' \ ..l1) ( W'.

. I ,'A . .

.I PO R T 59,62 4 E

r6
! __ SURVEY OF BOUNDARY LAYER HEAT TRANSFER AT HIGH VELOCITIES AND HIGH TEMPERATURES

Er.tR. G;.

,'/t

vczrz

XEROX ,
-.

APRIL- 96
...
AA

TIIA1

I~~

1 nO

W!RI(TVT AMt

IDE;VI ;I,01)NIFNTI CE

Ell,., ]

Best Available Copy

\01i Rki"

h.r 'pet. fit ation,. or ipt her~ data are u-wi I r an%. purpo'&- ojt h. it C.4 -%r-Itnizril (r.i Ato X%. procurement iqwrat im tihe- U nited Slale-, ]o %%gih.1: deltii rtekI rela te4d '~ t'i 1 III ( -mii t14 , , . t-irntit-lt ;hertel-% vit. ur, tit t i.r nt'o'hlin.% obligatnion %ihatsioever.and t lie fac-t that ma lia~ t* fo rn itii-il. IltiraiLhed. or I.. a t:- %.i% tiipplied t he- zad d ma ng-, th~ ,~ er: mien: tu -pt .0 ti~~i. r other !.ji.i I, notl !, lit tegairdetd b Imvplicatioin or othi-rwise-as in an'. manner or p&-rminzion tor on t eving an%, rig li, ii4' or~ imrperat 4ion -i:Ile tht bo4 de, o r tii% otlher 14 :1: irte lre li~t or ,I%~z pdtit-nIt-! jr.%ezituio that Inai tin .ur,% v-w t ru-1hl&d therctc:,

~emrsirnnt

Quahnt-d reque---I-1~mi obtain t tpue.% of this, report tro: tht Armied Ser'. ices Tt-clnical nfntirniat1~AST'1'[ . Arlington Hill Statzon. Atington: 12. Virginia,

T h!, report 1hA. bet-, :iIV4-a.l

-;jsgto

01'tn vi~ Tfnn (- III A Ser it vs. 1 S' 25. 1) C . ,r -ale to the- genera- liituibct

I epart ment o" Cont-

('ories of WAJJC 7'.(.thnjcal Rteport., and Techilual Notesq :hould not be returned to the Wright
Air lDe~elopmriLnt Center unless return is required by- sticurits- consjderat ions. contractual obligat ion~s. oir nticiue ain a specific documnent

WAOC TECHNICAL REVORT 59-624

SURVEY OF BOUNDARY LAYER HEAT TRANSFER AT HIGH VELOCITIES AND HIGH TEMPERATURES

Ernst R. G. Eckert University of Minnesota

APRIL 1,960

Aeronautical Research Laboratory Contract No. AF .33(616)-5676 Pirject No. 7064 Task No. 70138

WRIGHT AIR DEVELOPMENT CENTER AIR RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT COMMAND UNITED STATES AIR FORCE WRIGHT PATTERSON AIR FORCE BAS'.
40XI -- Jt19.1meIE -- '91115

FOREWORD

This report was premred by Dr. Frnst R. G. Tekerrt, of Mecnanical

t'r,,:

-*or arat' ory, The

inpineering and Director of the Heat Transfer La

Ur'versity of Min.esota, under USAF Contract :r AF 33(6161-5676.

co-tract was initiated and aininiatered by the Fluid Dynamics Research Branch o' the Aeronautical Research Laboritory, '.right Air 3evelopment ^enter, arIght-Patterson Air Fcrce Base, Ohio, under Dr. R. Mills as branc.' Chief ani !r. E. Soehngen as Project Scientist, Project 7064 and Task 7"13e.

WADC TR 59-6U4

ALLTLACT

Heat transfer in boundiriy layer flow at high velocities and high temoera',ires is discussed, are presented. Report and engineering relations for its calcula'oin the subject of WADO Technical

A similar discussion is

5h-7u, published in 1954.

Aeronautical and space flight pushed the conditions undxr which

applicdtions have, in the meantime, heat transfer knowledge is temperatures.

impcrtant to much higher velocities and

This need for information created an intensive research reflected in the large number of publications IV this research, the of dissociation and

effort, whic-; is

contained in appendix ill of this report.

influence of very large temperature aifferences,

ionization, of low densities, and of chemical reactions on heat transfer

has been well established in its general features.

In addition, new

cooling methods, like transpiration, ablation, ir film cocling have been studied. The reference enthalpy method, introduced in O IR

54-70, and well established in the meantime,

is extended and generalised This

in this re-ort to include the ad"dItional effects mentioned above.

leads to Aimple relations by which heat transfer can be calculated with

an accuracy which should be s:'ficient for engineering purposes.

relations additionally hare the advantage that most of them a" applicable to arW gas or gas mixture; therefore, not only to the

These

reentry problem but also to heat trinsfer problems arising in rockets or other propulsion systems and in other applications.

5i

'I

W!EI

96I

TABLF OF CONTENTS 1 2 3 Introduction Energy BalaniceHeat Transfer to Solid Surfaces 31 Single Comoonent Gas 311 Flat Plate 3111 Constant Surface T'mperature 3112 Variable Surface Teamperatwre 312 Blunt ChJects 312L Stagnation Flow 1 3 9 9 10 U

16
21

22
26 27 36 38

3122 Swept Leading Sdges 3123 Arbitrary Shapes 3124 Separated Flow 32 T'issociation, jonization

4 Mass Transfer Cooling 4l Without Cnemical Reactions 47

,L11 Constant. Properties 1:12 Temperature Deperndent Prcperties 413 Tumperature aId Concentration neoendent Properties h2 .'ithChemical Reactionrs 5 Low .Densities 6 Transition to Turbulence 7 fP-operties Appendix i
Appendix il

48 51 53 56 61 66 i9 72
75

Appendix IIJ-I.iterature

76
iv

WAIE TR 59-624

LI1ST Fig. 1 Fig. 2 rig. 3 Fig. & Fig. 5 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. C Fig. 9 Fig. 10 FiU. 11 Fir. 12 Fig. 13 Fig. 1i4

F FIOUHfrS Page 2 15 1i 20

Heat balances on surfaces with various cooling methods Aurface-temperature variation .iatio of Nusselt numbe., on surface with varying texpersture to thusselt number on iscthermal wall. (from Lef. 113) Mlunt object in spers:-nic flow Variation of property parameters witn entialoy ratio Nomenclature for boundary layer equations

28 31 44

Dimensionles.5 enthalpy gradient ,n -ooled surfaces (from Ref. 213) Tem-erature and concentration profiles on catalytic am non-catalytic surfaces Reduction of heat transfer and recovery factor by mass transfer cooling (constant property fluid) Reduction of heat flow by mass transfer coling (from Ref. 4,26) Enthalpy profiles in a bu-dary layar with combustion Flow ranges in iiach-ikynolds diagram V..ccci.. t,, heat conducLivizy and specific heat of Air at 1 ata. pressure and in dissociated equilibrium (from Ref. 427) erantl number and Lewis number of air at 1 atm. pressure and in dissociated etilibrium (from Ref. 427)

50 52 57 62 68 70

ITAI

TR 59-62I4

LISI
c. specific .heat a.

F )MOLS

cow' ant pressure

hfila %a*t transfer coefficient

i
k a

enthaloy
seat conductivity t>arawter for velocity variatio-

Scoolant area mass f1tv per unit

q r * u v x y a h,BSC F I L Q T V heat flux per unit a-,&' rroterz factor

coordinate alon curved surface -, locity componeni in x or directton

velocity coapozent In y direction v.. )rdinmte along plano surfacm distingue from surface area con ta-ta function total enxthapy referepce length heat flux tempcrature velocity of liquid coolant, pressure gradient parameter

Sfraction

7
E _

paraeter for wall tmperature variation ngIe betwoen surface rormal and upstream flow direction

St4a.rature potA-,,tial

,ADc

rT 59-6:!h

vi

(k

Viscosity streaft fc tiot,

Sdensity Z7 shear stress

Dimensionless earameters: D St Cf
Pr
z&

Musselt number S*.anton mumber friction factor

Prandt] number ach mnber Sckuidt nw lewis number recovery factor Subscripts: wer

Sc J4 r

c ch co e g i o r rad 9

coclant chemical convection at outer edge of boundary lyer gas in solid wall, entbalpy initial, stagation point recovery radiation so"id

t
V

total
at wall surface

x
*

based on x
at reference condition

WA!IC TP. 59L62lh

ii

1. INThfDUCTIU1I k.ectronic computers have radically influenced the extent and kind of ae s:-tical work which is today pei.!ormed in connection with engineering developments. Analyses -which a few years ago were sTill

considered much too tedious and time-consuming can be done today in a comparatively short time. Fowever., regardless of the tremendous help

which the computers offer to engineering desigve, there still exists a definite nred for simple relatiow which can be used in hand calculations. ouch relations aze needed for preliminarxy design work, or they are also useful for more extended calculations on electrunic computers if the heat transfer is onl a small part of the total program. Ihe purpose of the present report is to present a s-wvey of the field of heat transfer from gases to surfaces at high velocities and high temperatures, situations as they occur in aeronautic.3! engineerimg in the development of high speed vehicles like missiles and satellites or in space flight. Simp.e relationships are presented or developed

with which heat transfer can be calculated with an accuracy which necessarily is limited, but which should be sufficient for nomal engineering design purposes. The discussion of the field and the

relations which will be presented are kept general so that they can be applied not only t. external beat transfer on vehicles moving through the atmosphere o' omutearth, but also to other gases at other temperatture and pressure conditions. Ln this way they can, for instance, be used to
t

make calculations on heat transfer in ataospheres as

ney exist on

other planets or to heat transfer in the nrozles of rockets through which combustion gases of various comoosition rm exhausted.

'.ATr, -,R 59- 624s

bA

low
__ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __

402

.1

Heat Wamawes on surfaces with varicus

TADC TR 59-J2h2

Coolinp

me' hods

A similar wuxvey wajs zide it, 1954 and hus been publiis.oed wider the title "zurvey on Heat Tranmfer at High Speeds" as WADC TR

5h-70.

The present report can be considered as an extension of this one considering the changes in the c ndition& as they have occurred in now

engineerin. development and of advances in our knowledge reported in the inxr-;ening years.

i3search hi the field of heat transfer as it is contained in this

report has been very intensive during recent years. 'Lb Appendix to

this report contains a collection of pertinent literature, and a special attcwt %zs made to make thi,: listiag complete and up-to-date.

2, SURGY). BAWiACES apecial cooling methods like man transfer coolingp transpiration
coC:ling, or ablation cooling an frequently used in recent engineering applications. Parameters which lescribe heat transfer to surfaces cooled

by zuch meLhoda, like recovery factors and heat transfer coefficients, are defined in various ways in the literature. It is therefore neceseary

to introduce in this chapter the parameters which will be used In this paper. The discussion will start with an energy balance on a solid

surface, and then proceed to surfaces cooled by transpiration, film, or ablation cooling.

Figure la indicates a solid wall with a surface w.

An energy

balance can be set up for this surface expressing the fact that the amount of heat leaving the r4rface per unit time on the fluid side ,must be equal to the amount of heat entering the surface on the solid side. Heat will leaye on the fluid side by conduction and by radiation. Heat

WA1Yr TR 9-A2h

".L'v'er .'n :
;r2-s r'aCt reds:
k

li

5sije by coriducti,,n.

i: equaLi<,n which states

r q

"

= kw

k2-1)

>n this eu'tLon, k k

inlicates the heat conductivity on the gas side, T is the gas temiDeraturs)

the heat coiductivity of the solic material.

