performance and device lifetimes, a system consisting of 1000 heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning (HVAC) units in their heating modes is modeled to provide a CRR 24 hours a day. Four cases are modeled to evaluate the impact of forecasting errors, minimum HVAC turn-off times, response delays, and consumer overrides. The results demonstrate that a centralized TCA load controller can provide robust, good quality CRRs with reduced communication needs for the two-way communication network and inexpensive load control devices. Most importantly, because the controller precisely controls the aggregated HVAC load shapes while maintaining load diversity, the controllable and measurable load services that it provides can be used for many other demand response applications, such as peak shaving, load shifting, and arbitrage. ETPL Applications and Trends of High Performance Computing for Electric Power Systems: GC-096 Focusing on Smart Grid Abstract: Over the last 15 years, significant changes have occurred in the areas of electric power systems and high performance computing (HPC). HPC has seen the maturation of cluster computing, the advent of multi-core computing, the creation of grid and cloud computing, and the sudden rise of the graphics processing unit (GPU) for general purpose computing. These changes have also been coupled with the slow ending of Moore's law. Electric power systems have also undergone many changes including the introduction of the advanced metering infrastructure and other advanced technologies for data collection, the inclusion of renewable/distributed power generation, and the addition of electric vehicles as stochastic loads. Clear goals have also been set for the development of the smart grid-a unique cyber-physical system (CPS) that requires the interaction of the electric power system and HPC. As such, this work explores the many ways in which HPC will be used in the smart grid and its CPS in the future including real-time and off-line analysis, data mining/storage, intelligent coordination, security, simulation, and visualization. ETPL Uncertainty-Aware Household Appliance Scheduling Considering Dynamic Electricity GC-097 Pricing in Smart Home

Abstract: High quality demand side management has become indispensable in the smart grid infrastructure for enhanced energy reduction and system control. In this paper, a new demand side management technique, namely, a new energy efficient scheduling algorithm, is proposed to arrange the household appliances for operation such that the monetary expense of a customer is minimized based on the time-varying pricing model. The proposed algorithm takes into account the uncertainties in household appliance operation time and intermittent renewable generation. Moreover, it considers the variable frequency drive and capacitylimited energy storage. Our technique first uses the linear programming to efficiently compute a deterministic scheduling solution without considering uncertainties. To handle the uncertainties in household appliance operation time and energy consumption, a stochastic scheduling technique, which involves an energy consumption adaptation variable , is used to model the stochastic energy consumption patterns for various household appliances. To handle the intermittent behavior of the energy generated from the renewable resources, the offline static operation schedule is adapted to the runtime dynamic scheduling considering variations in renewable energy. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. Compared to a traditional scheduling scheme which models typical household appliance operations in the traditional home scenario, the proposed deterministic linear programming based scheduling scheme achieves up to 45% monetary expense reduction, and the proposed stochastic design scheme achieves up to 41% monetary expense reduction. Compared to a worst case design where an appliance is assumed to consume the maximum amount of energy, the proposed stochastic design which considers the stochastic energy consumption patterns achieves up to 24% monetary expense reduction without violating the target trip rate of 0.5%. Furthermore, the proposed ener- y consumption scheduling algorithm can always generate the scheduling solution within 10 seconds, which is fast enough for household appliance applications. ETPL Optimized Thermal and Electrical Scheduling of a Large Scale Virtual Power Plant in GC-098 the Presence of Energy Storages Abstract: Smart grids are often analyzed using a top-down approach, i.e., starting from communication and control technologies evolution, to then focus on their effects on active and passive users, in terms of new services, higher efficiency and quality of supply. However, with their bottom-up approach, virtual power plants (VPP) are very promising instruments for promoting an effective integration of distributed generation (DG) and energy storage devices as well as valid means for enabling consumers to respond to load management signals, when operated under the supervision of a scheduling coordinator. These aggregation factors can be very profitable