Tw the tempeeature of the solid wall material.

qrad indieav'es heat

transferrod frtn the ".21to the s.rrom,-ding by radiation, aml qw the heat conducted from the intericr of the solid wall tc the surface.
y indicnte: the dircction normal and yi on the solid side.
t

o the wall surface on the fluid side

Beth are counted positive in the direction

away from the su rfaceo

The temperature which the wall surface assumes when the heat

conauction into the interior and the heat loss by radiation are both zero, 1s called its recovery temperature, Tr: -1:w 2 -Vr) &w a r) wen qW :0, qr :O 0 (2-2)

i indicates the enthalpy of the gas.

V*e heat flux by conduction in

the gas to the wall surface is conventionally expressed through a heat transfer coefficient hp unich is defined by the following equationt

k" (-h(?

T -r)

hi(iw - i)

(2-3)'

In Reference 12.0 it has been demonstrated that it is advantageous to re-definu the heat transfer coefficient by referring it to enthalpies i instead of to temperatures. by hi. This heat transfer coefficient is denoted

In this way, simple relations whion nave bwn obtained for a

ccnatant property fluid can be Used to describe heat transfer with good accuracy ifC the properties of the fluid, including its specitfi WADC TR 55-624/ 4

heat, va_7. widely.

xqua:,on (2-3) indicates the - finiti,,n of the heat Te

transfer coefficient referred to entnalpiea on tne right hand side. eneMy balance as contained in equation (2-1) may be re-written in enha :-.es in the following way: h(i(
i

- i,)

+ qr

(2-4)
Fgure lb

-4ii1 now consider the tr-aguspiraticn coeling process.

indicates a porous wall through which a coolant gas is floving.

A beat

balance will again be made stating the fret that the sam of all heat fluxes leaving the surface w of the transpiration coolec wall -=st be n te .all towaid its equal tc the sum of t: e heat fluxes travelling -surface. ITe following equation describes this heat balance:

Two additional tets appear in this equation because a stroea A of

coolant gas continuously passes the wall surface w. Heat 's carreld

in the w:all by convection towari the surface, and on the other side heat leaves the surface by convection. The two correspomding tezrv

are the last ones on both sides of equation (2-5).

velocity of the coolant gas, cp is its

A Is the mwo
is the It may

specific beat, and T

temperature with which the coolant gas passes the surface w.

be observed tilat the convective terms cancel on both sides of the equaLion, and that in this way the equatiou siplaifies to:
h Y (iw "rqrad : (2-6)

In this equation, a heat transfer coefficient h, --as been introduced to

describe the heat flow in the gas to the wall by coadbee.tion.

It is

important to stress that this deflnition of the heat transfer coefficient

WIA!r TIR 59-62I45

will be used in the present report.

Ir..he literature, the heat transfer

coeffici6nt is sometimes defined to describe not only the heat flow by conduction, but also ths convective contribution -c.-ording to the

follou;.ng equation: h
It

aT
= - k (5)+T )

Ac~ T

is fowd, how.ever,

that the definition as used in equation (2-6) is

advantageous because the hear transfer coefficient defined in this way depends on a smaller number of parameters. Ile heat flux by conduction

can again be referred to an enthalpy difference instead of a temperature difference. The definition in equation (2-6) wi.ll, therefore, be used

in this report. For steady state condi ions, it is often advantageous to make a heat

balance net for the surface of the wall but for a control volume as

indicated on the right hand side of Figure lb.

Also indicated in this

sketch are the various heat fluxes which leave or enter the conirol volume.
w.

One surface of this volume may coincide with the wall surface
arranged so that it

Un the coolant entry side, the surface is

includes the boundary layer which also exists on this side of the wall surface. In this way, no heat transport by conduction will occur through

this control surface, since it is located cutside the boundary layer. The following equation states the heat balance:
h (i

- 'r) +

, + ~rad

Ai

cw+ qtr tr

(2-7)

icw in this equation indicates the enthalpy of the coolant gas as it passes the wall surface w, and ic, indicates the enthalpy of the coolant gas on the entry side of the wall and outside of the bouIdarv layer. qtr indicates a heat flow which nay leave the control vollme in a

AIC fl 5,9-624

__

_ ___ ___

____

___

___

__

___

___I

direction parallel to the wal.l surface w.

LquatioL (2-7)

.hs

the

advantage that the various terms appearing in it accessible t measuz.nent.

are relatively easily

In the ablation cooling process, the heat flux from the hot gas to
the wall surface is such that the wall material sublimes and is gradually
carried 4way with the gas strew. gradually recedes in 'e* surface of the wall j n this way W

Ato direction towards the wall interior.

consider a heat balance for the interface between the solid wall and the gas-this means for the surface which gradualiy recedes into the solic .m't.rial. Ac..-rdirgly- a :"ass flow occure through this s-rface if the enthalpy of

whose magnitude per unit time and area may be A.

the subli,%ing wall material in the gaseous state and at the temperature of the interface is indicated by ig, then and at the same tem-erature but

in the solid state by ia,

the heaL balance for the heat fluxes

through such a surface can be expressed by the equation:

hi iIhe euthalpies

irJ+
and ir

%ad+i

: k(.

+ Aie

(2-8)

used in the definition of the heat transfer

coefficient hi will be discussed in more detail later on in the paper. 'rne equation can be simplified to the following fern if the heat of

sublimation 1

=i

- i

is introduced:

, Tw
hi Uw -ir) + qad+ #ig5 k (2-9)

In some cases, the solid wall material is not sublimed but first molts and then evaporates into the gas strmai.
for this situation if i is

iqeation (2-9) is still valid

interpreted as the heat of evaporation,

WADC -,R 59-624

and when the equation is used to dercribe the heat bala &ce on the interface between the liquid film which covers the solid wall and the gas.

"the

ablation process may ala" be affected by some chemical reaction In this case, the heat released This term must

between the gas and the solid material.

by the chemical reaction has to be introduced for 2.

also include surface dissociation or surface recombination if it should occur in the actual process. A quasi-steady condition often occurs in an ablation process in which the temperature of the interphase is constant and a teamerature field whic) e,.ws nnt charge its thape noves with constant velocity into the volid material. For such a condition, it is again advantageous to as indicated on the right

write an energy balance for a control volum hand side of Figure ic.

One surface of this control volume coincides

with the interface w of the ablating material; the other surface is parallel to this interface but at a sufficient distance so th..t the tenperature increase occurring in the wall by conduction has not yet reached this point. he individual heat fluxes leaving this control

volume are again indicated in the figure, and it is assumed that no heat will leave the volume in a direction parallel to t1e wall surface. The foilowing equation then holds for this heat balance: hi(ki - ir; + qra i ig+ j = iso (2-10)

is the enthalpy of the solid wal material at temperature TO.

If the ablation process occurs as a melting and evaporation, and if

indicates the fraction of the ablated material which leaves the

control volume in liquid form, then the eq.ation describIlig the heat balance is:

"7AlE; m

9-6h8

h.r(i

) +q

+ 3

i 1so + .-

If

so

(2-U)

If i6 Lhe vnzho'oy of the

liquild material ledving the control volume.

.he balance equations contai:.c: in this -ection have. to be used in connecLion with other relaticns, for instance, one which Uescribos the heat cormbiction process in the solid material for the various engineering calculatitons. A prerequisite of their use is a knowledge of the heat

transfer coefficient ana of the recovery tempemrature or enthalpy. Their discussion is -he subject of tne following chapters of this paper.

3.Anx ;&

Ud

AZ

&O&iAL)D SJ.FAQC.

31. SINGLE COi OIL;T GkS Heat transfer to a gas of high tem.perature is influenced by the fact that the gas maV be par;ially or completely dissociated or ionized, and that the degree of dissociation changes throughout ,i. Lo-,vU.rxy

layer when the temperature of the surface ezcosed to the flow is different frtm the temperature of the gas. Such effects may also occur if a gas

with a relatively low temuerature flows with very high velocity over the surface, because the gas is then heated within the boundary layer by internal friction, and the increased temperature may again cause dissociation. !he influence of much factors cn heat tratser will be An the present section,

discussed in the next section of this report. such effects will be vsglected.

It is therefore assumed that we deal

with a si:gle component gas, and that no dissociation or recombination in the gas occurs as a consequence of locally varying teuperature.

WADC IR 59..624

311. ,at

-lae

Heat transfer to the -urface of an object exposed to a high velocity flow de-ends -.,i the shape of this object as well as on the flow field to whi:,.' it is exposed. une geometry, which has been investigated

very extensively because it can be treated theoretically in a simple manner, is a situation conventionally referred to as "flat plate." ib

define as a "flat plate' situation one under which a plan. surface is exposed to a flow field with locally uniform velocity and flow direction. It is assumed that the flow velocity and, as a consequence, the pressure are also constant along the outer edge of the boundary layer which exists along the plane suriace. It is further specified that the boundary

layer is so thin that the p essure is transsitted without change to the surface of the plate. .his flow condition can be set up experlmea-

tally with good approximation in low velocity flow when the Heynolds nuwmr is sufficiently high. In supersonic and hypersonic flow, the

boundary layers are usually thicker and, as a consequence, a siock wave is generated by the boundary layer ahead of the plate. As a

consequence, the velocity and pressure vary along the outer edge of the boundary layer and also along the plate surface. The teoperature,

which is also con-stant along the outer edge of the boundary layer for "flat plate" flow, varies locally whore a shock is created by the boundary layer. In the present discussion these effects will be

disregarded, and the condition which has been mantioned above of a locally constant pressure and of a constant temperature or enthalpy along the outer edge of the boundary layer will be specified. In this

way a standard case is created for which simple relationships describe the heat transfer. These relations can also be used to approximate 10

iADC IT 59-624

Wi5

conci'ions

n sl.en,.er cbjects -. n supersonic flow when the regi:,n near excluaea, and when the actual velocity, pres-ure,

tne leading edgei is

and tem-eriture at the -uter edge of the boundary layer are invroduced. fhe;c ,may be considerably different fron the values in the free Atrv.am. 3111. Constant zurface Temperature.

hven under the situation not uniquely ibed.

which has Just been defi.ed, heat transfer is it still

depends on the way in which the tenperature on the plate In this uaragraoh it will be assumed that the influene of a local

surface varies locally. surface te.,rnvrature

is l-caL-y ecvnstant. .the

variation of this tempera.ure will be discussed in tle fl1lowing paragraph. if the fluid to which the plate surface is exposed has constant then heat transfer

properties (independent of temperature and pressure),

as well as friction are described by simple relations which uere derived

fur a laminar bounaary layer a long tie

ago, and whick have been Similar

experimentally verified to a high degree in the meantime.

relations fron experimental results have been developel for a turbulent boundary layer. ibe'e relations are customarily expressed in dimension'The recovery temperature

less parameters defined in the following way.

in equation (2-2) is expressed by a dimensionless parameter r called

temperature recovery factor and defined the following way:

Tr "

,, a- _

(3-1)

oe

11Is the veloc-ity andYY~ the static teztparatuare at Lhe outer bound~ixy
layer edge. The hieat transfer coefficient ix. equation (2-3) is nber expressed

by the dimensionless ,ussel

7ADC TR :9-621

ii

l
k

(3-e)

where x is the distance from tne leading edge measured alung th surface, or alternately, by another oue called .Aanto number bt where q is the density and c of the fluid.

pi.-e

h Jcp ue

(3-3)
-

the specite heat at constant pressure the shear r

wel

In scm situation

which the flow exerts The

at the plate surface is of interest as

as the heat transfer.

local shear is determined by a dimensionless parameter Cf called friction factor:

"Forlaminar
friction fQwtor2

flow conditions, the following relations express the izssclt npber, Stanton number, and

temperature recovery factor, the

Pr is the Prandtl nuaer of the fluid.