for the distributed energy resources (DERs) economy and for the energy network itself. This paper presents a new algorithm to optimize the day-ahead thermal and electrical scheduling of a large scale VPP (LSVPP) which contains: a) many small-scale producers and consumers (prosumers) distributed over a large territory and b) energy storage and cogeneration processes. The algorithm also takes into account the actual location of each DER in the public network and their specific capability. Thermal and electrical generator models, load and storage devices are very detailed and flexible, as are the rates and incentives framework. Several novelties, with respect to the previous literature, are proposed. Case study results are also described and discussed. ETPL Optimal Design of Grid-Connected PEV Charging Systems With Integrated GC-099 Distributed Resources

Abstract: The penetration of plug-in electric vehicles and renewable distributed generation is expected to increase over the next few decades. Large scale unregulated deployment of either technology can have a detrimental impact on the electric grid. However, appropriate pairing of these technologies along with some storage could mitigate their individual negative impacts. This paper presents a framework and an optimization methodology for designing grid-connected systems that integrate plug-in electric vehicle chargers, distributed generation and storage. To demonstrate its usefulness, this methodology is applied to the design of optimal architectures for a residential charging case. It is shown that, given current costs, maximizing grid power usage minimizes system lifecycle cost. However, depending upon the location's solar irradiance patterns, architectures with solar photovoltaic generation can be more cost effective than architectures without. Additionally, Li-ion storage technology and micro wind turbines are not yet cost effective when compared to alternative solutions. ETPL GC- Achieving Optimality and Fairness in Autonomous Demand Response: Benchmarks 100 and Billing Mechanisms Abstract: Autonomous demand response (DR) programs are scalable and result in a minimal control overhead on utilities. The idea is to equip each user with an energy consumption scheduling (ECS) device to automatically control the user's flexible load to minimize his energy expenditure, based on the updated electricity pricing information. While most prior works on autonomous DR have focused on coordinating the operation of ECS devices in order to achieve various system-wide goals, such as minimizing the total cost of generation or minimizing the peak-to-average ratio in the load demand, they fall short addressing the important issue of fairness. That is, while they usually guarantee optimality, they do not assure that the participating users are rewarded according to their contributions in achieving the overall system's design objectives. Similarly, they do not address the important problem of co-existence when only a sub-set of users participate in a deployed autonomous DR program. In this paper, we seek to tackle these shortcomings and design new autonomous DR systems that can achieve both optimality and fairness. In this regard, we first develop a centralized DR system to serve as a benchmark. Then, we develop a smart electricity billing mechanism that can enforce both optimality and fairness in autonomous DR systems in a decentralized fashion. ETPL A Market Based Scheme to Integrate Distributed Wind Energy GC-101 Abstract: Efficiently integrating wind energy into the smart grid is gaining momentum under renewable portfolio standard (RPS) with deep wind penetration. Due to the randomness of wind energy production, ancillary service (AS) is needed in large amount to regulate wind power for system stability and reliability. As a result, the cost of wind power depends on the AS market and may be, quite higher than that of conventional power. Therefore, it is challenging to economically integrate wind energy with current power system to satisfy RPS. With the communication, sensing and advanced control features incorporated into the smart grid, the interactions among the grid components will facilitate solving this problem. In this paper, we consider the wind energy integration of small-scale utilities installed with wind turbines and acted as distributed energy resources (DERs). Since wind energy can be integrated to serve customer load or enter a separate green energy market, we propose a theoretical framework to dynamically determine the role of wind energy and provide long-term RPS guarantee. This approach results in a simple dynamic threshold control policy which maximizes the expectation of the profit for a green utility and is easily implemented