M
F a

0.332 (F,) /3 F

(3-6)

is the Foynolds unmmber and J

the dynamic viscosity of

the fluid.

St 2 0.332/(er)

2/3

Y1

(3-7) (3-8)

e: 2 .66J4/fi

It can be sees that the following rel-tion exists between the Stanton aher and the friction factor:

St a ( u/2)(Pr)

- 2/3

(3-9)

For twbulent flow, the following relation was found from experiments to describe the temperature recovery factor: --A!' nR 59- 6 2IA

22

r = 3 jr
The loc.z

(3-1)

frictiois factor has beeni desc:.ibed by various analytic si3!ne enc is, for -,nstance. tI.e equation developed by

-x:,ressic .s.

(log1 6"iieI
it has ailso been fouxnd that the relation between itanton minber and friction factor ini turbalent flow is pra.ctical.y the jame as for laminar flow coznditions, sc that equation ',3-9) holds for turbu'ent flow also.

F'ron this relation it follows that the Jtanton number for a turbulent bouniary layer on a flat piaie Is deccribed by the following equation:

St .
(logi He) 2.54 (P) 2/3

(3-1.2)

F'or real Zser, it has beep. found that the properties are not constrnt but vary wi.th ta,.;-.trature. as indepandent of pressure dissctiation are Prclude4. specific. het c in refert:nncr 1 ha:, cai., however, coonsidered

.s lung ai excessively hi.h pressures eand Urtier thiz coaditinn, a-A as lrng as the

cpca be consider~,d constwit, it hab been established that the relations ziven in the preceeding paragraphs

foi v. cc-astant property fluid still describe the akctual heat transfer arA f-icc on wutri. good aecur:.cy when :the properties h-,zpearinM in all of
.

these relatiemships are intr--ducel into vionle relatimns at tenperatur described by the following equation:

reference

T =
Th--- sec-nd term xA thii iexI.stinr

.S equti

T.)+

- TC)

(3-33)

can be expressed by che kJach numbar The

in the ft1* a. the outer edge of the boundary layer. 13

',ADC M. .'-V-624

equaAi,.:i then

i.he if~lowing forn which is sone'tirm.-s more conven-

icn., for an evaluation: Se + o.50T 7is

-

're) + O.22r

I-- a)2 T

(3-14)

the r2tio of specific heats at constant pressure and volume.

".1hen the

temperature variation within the boundary layer is

so

large that the specific heat of the gas varies considerably, then th'. better procedure is to base heat transfer calculations on enthalpies

instead of on temperatures.

Ln tais case tfe definitions, as given on The heat

the right hamd side of equations (2-2) and (2-3), are used.
tr-nsfer coefficient hi is nmber or a Stanton exp'e'.ed is

dimensionless form as a Uusse3t

"

b,er:
_

X-S

. hi

"

F 'Re

The relations (3-5) to (3-12) can again be used to describe these new parameters. -the properties appearing in these equations are now

introduced at a reference enthalpy inztead of a reference t",prature. The following eqaaticns describe the reference enthalpy"

Se+ o.5(w - 'e) + o. 2( i ie +

Yie) - (_)2

(3-16) (3-17)

o.5(iL - ie) + o.22r!e

Zne abore procedure based on a reference enthalpy and on constant property relations is tuday in widespread use and is usualdy referred to as reference enthalpy method. Its accuracy has been checked by ocuparison with the

results obtained by boundary la5er solutions for a laminar boundary layer and for air as the flowing nedium. Agreement within plus/minus

4% has been found for stream ten'eratures between W00 and 800R, for usll temperatures between 00 and 2000&R, and for Mach numbers up to 16 (Ref. 110). WADC TR 59-624 It will be seen in a later section that the method still 14

Surface- temperature va~riation

WADG

Tat 59-624

.L5

5.s vawjd even if

disso3Ci,,ton or chemrical reactions occur within the

boundary layer.

F'or +'is zvas-n, the discussion in this report will

xgreement is also

mairlDy be based on the re:Ner,.,nco, enthalpy method.

good with measurenents on turbulent heat transfer in the Mach number range which have been covered up-to-date. It is also reasonable to

expect that the relations hold witl good accuracy for a gas diffe:.xnt from air. 1112. 4ariah e eTemperature. ihe various methods which

have been uevlooped to calculate hoat tra.m fer tce a surface with locally varying temperature have !lready been discussed in reference 110. A simplified procedure which al!-ws the calculation of heat

trend fer to a wall with prescribed varying tenmperature hau been developed in the meantLrie (Ref. 113). TIe procedure approximates the actual

temperature varlation by a succession of straight lines end, in this

way, 3i:.plifics the calculation to a suwnation process. disuussed In connection with Fig. 2.

It will bo

This figure inicates an

arbitrary variation of tne temperature potential 4 : T - Tr, which

is deteraining the heat transfer according to equation (2-3). i~he

surrace of length x is subdivided into a number of partial lengths

A x of equal dimensions. The temperature pctential at the positions

Xo X10 X2, x,. .. Xn is denoted by 1%), 419, t_,..DO

The following

equation can be used to calculate the local heat flux qcw, 0 o per unit time and area at the position x,, and a very similar equation allows I calculation of the total heat Q, co transferred along the platf surface between location U and Y.

WADC TR 59-624

16

(3-18)

a
1a0'2
h. is

1
-

.1 Ij2

22

(3-19)

the local heat transfer coefficient and his the awerage cue b is

for the saie flow condition but for a constant wall. temperature,

the width of the plate normal to flow direction.

The following equation

can be used to calculate the isothernal heat transfer coefficient:

h s:i C(.k/x) Re," i'r/

The exponent n is flow. equal ).5 for laminar flow and equal 0.3 for turbulent A, B3 C, Al, B', C' cobtainod in these equations

The constants,

are listed in Table 1. The last e-',mticn represnts Vv' average

heat transfer coefficient when f is replaced by C'. TABLE 1 B' C'

A'

Laminar

J.695

0.490
o.635

0.332
0o.12

0.696

0.432

0.664

1/,4 1/2
1
Turbulent 0

0.837 0.,0
0.792
0.991

0.S72
0.538
0.117

0.469
0.56O
0.0296 0.982

0.478

0.0370

The condition m a 0 applies to flat plate flow. parzatarr

The values for a

different from 0 apt.ly to flow with pressure gradients and this report. w-ith a

will be diSuMssed later on in

Ebcisting methods for the calculation of heat tr.nfer

"WATR

),.9624

17

M3O

Io

Ratio of Nusselt nnuber cr surface with varying temperature to .usselt number on isothersal wall. (from Ref'. 113)

WADCC TR

9- 621s

locally varying surface tem:porature ossume a fluid with const:.nt

properties or a fluid for which the oroduct, density times viscosity, is a ccnstant. same zs.-rption. he presented ap.)roxilation, therefore, is based on the it checks the results of ca..culations --erformed with

the other methods within a few per cent. For a fluid with variable properties, it is proposed to comtlne

the method presented here :ith the reference enthalpy :zethod of the preceding section by introducing properties at the reference enthalpy into all of the relations appearing in the equations. nxpte-iments

iander condita.is where the wall temperature vries widely, and where the temperature differences in the boundary layer cre sufficiently

large are rnoextenzite enough to check tne accuracy of a calculatim made with *he prposal jtst .&ntioned. 7he influence of a wasl teriperature variation on heat transfer beccmes significant only whien the temperature variation is large relative to the tenperature ,vtential. a first estimate of the :idluence of a

wall tenrerature variation and a decision whether it has to be considered

in a deternination af the heat transfer can be nade ":ith the help of

Fig. 3. c rdfber ae

In :h;s figure, the actual .Msselt number d -ided by the jssnlt isothernLvsurface wir i the same local tenperature l noal emperature he

difference is plot.ed over a carameter I s

variatio:i is assumed to fol-ou an exponential law z indicated in the

figure trith the value I as exponent. The curves with the parameters

n a 0 apply to flat plate conditions and eurfes with a finite m value t- flows with pressure -radientswhich will be discuad later on. It

may be observed that the influence of a xem-erature variation is considerably l.'ger f,,r laninar flow conditions than for turbulent flow. WADC TIR 59-624 19

ISI.nt obj's-ct ir. suOvrso-ii" flow

WADC -RI 9-62.1,

20

For turbulent flow it is only necessary in very rare cases to make a correction for the tonperaturc v-.riaticn c, ",v-al coefficients. heat i--nfet

312. Blunt Objects

Larly develo-nents in high speed flight were concerned with objects of very slender -hape. IThis was done in orde) Wo decrease the drag and In

the power required to move such objecter tnrough the atmosphere. new ;evelcpcnts and in astronautics, on the other hand, interest

usually centers zround blunt objects, because drag is of minor imporKance. iometines drag is even dezired for a reduction of aerodynamic heating. Such an object flying with hypersonic velocities finds ,:onditions in its

surroundings as sketched Li Fig. object as a thin sheet.

created.

. A bPV-,uay layer envelopes the

Outside of the boundary layer, a shock is

In the bac, of the object the flow usua]ly separates, so that

the region behirA the i'earward surface is filled wiih a :low containing strong irregular vortices. quite low.
In moving through the shock wave, the air loses most of its kinetic energy are- converts it into internal energy. As a consequence,

The density in this region is usually

the 1zyer betven. the shock and the outer edge of the boindary layer is very hot. Tbe cr.:.ditions at the outer edge of the boundary layer

which are required for a calculation of heat transfer to the 4-rface can be obtaimed with good accuracy from the so-called Newtonian Fle approximation for nach numbers irbater than approx~itely 5. It is

found that in this care the shock wave is quite close to the surface of the object. Correspondingly, tMe velocity eiw.-ner.v. nomal to the
21

"`IATC Th

9-6Z)

,.

,-

_b

t.

.:c.Ten-

ccnz.ieratI.)n

twen

t.

tc :-

'::

:.iati.':1 t'eeen t::e pressure Pe bhind the

sPr'ck equalto -:'. -r -sure at tne .al. surface ac-crding to b.i: layer t~rec.-i an= t'ne pressure p-, and velocity u, in the

upstrea. area kanead of tne sn ck): Pe u Cos c02 2 (3-2j)

E is the anzl" between t:,e s-rf.:e nor:nal and the upstrean flow directicn. boe niar. &he velocity and -.emperature alo:g -..e outer edge c" the aayer c;in then be founr --ith tk.e assumptiun that ,e flow

expands outsiae ane buunaarj layer izentrosically frt:-: at stagLn-ion -nt to thL local prtssu.e Pe"

the pressure

,-is intrvcuces an error

whdich becwes larrer witn inoreasi ng di.tanc.e frmm t:,c stagniation point, becz use .:e air entering the boundary layer at so-ne dist.ance from the

stagnation point actual y crossed the shock -ave at a location where the shock is inclined tc%-a.-ds the upstreuan flow direction. is, however, lisually snall for blunt objects. 3121. -tarnation Flow. in a limited region close to the stagnation .t.,s error

point, it is founm that the flow velocity increases li.early with distance fro., the stagnation point. Ihis region is referred to as

"stagjation point region", and heat transfer in this region can be determ.ined by exact solutions of the boundary layer equations. in such a regi.n is almost exclusively laninar. The flow

The dimensionless para-

meters describing heat transfer in thib region are aviin described by the equations U3-15). ihe term x now indicates the cistance from the

stagnation point measured along the surface of the object in flow direction; ue is the local veloci tv of the fluid at location x and just outside the boundary layer. A M ,,-6 The recovery enthaiTy
.

in the

stagnation point region is in t.-e upstream.

prazticallyj

p"al to the total gas .nthalry

,in stagnation point flow, one has to distinguish 3s it occurs, for instane, around the

betuwtLr.% two-dimensional flow

front part of a wing and between rotationally symnetric flow as it usually exists around the nose of a misslle. The first situation will s "rotationaly

be referred to as 'plare stagnation flow" and the second Mvatric stagnation flow".

ior a constant property fluid and a

lami ar boundiary layer, the following r--Iations desctribe beast transfer for these flow conAtions: plane stagnation flow rot. njm.
The first

MA

o.57o(P)'* Y-2& BOA (3-22)

*A'= second

4 -2

stagnation flow

Ik = 0.763(Pr)o

one of tin.a-e relation

wais obtained by Squire.

one follows from the first expression by M~angler's transformation.

It

S=3

also directly calculated by X.

-Sibulkin. For a fluid vith

variable properties, the reference enthalpy method was again found to describe heat transfer conditions With sufficient engeineev4 acCUrq.

'Thi was pointed out by A. Anmig (ar. 296 and 297) by coariso of
results obtained t-th this method with exact bowzar7 layer solutions. It will be once more demonstrated here by a compariaon of the refereane

en'thalpy method with a relation which has been obtained by Fay and

'-ddell (Ref. 124).

Te following relation is contained in Reference

12.1 for a constant irazdtl lber:

.- ).67

(3-23)

The index w in this equation indicates that properties are to be introduced at the conditions as they axist at the vfl. A'.;om1din to

A) ccording to R. bichhorn
VADC TR ,o9-624

23

F? 5

0.2

fr...5e
/0

20

30

40

50

Variatiron of Droperty parameters

with enthalpy ratio

ADC TR 59-624

24

the reference enthalpy method, the properties have to be introduced into the constant pronerty relatiots at a reference condition. plane or rotationally sy exists: NU* For either

tric stagnation flow the following relation

717
The constant C in this relation has different values for plane or
rotationally sym.etric flow. .Ihe referv
h

enthalfy at which the In the

propurties have to be introduced is

given by equation (3-16).

mighborhood of the stagnation point the velocity is viry mall, and the difference between the recovery entbalpy ir is is negligible. and the static enrthe.py

C-rrespondimly, equation (3-16) can Ie almplified

to the rolloving expression:

"e
L1*

ie
c:rL sec, at

ratio of Aisselt to saeare root of zaqolds nrer

reference condiTion can be written in the following way:

If both parameters are, on the other hand, determined at well condition, then the following condition holds:

i cayarison between the equations (3-23) Ud (3-24)

Is Made in Fi. 5.
T expressions
Lim euations

7he ratio of f,4 at strem and at wall eondi to"e, as used b, F*a and Riddell, is shown in the lower curve of this figure.

presented by the two upper curves are the ones appearing i

,A1C 7R9J-624

25

(3-23) and (3-24).

The fact that these two curves 2.1mo t coincide

indicates that the reference enthalpy method leads to practically the same result as Fay - Riddell's equation.

3122.

Swept leading Bdses.

A considerable r.,duction of recovery

temprature and heat transfer on the stagnation line of a cylindrical object nccuvs when the cylinder axis is inclined under an angle smaller
A shock surrounds the

than 90 degrees toward the upstream direction.

front part of such a cylinder, wten the upstream velocity is

supersonic.

At the stacnation line, the velocity component normal to the cylinder surface is reduccd t: zero. 11e velocity component parallel to the Its

cyli~nsr axis, however, is maintaixwd outside the boundary layer. value may be U. ihis velocity cnminent is rnaintai:ed in the

"stagnation flow region", whereas the velocity component parallel to

the surface but normal to the cylinder axis increases again linearly with distance x (measured now in a plane normal to the axis).
for such a flow situation have been reported in the literature.

.jnut 4 -ns
For a

coauctant property fluid, heat .ransfer coefficient and recovery iaetor

can be again calculated from equations (3-21) and (3-5)-when the

recovery factor is defined in the following way:

ra
To is and T

TrTot T -X

the total temperature in the gas outside the boundary layer,

indicatus the static temperature at the stagnation point outside 2 the boundary layer (T0 o - LIa ). The heat transfer coefficient

A 2c

is defined with the temperature difference Tr - 1j. component gas with variable properties, it

For a sing2t

is demonstrated in Ref. 417

that equation (3-21) (converted to plane stagnation flow) represents

WADC TR 59-624

2b

the results of boundary layer solutions within 4A in the range of

pWaasters whtch is of practical interest, provided the heaL lzrjnsier

coeff3cient and recovery factor are tased on enthalpies instead of temperatures. It is argued in Ref. 417 that this should apply also Fma the comparison in

when dissociation and recombination occur.

Fig. 5, it is evident that tht, reference enthalpy method ai,.d aqiat'ene (3-5) and (3-21) describe heat transfer to the "tegnation region of a yawed cylinder with the same accuracy. U212. Arbitrary &st~~. The flow over a trunt object is connected vith pressure

laminar Flow.

gradients along the surface which influence the develolment of the boundary layer and of the friction and heat transfer at the 3urface. An exact solution of the differential equations describing bouxdary l97er flow is under such circastances very tedious, because, even fer plane or rotationally symmetric flw, it means the solulAon oi partial differential equations in two independent variables. As a conse.qence,

any approximate procedures have been proposed which circumvent this difficulty. Twse amethods have to be evaluated according to the ease One

with which they lead to results and according to their accuracy. which usually is especially siuole is based on the aacirption of "local similarity".

This method was proposed for the first time by All. ag. R (1931),

Falkner and Skan (V. F, Falkner and S. W. Skan: 865, Aeron. qss. C-oa.

Aep. a. can. 1314 (3.931)) for the calculation

of skin friction and by zekert and Drevitz (z. kkcert and U. hrewits: LtaItfahrtforschung, 22(1942), 189) for the calculation of heat transfer.
kWa

extetosions have meen described since that time.

The discussion

ADC TR 59-624

Pig.

Nomenclature for boundary layer equatio.ns

WATE TR

59-A24

28

in this section will mainily follow a procedure sutested by L. Lees (Ref. hLt , because it is relativeL- simple and can be applied I.r plA134
as well as for rotaticnally synetric flow. The method will be

somewhat modified to incorporate the reference enthalpy procedure. The differential equations which describe steady laminar boundary layer flow of a medium vith variable properties are;

0
(U

r
(3--6)

aPe+
-

The equations are written in a coordinate system as indicated in Fig. 6. The syebol s indicates the distance measured in the flow direction along the surface from the stagnation point, y the distance from the surface, and r0 the distance of the surface point under coraidere Ion from the axis of rotation. The index e indicates conditions at the outer I is the symbol for the total enthalpy in The equations in the above form are For

edge of the boundary layer. the flow (1e " ie + !!!).

applicable for planse as well as for rotationally symmetric flow.

the first situation, n has to be set equal to zero; for rotationally ayemetric flow, n is evual 1. It has been shown by Dorodnitsyn, L.

Howarth, C. R. Illingworth, and fi. Stewartson that the equations can be

brought by a transformr.tion of coordinates into a form which closely

resembles that for incompressible flow of a fluid with constant properties.

in addition, W. Mangler demonstrated that the equations for rotationally symmetric Slow can be made to assume the fonr WADC Tft 59-624 29 of those for a plane flow

by another transformation.

L. Lees combined both transiormations by

the choice of the following independent variables:

r!j d(3-28)
ge Uero
(
7

3-9

If, in addition the stream function which is introduced to eliminate equation (3-25) is written in the following form

then the above system of bounaary layer equations transforms to:

(Cf'')'+

ff"' a. +E4I

_ (f')1
....

_0

(3-30)

(S.

g') I+

Pr Ie I C a

[2C(l

f
2

'.o
d.

The following notations have been used In thio equation: 9 P p

A prIin indica*Ad differentiation towards stream function y

The a.suned form of the

on which the derivation of the equations (3-30) and

(3-31) were based restricts the boundary conditions to which this equation can be applied, A detailed discussion of this point is Specifically, the

contained in the original paper by Lees (Ref. 438).

soethod of local similarity postulates that the local flow conditions on any point of the ourface of a body wi+h arbitrary shape correspond with good approximation to those of a flow with being e constant and having values corresponding to the actual local condition.
1

and

-e 2

Solutions of the boundary layer equations for this condition are available for certain cases. For a vanishing Mach number which causes tbe

WADC TR 59-624

30

6,71

0.4

0.4

0.8

1.2

ILiensiordles. enthalpy gradient on co:led surfaer (C'rc Re.:'% 213)

";'A-C :

59-624

31

last term in equation (3-Ui) to disap ear, they have been worked out by z. and ickert and 6. drow-n .ji
Le = conotant,

susociates.

For a gas with rrandtl a 1

solutiona have been obtained by S. Levy (Journ. as well as by Cohen and Reshntko (Ref. 66).

Aeron. Sci., _4(195b), 459), For

er : 1 and Iu a constant, the equations in reference 66 become

identical to equations (3-30) and (3-31) when the parameter

P in

based on Mach number instead of stream velocity corresponding to the relation: Ma d-3

.. k.

A~L(3-32a)

The last. term in zq. (3-31) vanishes again becau-e of the condition er a 1. Fig. 7 has been taken from the solutions obtained by Cohen and

Reshotko and indicates the dimensionless e*thalpy gradi3nt at the wall surface plotted over the pressure gradient parameter temperature is assumed constant in these solutions.

The wall

It can be o' se-rved

to be a characteristic feature of the dimensionless enthalpy gradient that it varies only moderately with the pressure gradient parameter

. Especially for small values of the parameter iI.,

variation becomes quite small.

the

A small value of the parameter

Vi/Ie

refers to a condition when the temperature of the surfi.ce is mall as compared to the temperature in the stream outside the boundary layer. Such a condition is usually found in hiigh velocity engineering applications since high velocity flow is generally connected with high temperatures, a:id since, on the other hand, the wall temperature cannot exceed a limiting value determined by the strength characteristics of the material. WIAfC Consequently, Lees proposes to neglect The dependence

96k32

,f the dimnsionless enth.ipy gradient on trn

pressure kriaent for

such conditions and to use an averege value equal 0.5. The local heat flux per unit area into the wall warface can then

be expressed in the following way"

(g

er0-5o)

The factor (Pr)/3 was added in the last term to account for rrandtl numbers soeehat different from one. Is .. i The enthalpy difference

will be replaced by the difference between recovery and wall

enthalpies ir - ifor

the same reason.