online. ETPL Optimal Integration of Distributed Energy Storage Devices in Smart Grids GC-102 Abstract: Energy storage is traditionally well established in the form of large scale pumped-hydro systems, but nowadays is finding increased attraction in medium and smaller scale systems. Such expansion is entirely complementary to the forecasted wider integration of intermittent renewable resources in future electrical distribution systems (Smart Grids). This paper is intended to offer a useful tool for analyzing potential advantages of distributed energy storages in Smart Grids with reference to both different possible conceivable regulatory schemes and services to be provided. The Smart Grid Operator is assumed to have the ownership and operation of the energy storage systems, and a new cost-based optimization strategy for their optimal placement, sizing and control is proposed. The need to quantify benefits of both the Smart Grid where the energy storage devices are included and the external interconnected grid is explored. Numerical applications to a Medium Voltage test Smart Grid show the advantages of using storage systems related to different options in terms of incentives and services to be provided. ETPL A Microgrid Energy Management System Based on the Rolling Horizon Strategy GC-103 Abstract: A novel energy management system (EMS) based on a rolling horizon (RH) strategy for a renewable-based microgrid is proposed. For each decision step, a mixed integer optimization problem based on forecasting models is solved. The EMS provides online set points for each generation unit and signals for consumers based on a demand-side management (DSM) mechanism. The proposed EMS is implemented for a microgrid composed of photovoltaic panels, two wind turbines, a diesel generator and an energy storage system. A coherent forecast information scheme and an economic comparison framework between the RH and the standard unit commitment (UC) are proposed. Solar and wind energy forecasting are based on phenomenological models with updated data. A neural network for two-day-ahead electric consumption forecasting is also designed. The system is tested using real data sets from an existent microgrid in Chile (ESUSCON). The results based on different operation conditions show the economic sense of the proposal. A full practical implementation of the system for ESUSCON is envisioned. ETPL Tackling the Load Uncertainty Challenges for Energy Consumption Scheduling in GC-104 Smart Grid Abstract: In this paper, we propose a novel optimization-based real-time residential load management algorithm that takes into account load uncertainty in order to minimize the energy payment for each user. Unlike most existing demand side management algorithms that assume perfect knowledge of users' energy needs, our design only requires knowing some statistical estimates of the future load demand. Moreover, we consider real-time pricing combined with inclining block rate tariffs. In our problem formulation, we take into account different types of constraints on the operation of different appliances such as must-run appliances, controllable appliances that are interruptible, and controllable appliances that are not interruptible. Our design is multi-stage. As the demand information of the appliances is gradually revealed over time, the operation schedule of controllable appliances is updated accordingly. Simulation results confirm that the proposed energy consumption scheduling algorithm can benefit both users, by reducing their energy expenses, and utility companies, by improving the peak-to-average ratio of the aggregate load

demand. ETPL Energy and Performance Management of Green Data Centers: A Profit Maximization GC-105 Approach Abstract: While a large body of work has recently focused on reducing data center's energy expenses, there exists no prior work on investigating the trade-off between minimizing data center's energy expenditure and maximizing their revenue for various Internet and cloud computing services that they may offer. In this paper, we seek to tackle this shortcoming by proposing a systematic approach to maximize green data center's profit, i.e., revenue minus cost. In this regard, we explicitly take into account practical service-level agreements (SLAs) that currently exist between data centers and their customers. Our model also incorporates various other factors such as availability of local renewable power generation at data centers and the stochastic nature of data centers' workload. Furthermore, we propose a novel optimization-based profit maximization strategy for data centers for two different cases, without and with behind-the-meter renewable generators. We show that the formulated optimization problems in both cases are convex programs; therefore, they are tractable and appropriate for practical implementation. Using various experimental data and via computer simulations, we assess the performance of the proposed optimizationbased profit maximization strategy and show that it significantly outperforms two comparable energy and performance management algorithms that are recently proposed in the literature. ETPL A Multi Charging Station for Electric Vehicles and Its Utilization for Load GC-106 Management and the Grid Support Abstract: This paper discusses the modeling of a multi charging station for Electric Vehicles (EVs) and its utilisation for grid support. Allowing the EVs to charge and discharge without any control may lead to voltage variations