For a highly cooled wall, tc::;.rature,

where the wall temperature is much lower than the recW,-this is a suffieiently good approximation.

With the definitions of a

heat transfer coefficient,usselt numer wad a Reynolds tamer:

a,A M.

ouo.L eo(

(L... reference length, o refers to condition at stagnation point outside the boundary layer) the following oqnations are obtained from the above

relation for the wall beat flux:

Jkw~,L = 0.35
F(s) a
-o

113(335 F(s) Qr) US (4-,-"-

(3-36)

r/L

f0
0 eo
33

r aftO~ ,O L
Li

2/2

TR m;59-624

____ _

____

___

__ ____

WiQi

these e.,uatins the local heat flux along the surface of 3 blunt

,ibjecL can be calculated as soon as the variation of de-sity, viscosity, and velocity outsile the boundary layer and along the surface is kre,. How to o0tain these values has been aiscussed in a previous section. reference lergth--for instance, Any arbitrar* length can be selected a.s the largest dimension of the object. The methc-d = outli-nd up to not h"z the short-coming that it is

based on Fig. 7 which hoids only for a gas with the product, density times viscosity, equal to a constant. Fbr a gas with other density and

viscosity -tlations, errors may be introduced as will be demonstrated by calculating the heat transfer :,cefficient for the stagnation point

region of a blunt object with equation (3-35). hold for rotationally symmetric stagnation flow: n1, ue -CX , r0 : s

The following relations

In addition, the density and visacsity variation in the close neighborImod of a stagnnticn point con bec neglected ( f e 2fo' eMe
3a

,J).

Squatiun (3-36) can tLhen easily be integrated, ana the. follmIng result can be obtained:

1/2J

/2

Introducing this relation into the above equation for the Nusselt
number results in:

cph
V?

L j'o

(L)/( a

1./02o

ue 1/2

2/3

Fif,
0

The equation can be re-written: WA!JC TR 59-6?4

34

O7O(Pz)

?V

L-u-4!-

0,O70(Pr)IT

A compar.son of this lat

expression with the equaticn obtained by Fay

and Riddell f cr stagnaticn point flcw and listed cm page 23 indicates that equation (3-35) will not properly describe the heat transfer condition for a gas in which the product dcuaty times viscosity foiloS a relat: on 'wich is different from a constant. ation by multiplying equation (3-35) with -Lo the relat!cm for a gas 'with to modify the method t Cjoast. in Ref. eto corrected this situwhich does not change uo

.37, it is propoeed

combining it with the referenoe euthelpy procebrr.

The ec*cation (3-35) Is replaced by the folloming eation

Me - .5'*s

Pv*

ROL

(3-37)

in which Nusselt and Prandtl n

sas well as F(s) are referred to a

reference oondition as described by eqatiors (3-M-6) eW (3-17) and based an local conitians at the uwface point Mider c Msderation. The fumutcn F (s) is defined as f &o L II

F(a)

It is shown in Ref.

.3? that the proposed method awees very well with

bowaxwy lamer solutLcna and wparmnts reparted in Ref. 188. A fUtMer extension of the method is tentatively propeced f or altrvation far Shich the ratio I"

is not wall as oompesPI to 1.

In this Se

a value wMLch replaces the constant 0.3' in eWaation (3-37) can be read a-,W TH 59-624 35

cff Fig. 7 fcr the appropriate value of the pressure grad ent parameter P
.

This later parameter is obtained from equation (3-32a).

zelations

are developed in References 213, 125, and which are even eas.ier to

evaluate than uquatlorm (3-36) and (3-37).

It is to be expected,

however, that the =ethcd presented in this secticn. can be extrapolated with more confidence to situation- &Dart from the reentry, problem. Lurbulent Boundur Laer. Approximate methods similar to those used for laa-nar boundary layer f-ow baht also been developed for the condition where the boundary layer has becorf turbulent. There methods have been discussed and Ageement amon/

recently compared in References 345, 419, and 435. the various methods is still rather poor.

It has, however, been found

that the influence of the pressure gradient on beat transfer is less in a turbulent boundary layer than in a laminar ose. (3-1) Use of equation

describing heat transfer on a fiat plate gives a fairly food

anproximat- n for turbulent boundary layer on a blunt object when the

velocity ue appearing in the Stanton and Heynolds numbers is interpreted

as the local value outside the boundary layer, and when the distance x in the deynolds number is interpreted as the distance s cf the surface point under the conbideration from the stagnation point measured in flow direction along the body "urface. 312 u. .eparated f'low. Heat transfer in separated flow regions

like the one !zketched in Fig. 4 is still very incompletely understood. This region
1.

either more or les5 stagnant or filled with a regular

circulating lamimar flow or with a turbulent flow containing irregular vorticity and of an unsteady, fluctuating character. IYA!)C TR 59-62Ia 36 "4ichof these

flow situations occurs devends on tne .eynolds

numuer.

In a constant

property fluid, heat transfer to the surface of an object border' W on the separated region may be smaller or larger than the heat tran5'er tc the iront portion which is covered by a boundary layer. ibe most

extensive information is available for heat transfer in flow normal to a ly _ L i.ci-cu2le uross-suction. it has been found rhat. fr a minimum at the seynolds numbers,

.ieynolis numbers up to 10 the local heat transfer is rearward stagnation point of the cylinder. At hW ,er

a max4sum appears at the rearward stagnation pcint which gradually incre.ase, and for Reynolds nambers beyond approximately 50,000 the

heat transfer coefficient on the rearward portion of the cylinder it as large as the one on the front portion. with further increase of

eynolds number the heat transfer becomes larger in the bLck portion than in the frunt portion. ior high velocity flow of a compressible influenced by another

fluid, heat transfer in the separated region is factor which tends to decrease it

relative to the values in an

incompressible fluid,

it is known that heat transfer in forced con-

vection depends mainly on the uroduct of density times velocit., and

in high velocity floi. the density in separated regions is usually conbi,;erably smaller than the density alcng the forward portion of the object. Core.spo:dingly, it was found that heat transfer coefficients

in separated regions of objects exposed to suuersonic flow are quite

small as compared to heat transfer in the front portion. They are

usually of the same order of magnituce as local heat t.ransfer coefficienzs which exist on the object just upstream rZ the point of separation. For sufficiently small Heynolds numbers for which the flow in the

WADC TR 59-624

37

zeoarated region exhibits a steady regular circulation of laminar character, heat traas.. coefficients were recently obtained by ana~lysis (References 51, 205). For higher Reynol&-s iimbers where

the flow exhibits the irregularly fluctuating turbulent character, heat transfer coefficients are only obt.ainable up to now by experiments and a pecdr to be very senAt~ive to the pcrticular sh~oe of the object which iL exposed tc flow.

T1he discussion up to now was concerned with&

si*1,Wle cc.oonent"

gas; tlhis means with a gas i-n which no changes in chernic-, corn-osition occur. in reality, the teierature increase occurring in high This is especially

velocity flow is often so large that the gas dissociates.

true in the regions behind snock waves on objects like the one shown in Fig. I. i'be surface temteratures of the objects are general.Ly
much lower, and therefore & temerature drop in the direction towards

the surface occurs in the boundary layer.

Accordingly, the dissociated

Tc which degree they

atoms recombine again within the boundary layer.

can do this depends on tho tiLt which they have

vailable.

It is

convenient to study two limiting cases which must bracket the situations as they artually occur. uns limit is a condition in which the recom-

bination rates are very fast compared wiLh the tUme which the molecules or atoms need to change location in the boundary layer by diffusion and convection. Accordingly, thermodynamic equilibriFlvwil be established

at sch point and the dissociation within the b'nundary layer is determined completely by the local te,-eratures and pressures. The other

limiting situation is encountered when the dissociation rat-.. aem ver,. slow

WaM '? 5Q-62h

38

compared with the diffusion process,

in such a jase t-bi molecules will .

not find sufficient timc to recom.bine within the boundary layer its fnat concentration field of the atoms is the cvndition at the wall. recej,,bination established depends then on then the

&Ihen ti. wall is catalytic,

of atoms occurs at ths wall to such a degre that equilin tU, gas a& that point. The renibimed mole-

ibr ,iu is agin esta-'"c

cules diffuse away from the wall.

On the other hand, the atres have

to diffuse towards the wall, and this diffusion 7rocess determines the
concantration profile within the boundary lkyer. hand, 'he wall is If, on the other

not catalytic, then the recombination rate will be

slow even at the surface, and the atoms will maLuaiu the concentration
which they had outside the boundary layer through the whole region up

to the gPf-

of the object.

It might be expected that the heat transfer to the wall of an

object in high speed flow is influenced strongly by thi- dissociation and recombination process. that this is not the case. A closer inspection, however, will show For this puroose, we will consider a gas

consisting of atoms and molecules of the same species and at first determine the equatior i which govern the heat flow in such a dissociating and recobining gas. cause a heat flow: first, in this situation, two processes

the usual thermal conduction process, and

secondly the diffusion process of the atoms and molecules, because in this process the particles carry along their enthalpy. ihe equation

de: cribing the beat flux q in such a fluid with a gradient of temperature and coucentration in y direction reads:

-y

DA 'A

dwi it 6

k in this equatiot, denotes the heat conductivity (exactly the parameter dete.rmining the transport of energy according to the translational,

rotational, ond vibrational degrees of freedom).

DA is the diffusion is the

coefficient for interdiffusion of the atoms and molecules, i

energy of dissociation per unit mass of atoms, and wA is fraction of the atoms in the gas.

the mass

khe equation therefore is written The enthalpy of t"

in mass fraction rather than in concentration. molecule-atom mixture is

described by the following equation:

dizcP d+
in which c

A: A

(3-39)

again denotes the specific heat at ccnstant press-r9 rotational, and vibrational degrees of Iatroducing this relation

comprising the translational,

freedom, however, excluding che.ical energy.

for the enthalpy into equation (3-3a) gives for the heat flux the following relation:

This equation can be simplified by introduction of a dimensionless parameter called Lewis number and defined by:

k
With the Lewis number the equation for the heat flux reads:

qp 2
The Iewis number for gases has a value which is not too far from one. Therefore., a good approximte information on heat flow under the

influence of dissociation can be obtained when the condition in a gas with a lewis mnmber equal one is considered. For such a gis, the heat

W;,flC 1? 59-624

40

flow equation sfrplifies to:

q a
it

jL di

cp y

(3-42)

c-k be seei'. that the OquAtion for the heat flow is just as siWpe Ihe only differene, is cauced by the

as for a single component gas.

fact thatlin thfj enthalpy gradient describing the heat flOw, the chemical energy (ewrgy of dissociation) has to be included. other hand, it On the

should be kept in mind that the heat conductivity and but only the pure

specific heat do not include the chemical energ gas energies.