in the grid. However, if the charging/discharging of the EVs is done in an intelligent fashion, they can act as distributed energy sources and can smoothen the load profile of the distribution network by providing peak shaving and valley filling. The presented work mainly focuses on the control architecture for using the EVs' batteries as distributed energy storage systems. This enables in maintaining the node voltage within the prescribed limit by valley filling and peak shaving. The control architecture is based on fuzzy control techniques. The proposed architecture is implemented on the distribution network of Guwahati city. Dynamic load profile is used to check the effectiveness of the proposed architecture for flattening the load profile. ETPL Multi-Objective Optimization for the Operation of an Electric Distribution System GC-107 With a Large Number of Single Phase Solar Generators Abstract: The extensive connection of single phase solar generators which are also called microFITs (micro feed-in tariff), to distribution systems may lead to a phase unbalance condition, a problem further complicated due to the widespread use of single phase loads. Energy losses also change significantly when microFITs are implemented. This paper addresses these problems with respect to the connection of a large number of microFITs and single phase loads to three phase distribution systems. In this research, a probabilistic model has been utilized for estimating hourly solar irradiance, and a genetic algorithm has been employed as a means of generating a non-dominated Pareto front for minimizing the current unbalance and energy loss in the distribution system. A decision-making process has been developed in order to determine a single optimum solution from the Pareto front generated. Operational controls, such as voltage drop,

transmission limits, and voltage unbalance limits, are taken into consideration in this analysis. In the context of smart grids, the proposed algorithm will facilitate the deployment of small-sized solar generators. The proposed method has been applied on an IEEE 123 bus distribution system in order to demonstrate the validity of the proposed algorithm. ETPL A Versatile Clustering Method for Electricity Consumption Pattern Analysis in GC-108 Households Abstract: Analysis and modeling of electric energy demand is indispensable for power planning, operation, facility investment, and urban planning. Because of recent development of renewable energy generation systems oriented for households, there is also a great demand for analysing the electricity usage and optimizing the way to install electricity generation systems for each household. In this study, employing statistical techniques, a method to model daily consumption patterns in households and a method to extract a small number of their typical patterns are presented. The electricity consumption patterns in a household is modeled by a mixture of Gaussian distributions. Then, using the symmetrized generalized Kullback-Leibler divergence as a distance measure of the distributions, typical patterns of the consumption are extracted by means of hierarchical clustering. The statistical modeling of daily consumption patterns allows us to capture essential similarities of the patterns. By experiments using a large-scale dataset including about 500 houses' consumption records in a suburban area in Japan, it is shown that the proposed method is able to extract typical consumption patterns. ETPL Aggregation Model-Based Optimization for Electric Vehicle Charging Strategy GC-109 Abstract: This paper presents an aggregation charging model for large numbers of electric vehicles (EVs). A genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to obtain the stochastic feature parameters of the aggregation model, and a charging strategy based on the aggregation model is developed to reduce the power fluctuation level caused by EV charging. In addition, an updatable optimization method is proposed to track the variation of the EV charging characteristics. The proposed charging strategy and optimization method are validated by the simulation results. ETPL Detecting and Locating Faulty Nodes in Smart Grids Based on High Frequency Signal GC-110 Injection Abstract: An on-line method for detecting and locating a faulty node in the utility grid is proposed for smart grids. The method is based on injection of high frequency (A-Band) current signal into the grid that would impose voltages (less than 1V according to EN50065-1 standard) on the nodes to determine changes in the impedance characteristics. This detection is accomplished on-line without interrupting the power flow in the network. The developed algorithm has been implemented within an electrical power system model. This low voltage network model has been tested with different fault scenarios. The proposed procedure is able to detect the faulty nodes with high accuracy. ETPL Wireless Network Design for Transmission Line Monitoring in Smart Grid GC-111 Abstract: In this paper, we develop a real-time situational awareness framework for the electrical transmission power grid using Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). While WSNs are capable of cost efficient monitoring over vast geographical areas, several technical challenges exist. The low power, low data rate devices cause bandwidth and latency bottlenecks. In this paper, our objective is to design a wireless network

capable of real-time delivery of physical measurements for ideal preventive or corrective control action. For network design, we formulate an optimization problem with the objective of minimizing the installation and operational costs while satisfying the end-to-end latency and bandwidth constraints of the data flows. We study a hybrid hierarchical network architecture composed of a combination of wired, wireless and cellular technologies that can guarantee low cost real-time data monitoring. We formulate a placement problem to find the optimal location of cellular enabled transmission towers. Further, we present evaluation results of the optimization solution for diverse scenarios. Our formulation is generic and addresses real world scenarios with asymmetric sensor data generation, unreliable wireless link behavior, non-uniform cellular coverage, etc. Our analysis shows that a transmission line monitoring framework using WSN is indeed feasible using available technologies. Our results show that wireless link bandwidth can be a limiting factor for cost optimization ETPL Reliability Modeling and Evaluation of Power Systems With Smart Monitoring GC-112 Abstract: Smart grid technologies leveraging advancements in sensors, communications, and computing offer new avenues for reliability enhancements of complex power grids by increasing the up-times and reducing the down times. This paper discusses various aspects of smart grid monitoring and proposes a mathematical model to assess its impact on power grid reliability. Based on a multiple-state Markov chain model, the failure and repair rates of power components with and without monitoring provisions are determined and compared. The proposed formulation incorporates the failure rates of the monitoring systems themselves and the impact on system/component reliability. ETPL A Novel Hierarchical Section Protection Based on the Solid State Transformer for the GC-113 Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) System Abstract: The effectiveness of a protection scheme in any power grid is essential to the reliability of the supply. One of the main goals of the FREEDM systems is to increase supply reliability to end users. However, traditional protection methods, including over current, sequential components, and wide differential area protection, are not suitable for this system for several reasons that will be explained in the paper. A new protection strategy is presented in this paper. This protection scheme takes advantage not only of the system configuration but mostly of the solid state transformer capability and design to minimize any circuit and communication that are needed for a successful protection strategy. A real time digital simulator (RTDS) is used to model a sample FREEDM system in order to verify the proposed protection scheme. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing was performed to verify the proposed protection scheme. ETPL An Initial Investigation for Locating Self-Clearing Faults in Distribution Systems GC-114 Abstract: An approach of inverse time-domain transient analysis is devised as a possible method of locating self-clearing, sub-cycle incipient faults in distribution systems. Simplified modeling and formulation of a fault distance calculation from a substation for ground faults in circuits is made using only the discrete voltage and current samples obtained at the substation. The formula in principle seeks to find the value of a line inductance to the fault from the substation by analyzing the transient waveform of phase voltage and current. In particular, in the equivalent circuit of the faulted system, the method applies voltage injection and superposition principle, obtains net fault voltage and current, and calculates the line inductance to the fault as fault distance. The steps for implementing the formula from substation sampled data are detailed and

illustrated, followed by validation test results with eleven actual transient faults. ETPL Optimal Integration of Phasor Measurement Units in Power Systems Considering GC-115 Conventional Measurements Abstract: This paper presents an integer linear programming (ILP) framework for the optimal placement of phasor measurement units (PMUs), in the presence of conventional measurements. Furthermore, by the proposed method, the power system remains completely observable during all possible single contingencies for lines and measurement devices. In doing so, the potential of circuit equations associated with both PMUs and conventional measurements as well as the network topology are fully utilized by a system of equations to reach the minimum possible numbers of required PMUs. The limitation of communication channels is also taken into account in the proposed ILP-based framework. The method is implemented on