One has to distinguish those properties from 'the ones wohich often ane listed in reference workse

includiag the chmical energ

A more detailed discussion of this difference will be given in a later section. Equation (3-42) indicates that the heat flux is alowe, and that it does

dependent on the enthalpy gradient in the p

not matter at all whether the t2ansport in detail ii tion or by difftsion.

caused by conduc-

This already indicates that the heat flow does An example will Let us consider

not depend on the degree of dissociation in the gas. explain more clearly what is meant by this statement.

for this purpose a gas layer with finite thickness b and let us simplify the actual conditions by assuming that heat conductivity and specific heats are constant. In this case the equation can

innediately be integrated over the thickness of the layer, and the following equation results:
q

Ii

b
iw and ie denote the enthalpies at the two borders of the layer, The

notation is used because the layer may be considered as a crude model

WAPO TR 59-624

41

I
of a boundary layer. i w then corresponds to the enthalpy of the gas at the solid surface, and i. to the enthalpy at the outer edge of tht
boundary layez. This enthalpy i is prescribed through the concentraThe enthalpy il at the wall

tion of atoms and thrcugh the temperature.

surface, on the oTher hand, depends on the recombination conditions at the surface. if the wall is cataly-tic, then the concentration of atoms

is equal to the equilibrium concentration which belongs Wo the temperature and pressure of the wall surface. At a prescribed wall is also

temperature and pressure in the boundary layer, the enthalpy i a fixed value, and this is

s3 regardless of the fact whether the atoms

-

recombine within the lays- itself or not

in other words, whether

equilibrium or frozen state or any condition in betv:een exists within the layer. This then indicates that te heat flux to the wall at

prescribed wall temperature and -rescribed conditions outside the

layer is a fixed value and independent of the ch,

process.

o- b gticn

if,

on tne other hand, the wall is non-catilytic, then the heat

flux depends on the condition for recombinatien within the layer. For equilibrium state the concentration within the layer is everywhere

equal to tne equilibrium concentration belorffing to the local temperature. Correspondingly, the equilibrium concentration is established at the

wall surface by the conditions in the gas itself, and the heat flow will be again the same for a catalytic wall. If, on the other hand, then the

the recombination in the gas is negligible (frozen state),

concentrations will be uniform throughout the whole laer of the gas and will also not be influenced by the presence of the wall. case, no transport of energy by diflusion occurs, In this

and only the first

WADC TR 59-62h

42

term in equation (3-38) is active for the transport of energy.

For a

constant heat conductivity this term can again be integrated and givis:

q=

T"-To b

It is clear that the hoat transport in this case will be less than when diffusion is present.
'rho ratio of the heat flux q. in a froier state

gas and At a non-catalytic wall to the heat flux % at a catalytic wall c-,- be expressed in the fulluwlng way:

Note that c only containe the trw..slationals rotational and vibrational p energy, whereas i contains additionally chemical energy. In a boundary layer, the energy transport by conduction and diffusion is z.till described by equation (3-345). to be added the transport by convection. To it, however, has

Numerous os" Tulati.ons have

been performed in which the laninar boundary layer equations have been solved for the determination of heat transfer in a high velocity air flow undur the presee of dissociation and recombination. corr*sponding reports are listed in the list of references. Riddell (Ref. 12) The

Fay and

investigated the heat transfer in a rotationally

symetric stagnation flow of air and arrived at the statement that heat transfer at a catalytic surface J s obtained from the corresponding equation in a single component gas by multiplication with the following factor:
I

(Ian

iD io 43

WADC TR 59-624

--

--

A- 71

Temperature and concentration profiles on catalytic and noncatalytic surfaces

7IADC TR 59-624

If our relation

3-37) is used then the follouing equatioie ib obtained

which describes heat transfer in rotationally symaetric stagnal.lon flow of a dissociating air bour-.ary layer: Nu* =0.70 (r*) b13

Sindicates the energy of dissociation per unit mass of the gas consisting of molecules and ato=s, and iO is the enthalpy of the
mixture at the stagnation poInt and outside the boundary lTyer. The

exponent n was du*ernined to have the value C.52 for equilibrium state and 0.63 for frozen state within the boundary layer. a value 0.5 had been found. For Go'ette flow

't can therefore be assumed that the

exponent n depends only modera%61y on the specific flow situation and that the above correction factor can generally be used to obtain heat transfer in a dissociating or recombining gas. The Lewis number in air

for hypersonic flow conditions is expected to assutme w;1. s htween I and 1.5, and a consideratiop of diffusion and recombination may give an increase of the beat transfer up to approximately 20 per cent. the c#her hand, for frozen state in the boundary layer and a noncatalytic wall, a possible reduction of the heat transfer parameter to one-third of the value which it would have if the wall were catalytic was calculated by Fay and R.iddell (ef. 12W. This On

calculation was made fo." a flght condition as -it mW occur in the re-entry of a missile. Frozen state in the boundarf layer has been

assumed, and this requires that the flight occurs at very high altitude. Fig. 8 gives a schematic sketch of the variation of temperature and concentration through a boundary layer; once for a catalytic and second for a non-catalytic surface.
w?"lC q? 59-624

The teU.erature profile in the

45

boundary layer is essentially unchanged by the surface cundition. the other hand, the concentration is uniform for a non-catalytic

V.n

surface and decreases to its equilibrium value according to the lower

surface tempereture for the catalytic surface. 6nertry transport is

affected by the temperature gradient alone at the non-catalytic surface and by tihe concentration gradient and temperature gradient at the catalytic surface.

4~. ft"S 9LA"SMF~ COOLING

ihe general equations which describe the teoerature -ondition in a solid vz1 and the heat 1lux to the ;urface of such a wall under the influence of mass transfer cooling have been discusbed in chapter 2. In the present chapter up are corcerred only with the process within the boundary layer itself, which determines the heat transfer coefficient,

Correspondingly, the term m&a transfer cooling will be interpivied here as ircompissing all cooling methods by which a mass flow away from the surface and into the gas stream is generated, regardless of the achieved.

specific method by which such a mass flow is processes like transpiration cooling, liquid film cooling, and so on.X)

It

includes

sweat cooling, ablation cooling,

The coolant which in gaseous form

moves away fromstKe surface of tha solid object is usually of a substance different from t~he fluid wuvirig in the outside flow over the surface. Correspondingly, the Mass transfer cooling process will, in

x) The interphase between liquid and gas in fim cooling moves along the su'7tee. The velocities of ths shear flow in thG l14Mid film arem, hovever, so small that their effect on the gas boundary layer Is negligible.

WArn TR

59-624

46

addition to ',6 paramtters occurring on a solid Purface, depend on two

new Paraneters : on the amunt of mass released at the surface and on

the nature cf "-u coolant g".

AccordIngly, it

requires a much larger

number of ealculatiune or experiments to obtain the required knowledge on the mass transfer coolivg process. This is the reason w 1:- still our a.-es.Gmnerally, it

p.esent day information on mass transfer cooAli

cowpared with that on hbat transfer on a solid surface. is found that a mas flow ava fro

the surface reduces hoat transfer.

The procedure which appears best in the light of the remarks mde above and whi.ti today has been quite generally accepted ts to calculate het transfer on a mae cooled wall in the followig mW: T heat transfer

on a solid surface under equivalent flow conditions is calculated and this heat trans.for coefficient is then mtltiplied with a correction factor which describes the reduction obtained cooling process. This procedure wi

hir

the mass transfer

be used In the following disceusson.

la. WITHOUT CH-iICAL RhMWTOItS In aany apolications, the chemical species released at the mrfa' will roact with the cononents In the outside Cas flow. in thbis section winL assa Ths discussion In

that such reactions do not occur.

addition, it will consider," o

the one hand, the gas In the outside

flow and, on the other had, the mass released from the surface " Aingle components. This is admissible as long a, each of the two

components consists of species whose properties differ coupartivelU little. We are therefore concerned with the &ass maovment ty nomection

and diffusicn of two components In a gas mixture relative to each other. It will be am that this process has often a prmourzed effect on

,ADC TR 59-62h

47

heat transfer.
following order.

The discussion v.ii

At first

again be carried out in the

a mixture of two cuopoennts will be co,--;.zred

with pmperties which are constants (indepenent of preafutr, temperature, and composit-on). As a vext rtep, the propeAies of the

mixture will be considered to depend on temperature but not, on coposition. Such a situation is q.d.te often mpproxisated in actuai In a third steop, the properties -ill w.rd on cnuposizion, and in !a

mass transfer cooling processes.

be considered to depend on teamperatre addition

,o be widely different between the tvc conaoats. it

recent investigations,

has beon fomud that gases uith low molecular

weight appear to offer special advantaies as coolants for a pass transfer cqoling proclss. Aince the properties denend ensentially on

the molecular weight, such a situation has created interest in the infuence of large differences in pr,)perties between the coolant and the outside gas on the mass transfer cooling process.

bll, Constant Properties The boundary layer equations for flow over a surface with mass release*gre the same as those describing the velocity and temperature fields on r solid well. The only change occurs in the boundary normal to the surface is

conditions where a finite velocity v now prescribed.

Solutions of the"e equations for laminar and turbulent

boundary layers uith mass transfer cooling have shown that Stanton number or Husselt number describing the local heat transfer coefficient depend on the following parameter

"?ue
Wa'C -FR 59-624 49

when the mass A released per unit time acd surface area varies inversel prcportianal to the expression X u e '-. The exponent n has the value

aituation, the boundary lqar

profiles at different locationyz ie

similar.

goat transfer coefficients obtained from these saularity for a determination of beat

solutions are often used as aoproximationz transfer even wb different fm pocedure is t*

the was flow d~tribution over the surface i~s one on id,-ich t h ca-Ljla.,,on was based. 7U:

analogous to the vithod of "local sintlarityO which has

been applied in Sectorn 3123.

that, the infuene of a speciflc

F'or turflent flow, it can be expeted

sum relae ditribution on heat

transfer is comparatively call. influence may be considerable.

For laminar bounday layers the Howeer, little Information In avail-

aaa from which its magitude can be eeimiated. The payameters say be brought to a foam which is Identical for laminar and turbulent Stantons number
3
-~'-(4~-2)

eow when the

Asyaolds nmber is replacod by

Tue santon nguher St. der1bing beat teansfer on a solid surfs" under the same boundary conditions (ewtpt v : 0) is used f2r this pesmeter in the preeent report. C. J. Soott demonstrated additionally

that the results of ealmlatlow on heat transfer in laminar boiniar layers with pressure gradientm can be brought to near coincidende when the parmster (4-2) Is changed to

fus

Ste

I(4-3)

WAM TR 59-424

__o

*A

16.

4-1

-c

lATE IR59A

50

is the pressure gradient parameter as usea in Secuion 3123.

It has

the value 0 for flat plate flow, 1 for plane stagnation flav.. ac. :.I fo: rotationialy symmetric stagnation flow. For turbulent flow, P-- 0 moould be a good approximation eve when pressure gradients &I,

present.

Pig~rq. 9 preq-nt* the Mst.40 kWha ot UM actual beat trantsfor

coefficient to the one on a solid surface under the saw outaide flow

conditions as a fuanetion of the mass releatkv paate

ga&with Pr = 0.7. It m be observed tha the

(L-.3) for a

va&sz for flat pate

flow and for plane stagnation flow agree quite closely in this presentation. The figure also contains the ratio r/r. of the actual temmetre recovery factor to the one on a solid surface for laminar flat plat*

flow.