several IEEE test systems which have already been equipped with conventional measurements. The comparison between obtained results of the proposed method and those of other methods reveals its superiority in the modeling of robust PMU placement problem (OPP) in the presence of conventional measurements. As such, a smooth transition from the SCADA-based monitoring system to the PMU-dominated WAMS is ensured. Moreover, this method is successfully applied on three large-scale test systems, which demonstrates it can effectively be employed for robust OPP in realistic power systems. ETPL Identification of Critical Components for Voltage Stability Assessment Using Channel GC-116 Components Transform Abstract: Channel Components Transform (CCT) is a recently developed technique to decouple interconnected power networks. This paper aims to further explore the CCT and extend its applications. Methods and algorithms are proposed to extend its application in identifying the critical generators and branches of a network from the voltage stability perspective. The proposed methods are verified by case studies conducted on multiple test systems. This paper also demonstrates the capability of the CCT to work properly when a limited number of phasor measurement units are available. For this purpose, a strategy is proposed to determine the number and location of PMU installations that are sufficient to track the modes of voltage collapse and associated critical components. The proposed allocation strategy is examined through case studies of an actual power system. ETPL Application of Dynamic State and Parameter Estimation Techniques on Real-World GC-117 Data Abstract: The objective of this paper is to apply two dynamic state and parameter estimation techniques to real-world data. Dynamic state and parameter estimation can estimate equivalent generator internal voltages and rotor angles (dynamic states) during electromechanical dynamics. In addition, parameters such as the transient reactances and inertia can be estimated. A set of real world data recorded by Eastern Interconnection Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) regarding a generator trip event is analyzed in this paper. An estimation algorithm developed by Chow was applied to estimate the states and parameters of a transfer path. An alternative estimation method based on the classic generator model and swing equation is presented in this paper and applied to the real world PMU data with the aid of digital filtering technology. Challenges in real-world data applications are identified in this paper. ETPL Primary Frequency Response From Electric Vehicles in the Great Britain Power GC-118 System

Abstract: With the increasing use of renewable energy in the Great Britain (GB) power system, the role of electric vehicles (EVs) contributes to primary frequency response was investigated. A tool was developed to estimate the EV charging load based on statistical analysis of EV type, battery capacity, maximum travel range and battery state of charge. A simplified GB power system model was used to investigate the contribution of EVs to primary frequency response. Two control modes were considered: disconnection of charging load (case I) and discharge of stored battery energy (case II). For case II, the characteristic of the EV charger was also considered. A case study shows results for the year 2020. Three EV charging strategies: dumb charging, off -peak charging, and smart charging, were compared. Simulation results show that utilizing EVs to stabilize the grid frequency in the GB system can significantly reduce frequency deviations. However the requirement to schedule frequency response from conventional generators is dynamic throughout the day. ETPL Evaluation of Semiconductor Based Methods for Fault Isolation on High Voltage DC GC-119 Grids Abstract: This paper investigates methods for dc fault current fast interruption in high-power dc networks. A four terminal 1.2 GW dc transmission grid is used as a test system. The study compares four semiconductorbased devices for dc fault isolation: series hybrid dc breaker, half bridge and full bridge dc chopper, and LCL thyristor converter. The study considers performance of devices, costs and losses, and also application with larger dc grids. A hybrid dc CB has lowest losses, but the component sizing crucially depends on the speed of fault detection. It is demonstrated that fast communication between various devices in the dc grid is mandatory but might be very challenging. On the other hand, dc choppers and LCL converter component sizing is not dependent on the speed of protection, and there is no need for communication across dc grids. Additionally, they offer the capability of voltage stepping and dc cable power regulation. The LCL converter provides inherent fault current interruption and needs no overrating for dc faults. It also ives better efficiency compared to dc choppers. The performance of these dc breakers is demonstrated using detailed transient PSCAD simulation for dc faults. ETPL The Impact of Solid State Fault Current Limiter on Power Network With WindGC-120 Turbine Power Generation In this paper, it is aimed to investigate the impact of the various solid-state fault current limiters (SSFCLs) on several electric power networks with the wind-turbine power generation (WTPG). Distributed generations (DGs) are predicted to perform an increasing role in the future electrical power system. Expose of the DG, can change the fault current during a grid disturbance and disturb the existing distribution system protection. Fault current limiters (FCLs) can be sorted into L-types (inductive) and R-types (resistive) by the fault current limiting impedance. In this paper, a new SSFCL has been proposed. SSFCLs can provide the fast system protection during a rigorous fault. The act of dynamic damping enhancement via the SSFCL is appraised in the presence of the wind-turbine power generation. Hence, its efficiency as a protective device for the wind-turbine system is confirmed via some case studies by time-domain simulation based on the PSCAD/EMTDC. ETPL The Study of a Regional Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Negotiation-Based Wide-Area GC-121 Backup Protection Multi-Agent System

Abstract: Conventional protection relays, which use local signals to locate faults, are a poor fit to modern power grids when compared to communication-based alternatives. This article presents a novel Wide-Area Backup Protection (WABP) algorithm that uses information shared across wide-area communication networks. The WABP algorithm fuses and integrates information in a regional decentralized peer-to-peer negotiation architecture for enhanced effectiveness. Line decision-making agents (LDAs), focused on linefault detection, collect distance and directional protection information on both sides of a line. If LDAs cannot detect a fault locally, wide-area information that includes directional protection and line-fault states from neighboring lines is collected to locate the fault. The LDA considers the possible presence of relay misoperations, protection failures, and/or communication failures. Regional decision-making agents (RDAs) that reside in a regional decision-making device (RDD) in the monitoring layer of a substation can negotiate in a peer-to-peer manner without a control center. The RDA serves as the manager, coordinator, and message transponder for the LDAs. The design of the WABP is described including its architecture, workflow, and its agents' functions. Simulation scenarios illustrate the correctness of the WABP multi-agent system and the higher fault-tolerance of its response to misoperations, protection failures, and communication failures. ETPL Wide-Area Traveling Wave Fault Location System Based on IEC61850 GC-122 Existing traveling wave fault location systems employ the double-end method and do not make use of data from neighboring substations. If one of the data acquisition equipments at either end of a line fails to capture the fault transient, no fault location result can be obtained. A wide-area traveling wave fault location (WATWFL) system, which makes use of traveling wave data from various substations across the monitored network, is introduced. The WA-TWFL algorithm first identifies the area of the monitored network in which the source of the disturbance originated by analyzing the traveling wave propagation times using the extended double end method. Then, the faulty line, and the distance to fault, are determined using selected records from the identified area of the disturbance. This approach provides fault location reliability than the traditional TWFL algorithm. Traveling wave data models based on IEC61850, which supports open communication and interoperability between data acquisition equipment and the master station of the WATWFL, are also presented in this paper. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is proved using traveling wave data from an actual fault on a power grid in China. ETPL Using a Distributed Agent-Based Communication Enabled Special Protection System GC-123 to Enhance Smart Grid Security Abstract: Future smart grid capabilities promise to leverage network technologies to revolutionize the production, transmission, distribution, and consumption of electrical power. This smart grid revolution is more than just smart meters. Improvements in situational awareness are also likely to enhance security and reliability in power transmission systems. However, reliance on Internet-like communication networks also exposes vulnerabilities to increased risk from cyber-attack and other forms of Byzantine (i.e., anomalous) behavior. This article advocates the use of an agent-based decentralized protection system using peer-to-peer communications, reputation-based trust and a data retransmission scheme to combat malicious attacks and other Byzantine failures. The research presented used the electric power and communication synchronizing simulator (EPOCHS) federated simulation platform to demonstrate the added robustness provided to a special protection system in the face of an adversary by successfully defending against malicious attacks.


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