Knowledge of the recovery factor is of minor buvrtance in

mass transfer coolizW because the difference between total gas temeratur* and wall temperature is usually large cmpared with t'- difference between total gas temperature and recovery temperature, an ezoz- in

the recovery factor then has little influence on the calculation of the heat flux. I12. ropertieg Delendent on Tomwerature

It has been damoutrated in Reference 4i25 that the results of nrous laminar boundary layer solutions for flow over a flat plate 'g. 9, when

agree with the constant property relation presented In

the blaoing parameter is changed to the following form suseted t~r

j. A. Baron:

'"kC TR 59- 6 24s

52

04
0.2
0 0./ D. .3

AAI
Reduction of heat ^1ow b," imass tranfer coolinp (from Ref. 426 ) olADC Tfl59-624 52

.4

1his paramter can be transformed in the follovaig way:

O-e ~e r-1
solid surifa

'WVYM.11 e

This indicates that tae rule proven so successful for beat transfer on s, nweiy, rhaz properties should be introduced at a

reference teaperature applie. to the mass release parmeter as well. The naraneter can again be generalised by iotft c the StantuA It can be

nruner and by addition of the pressure gradiant pareseter. expected that the paraxet'?r

(4~-5)
qUs St 8
correlates heat transfer coefficients for laminar boundary layer with pressure gradients and for turbalent boundary layers (sott"ng: 0). Fig. 9 can than be used to calculate heat transfer in fluid with

temperature dependent nr, perties Wien the properties in the mass release parmter are introduced at reference toenrature or reference enthalpy. The referece state is calculated from equation (3-13) or

(3-16).
1L13. Properties hMendeat *A LeMa!tLu and

gositIoM

Fig. 10, taken from Reference 426, presents the ratio of the actual heat flux q at a mas transfer cooled wall to the beat flx SWaich the solid wal would have under the same flow conditions, plotted over t"e moo release parster. It has been found that the resulta

of various calculations correlate on these curve& with reasonable accuracy. The notation on the varic-s cures indP ae Tha first ter given the naturm of gas, at

the two compoent mixture.

',a crolaz"

WADC TR 59-62h

53

it can be observed that the outside flow over the surface was air in all cases. The various curves represent with good accuracy the rasults

of boundary layer calculations on a flat plate with a large range of Mach numbers, wall temperatures and free streaa temperatures. It can

be obeerved that the curves arrange themselves according to the nolecular weight of the coolant. in this way it is rAggested to

consider the molecular weight of the coolant as the main parameter determinig the coulaaL effect in the &ass transfer process. In

Referenct. 426 , it has been found that the various curves in Fig. 10 can be epressed by the followUW equation:

ande
tarmerature. air ad

denote the density and viscosity of air at reterawe

a in this equation indioates the molecular weight of The s3rw equeattn

Me the molecular weight of the coolant gas.

describes the ratio of the actual wall shear on the transpiratiou cooled wall to the shear which would exist on a solid surface under the sma flow condition wham the constant is changed to a value of 2.08. bference 368 for the ratio of heat

A similar relation was obtained In

transfer coefficients in a lianiar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate. The exponent on the molecular weight ratio in this reference

was found to be 0.4 for laminar flow and 0.6 for turbulent flow. Reference 425 gave 2/3 for the exponent 1/3 in turbulent flow. This result and the

generalised paramter

(h4-5) can now be used to obtain the relation

M
W~b =13,-/4

? U*s-t

(4_*7)

C has the value 0.73 for laminar ad 0.37 for tu

ulent flow.

WAfC 'FR 59- 6 24

54

e exponent n

1/

for lainar and 2/3 for turbulent flew,

rroverties for air at reference temperature have to be introduced for

Sand in St.*. The ratio h

of heat transfer coefficients is not

quite identical to th.e ratio q/qs of heat fluxes because the recovery
temperaturc on a selid w teiperatu, _s ta! n,- hat difft-ent from te recovery In the boundary layer

on a mass transfer cooled wall.

solutions on which equation (h-6) is based, thi: diffei'ece is very

small. This has already been pointed out at the end of the preceedirw

section.

Reference 426 contains information in Fig. 4 on the

recovery factors of transpiration cooled surfaces.

Equation (4-7) is a relation which represents results of

analyses and experiments available today with an accuracy which is sufficient for engineering purposes. However, still it should be rembered

that the range of information to date is

restricted, and that

correcULions to this relation may have to be made when more information becofts available in the future. There are, for instance, some

indications from calculations presently performed at the Naval Ordnance

Laboratory that the molecular weight is actually not the only pprsmeter
to describe the behavior of a specific coolant. It may well be that

in the future either other properties have to be considered in the

relation (4-7) or that a procedure will have to be used which considers

all the properties of the coolant gas as well ap of the gas in the outside flow as, for instance, a reference concentration procedure. Shch

a reference concentration pic.edure hic bacn prooo~d in Reference 43 6 . It should also be pointed out that equation (4-7) is based on analyses

and cxperiment~s in all or which the surface was impermeable to the one component of the gas mixture, namely, to t h6 t in the ,utaide

WATET R 59-62h

55

flow.

A different situation 'Issometimes exAcountered,

for instance, hc a

wthen' a ch-ei'~l

e.c1

taa i..4 -l-

at ti-1 ~

the oxygen receesary for the reaction has to be transported thrcugh the boundary layer toward the interface on which the reaction occurs, and the relation between the mass flow pLaieter and the local concentrations of the two compcnents will be different from the one considered in the previous analyses. This may also have an effect on

the reduc.ion of the beat tran.fer coefficient.

42.

WITh CH&IIC4. RUCTIONS

A mass transfer cooling process is often connected with chemical reactions when it oecurs at high temperatures. These reactions change

the temperature field and the properties, and influence the heat transfer coefficient and the heat flux to the surface. of chemical reactions on beat transfer will at first Thi-. n-..:nce

be discussed on a In

simplified model which was considered in Reference 115 and 160. this reference,

heat flow to a surface in flat plate and in plane laminar

stagnation flow was considered when a steady, two-dimensional,

boundary layer ewists, and when the flow velocities arm sufficiert:y low to make dissipation negligible. It was assumed that the surface carbon or bwdrogen) The

releases a mass ; and that this mass (for instance,

reacts with the o3ygn of the air stream moving over the surface.

fluid properties are all postulated constant and having practically the same value for all components of which the air and the combustible material exists. Scbmidt mber and Prandtl number have the value O.'g The chemical reactlzn 'stes is

whic, means a lewis number equal to one.

are assumed to occur very fast so thet the reaction prccess completely diffusion controlled.

Chemical equilibrium may be close

WADC TE 59-6214
I

56

iI

Enthalpy profiles in a boundary layer with cc.bustion

-'AnC TR

^-A'2h

57
4

to complete comustion.

Fig. 11 shows as an example of the results

of this calculation the enthalpy profiles plotted over the wall diazance y. lhe wall temperature is assumed prescribed. The full

lines irdicate the enthalpy profiles for various Mass release rates. The peak in the enthalpy curves coincides with the location of the flame front within which the ccmbustion occurs. For very small mass

release rates, the combustion occurs right at the surface, and the enthalpy profile is the lowest one iadicated in the figure. Beyond

a fairly small release rate, the combustion front lifts

off the

surface and moves with iwcreasing release rate more and more into the interior of the boundary layer. The enthalpies presented by the full

lines constitute the sum of the sensible heats of all the cormonents of which the gas is composed. if the chemical anergy which can be added, then the dashed witnm...

released by combustion of the local oxygen is

curves are obtained which indicate the total enthalpy profilef the boundary layer.

These total enthalpy profiles have exactly the

same shape as the en'thalpy profiles for - constant property fluid without combustion and with the proper mass release rate provided the enthalpy at the wall is equal Iw and the enthalpy at the outer edge

of tne boundary iayer is equal to the total enthalpy at that location. Sensible heat and chemical energy of possible reactions have to be included in the latter value. From this statement it becoMes obvious

that the combustion process occurring in laminar boundary layer flow of a fluid uith constant oroperties and Le = 1 is included in Tts

effect on heat transfer when the heat flux is calculated with equation (2-3) in which the enthalpy at the outer edge of the boundary layer comnrises chemical energy as vell as sensible heat. 7he ne;,P

WAlE TR 59-624

58

tranof(r coe.fficient

cun bo Iet.tsrnned from equ"'tion

(3Q6) and (4-7).

This procedure apr,,i.3 to a situation in which the oxygon content at the su-face is zero. When the oxygen content at the surface is

diffe:.erit from zero, then the chemical energy corresponding to this oxygen content must be included in the enthalpy of the gas at the wall 2'irface. 1he explanation for thi5 behavior can be obtained by a reconsider-

ation ef Section 32 and specifically of the development which led to

equftion (3-42). dissociation. The discussion in that section was concerned with It may, however, be applied in the same way to any 4quation (3-42) then

chemical reaction within the boundary layer.

indicates that the heat flux normal to the stream lines at Arq Moint within the boundary layer is determined by the gradient of the total enthalpy comprising zennible heat, kinetic energy, and chemical

energy, and that it is immaterial for this transport whether it occurs aP conduction of sensible heat or as diffusion of chemical enthalpy. In Fig. 11, the transport of total enthalpy is purely by conduction along the enthalpy oumrs in the region between the flame front and the wall; it is by diffusion as well as by conduction alcng the dashed

part of the enthalpy curves in the outer region of the boundary layer outside the flame front. L. Laees developed in Reference 432 the laminar boundary layer equations for plane and rotationally syimetric flow of a two component gas mixture with chemical reactions and with mass transfer at the wall. The c)ntinuity and momntum equations are the same as eq,,ations (3-25) and (3-26). The energy equation is:

WADm TR 59-624

59

+I

71Y. total enthalpy I now contains chemical energy in addition to sensible beat and kinetic enery. D is the diffusion coefficient, wi the mus

fraction of the ith cmponent

enthalpy of the ith component.

f (irunning

I to 2),

is the

The last term in the equation disanoeare

The fact that equations

when the Lewis umber is equal one.

(3-29),

(3-26), and (4-8) are

not

different there from those for a gas mixture

indicates that the velocity field and the

without chemical reactions,

total enthalpy field are not influenced by any occurring reactions. This holds for a mixture with constant properties and also for a gas with constant and constant rwben the presure along the surface The last statement is easily verified by inspection of

is constant.

the equations (3-30) and (3-31) which are the transformed equations

(3-25),

(3-26), and (3-27).

f)r

z constant, C has the valae 1, "he equations are then The enthalpy gradient at to

ond for constant pressure

is

equal to 0.

the equations for a constant property fluid. the wal

surface determines the beat flux into the vall accordii

equation (3-42).
The following rule for a calculation of heat zransfer In ma." transfer coolizg and with chemical reaotions follows from these considerations: Ove calculates the heat transfer coeffizient frow

the relations in the preceding section, for instance, with equation (4j-7). The heat fluX to the eurface is then calculated using the

right hand expression in equation (2-3) and interpreting 4-it enthalp..s

WAXTE 59-624k

60

as total enthmies con.aining seusible haat. kinetic eeam

, and

chemical enertr corresponding to poasble reactions within the bouyjazy ler, procedure holds strictly for gases with constat Tis l Pr: 1, and constant pressure wd

properties or with ft = constAt in a= sa casm for Le = 1.

It should be a gQod approxiation when Pr predur. at

Le are wt too different frm oz* and for moderat

gradients, especially when properties are again introdwc. reference entnalpy.

The

mass release rat

ia thich la required for this

"alailation

has to be obtained from overall balancos. sublimation proces,

in an evaporation or

for instance, it is fixed bt the enru balance relation betmeen ovaporation

in Chapter 2 together with the thermodaami

or sublimation temperature and the pressure or partial pmasnre of the released substance at the surface.

In the discussion up to nca, the fluid involved was considered to be a contijmu. in reality, gases consist of individal molecules

and this structurs makes itself felt at low densities which, for instance, are obtainsd in the flight of an aircraft at very bigh altitude. The p;.rameter which determines whether the molecular

structure influences beat transfer and friction is the Xmadsen nmberz

K:

(5-1)

indicates the man molecular path length and L denotes a characterThe flow in a boundary layers

istic diaension of tim object involved.

WA1G. TR 59-62h

63

Iid
k-3 _ _ I

WAPC TM 59-612h

62

for instance, can be considered with good accuracy to be continuum flow when the ratio of mean molecular path length to boundary layer

thickness has a value Which is small a- compared to one.

With

increasing Knudson number, the moleculer structure makes itself felt at first in the imediate neighborhood of the surface of the object by the fact that the flow slips over the surface and that the
temperature prcfile in the boundary layer has a very sudden change near the wall. .aOsly, This regime is referred to as jJk mcle. Simultan-

an interaction betwen shock and boundary layer usually berin Un the other end of the

to influence the flow and heat transfer.

scale of Knudsen zvbers (large values) one encounters c-rditiona where the mean molecular path leogth is large compared to an body dimension. 3is means that, after Wing reflected from the surface,

an approaching molecule has practically no chance to be reflected back and to hit the surface a second time. This reg!..r. is ..- ettrred

to as free molecular flw reimei.

In between this regime and the in whdich the mean molecular

slip flcw regime is the transition reae

path length ana the characteristic body dimension are of the same order of magnitude. The Ia~dsen a=)- r is uniquely related to the

Reynolds aud Mach numbers.

As a c -,quence,

the various flow regimes

can be indicated in a diagram in which the Reynolds wmber is used as abscissa and the ach maber as ordinate. Sach a diagra. is The transition lines Compared with

p.-sented in Fig. 12 taken from Reference 422.

between the regimes are to a certain degree arbitrary.

a similar diagram in Referene 110, the limits between continumn flow

and transition flow have been shifted to the left, because recent

WArC TR 59.42h

experiments in low density wind tunsals indicated that the contiwmm

regime extends to smarler iynolds numbers than originally eipected. It has also been pointed out in Reference 168 that the proper

conditions existing within the boundary layer have to be introduced into teynolds and &Ih mnmber In a dete-aination whether the flow is

in the continuum or alip flow regime.

The best values to use in such

a case are probably velocity outside the boudary layer and the pmoperties at the preswure, the boundars teoperature, and concentration as they exist within It has been fount

layer at the surface of the object.

in Reference I68 that, in this vq,

practical4 all conditions under

which cooling of missiles aLl satellites becomes critical are located in the continuum regime. This is very advantageous because heat transfer

relations are much better established for this regime than for the slip or transition regim. A very simple relation for the beat transfer is obtained La the free molecular flow regime for an object flying with a hypersonic

velocity.

For such a condition, the man molecular velocity is mall

compared to the vehicle speed V, and the molecules can be considered

ai practically at rest. This allows calculation in a siMle way of moves through

the mmber of molecules which strike the vehicle as it the gas. 1 its is If I.,

idicates the undisturbed density of the gas, and then the number of molecules per unit volume

molecular weight,

The nuaber of molecules hitting the object per unit time 1/M.

is then given by the following relation:

4

F VA ?
projected

in which ^ indicates the area obtained when the vehicle is

WADC TR

59-02!n-1n

Onto

Plane nrofl

to

'cbO

flght directiOu.

liah molecule striking

the sUrfacge t.-nsfers the following energy to th3 object: 2

aM-2

The term a in this expression iwicates uhat fraction of the Initial kinetic energy the molecule transfers. coefficient. The nrical This term is called sccoio

values for the accomodation coefficient ihey depend on the nature of

hae to be determined by nwasuremnts.

thu gas, on the nature and condition of the -urface, and probably elo, on the velocity V. Only limited information is available. fteriawg

carried out up to "OW redulted in values tetwem 0.3 and I for air and for various 'surfac materials. prom the two equations statmd above

the beat flow per unit area of projected surface and per ui+t time is:

It

is quite interesting to transform this equation into a Stanton

number.
energy.

The total enthalpy of the gas is Prattcally Only kiMetc

Threfore, I: 22/2. The enthaly of the surface can be so that the enthalp

considered as VezY mall compared to this Value, difference is

2

also V /2 and the heat transfer coefficient based on

enthalpiee is:

The Stanton number is therefore simply:

,Sti, = The Stanton number Is coefficient if it is

hi:

(5-3)

therefore simply equal to thu accowodation based on conditions in the undisturbed fluid and

on projec(td area.

Stanton ambers for contimua fl"ow are usually

WAflC 11M 59-6214

65

by two or three orders of magnitude tealler than this value.

This

indicates the fact thaz a boundary layer serves as a kind of insulation and decreaseft the energy transfer between the molecules in the free streia and the object when it builds up around an object.

6. MUNSITIO& TO TURWLELDCE A prediction of the location on a bod where the flow within the

boundary layer changes from laninar to turbulent state still has to be based ,rimarily on emoirical information obtained In wind texperimnts and in free flight tests. l

An extensive literature exists

according to the importance of the knowledge of the transition point. Mw reader has to be referred to the literature, and only a few remarks can be made in this report. Stability theory predicted that the transition point woula be dolayed by a decrease of the surface temperature so that vary large transition Reynolds numbers are expected on objects with cooled surfaces. A figure indicating the results of such calculations is contained in
Reference 110. slander objects. These predictions have generally been confirmed on Transition Reynolds ubers up to 108 have been On the

observed in wind tunmel experiments and free flight tests.

other hand, conclusions drawn from stability theory were completely contrary to observation on blunt objects. pressure gradient usually exists A consderable favorable

on such objects over the zegion

which is covered by boundary layer flow, and from this fact one expects the transition to be delayed. Experiments, however, showed that the

RWAD T75%W

66

transition deynclde number based on distance x in of the saw order of magnitude az on a flat plate under isothermal flow cooditions.
Cool!g of the surface was found to baye very little effect on the

transition ibynolds number.

Reference 367, for instane, reports the

results of experiments on sphere-cylinders and on elliptie. cyl~udere at a ratio of total enthalpy to wal at a Xach number around 3. tube, and it T enthalpy between 9 and 30 and

experiments ware performed in a shock

va3 found that the trawition occurred at a leynolds

nmber based on mommium thickness between 225 and 325 (the last figure for an enthalpy ratio eqwa 30). The transition ilynolds and 106. From te above no

number based on length x was between 500,300 figures it

can be seen that cooling had no pronounced effect.

shape influencaA the transition Reynolds nmber sonhat. another observation for which a definite exlanat.on is still

missing is the fact that on slender objects turbulent flow has ben

obsersed at extremely strong cooling of the surface and under

conditions where the stability theory predicts completely laminar flow. The momentum thickness as a function of the distance x has to be known if Reynolds numbers based on momentu. thic:msss are to be used

for a prediction of the location where the laminar boundary layer changes into a turbulent one. Calculation of the mamntux thickness Inaefersnce

is considerably more tedious than that of heat trasfer.

43R, Lees proposes an iteration procedure by which the ncwntum thickness can be calculated for objects of arbitrary shapo.

WAMC Th 59-624

67

1.2

0.61 0.X OK
_ _ _ tox_

PI'

li
"*

Io

k
IC

o*O

"K
Viscos".y, e't ccnductivity an,' sneci'to.. heal o: -,r at 1 atm., pressure a&d in dissociated equ Abriu.f rom Ref. 427)

WADC TH 5%.624

68

A knowledge of the thermdYnamic a&W transport properties is required for the gasezk participating in the flow when one wants to evaluate any of the relations contained in this report. Pbr air, these

properties have been calculated in a large pressure range and up to very high temperatures using the methods of statistical mechanics. Such information Is, for instance, contained in References 48 and 427.

Only indirect verification is available by the fact that beat tronfcr coefficients masured in shock tubes at very high temperatures ore* quite well (within 10-20 %) with predictions based on the relaticne discussed in the previous sections and on the calculated air Droperties. Viscosity, heat conductivity, and specific heat of air under conditione close to thermodynamic equilibrium ar atmosphere pressure. presented in Fig. 13 for one 427.

The value* have been taken fromgL-Z

Fig. 14 contains the Yrandtl number and the Lewis rmber describing difftuion of dissociated atoms again for air at one atosphere presmsre. It has been pointed out before that two"definitions are According

in use for the s-AcifiC heat and for the beat conductivit. to one deftnAtion, the specific heat (Op)

is based on the enthslw energy.

which contains not only sensible heat but also the chemic

The second definitiaon bases specific heat (c,) on the sensible beat only. In a ,isilar way, the beat conductivity can be defined by (k), or by The second

considering the transport t7 heat conduction alone including the snere

transport caused by diffusion (k').

pert is uniquly related to the temperature and pressure since it is postulated that conditions near equilibrium exst In the gab. Fig. 13

WATI TR 59-624

69

a7tu

40.7
0.66

WACT 5-24

70

laO

shows that the difference between the values of specific heaL and of heat cenductivity according to the two definitions is very large. The values according to the definition which considers sensible heat

only have to be used in the relations presented in this reporL.

ihe

xrandtl and Lewis numbers in ?ig. l4 are based on the heat conductivity k and on the specific heat cp. In addition, thd connection between enthalpy and temperature has to be known for calculations of heat transfer. For a gas in thermal

equilibrxum, this connecticn is best obtained from enthalpy entropy diagrams. (Mollier Diagram for Equilibrium Air, Avec Research Lab., Avco hanufacturing Corp., Brerett, Hass., Jan 1957, Xollier Chart for Air in Oissociated Equilibrium, NAVORD itep. 446, Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Silver Springs, Ad., 1957, see also Ref. 439). The situation is considerably more involved in c.-* !L.t ons on mass transfer cooling processes. The determination of the properties

involvec in this procesb is usually the nost time-consuming prerequisite

for suCn calculations, especially when chemical reactions occu.r within the boundary layer as they have been discussed in Section 42. Information on the properties of the various constituents involved in mass transfer cooling is usually quite restricted, and the calculation of the properties of the various mixturos which is possible by the methods ofstatistical mechanics is very involved. The reader has to

be referred to the literature for the determination of such properties.

Wa

'TR 59-624

71

AkLPnbIDIL I
Use of temeracures or enthalpies in beat transfer calculations has an inOMence on the energy balance describing heat exchange between a wall and a more component mixture. This will be demonstratied

in the following example, which considers flow over a mass transfer cooled wall. The coolant may be denoted by 1: and it will be assumed

that the wall surface is

impezrmable to the gas 2 in the main flow.

Let us now fix attention to the mass flow of both comveont. 1 and 2 through a plam a-a arranged in the gas Just outside and parallel to the sirface. 'T1e mass release generates a convective velocity v

through this plane and a mass flux of component 1 equal 1p

', where,

SI is the partial density of 1.

diffusion of amount - ?D( S=
"The

There is al90 a mass transport by i f) iIndicates the mass fraction

total transport of component 1 Is:

S- D( y- )W an*"
For component 2, the mass flow through the surface and therefore also through the control plans a-a is zero:

fwev-

fu(

ow Y;~l)W o0

(1-2)
Mhe

Mow we consider the energy transport Through the control plane. energy flux per unit z1me and area may be denoted by q'.

According

to equation (3-38), q'

-"

the energy flux is: + q"

"

Jv + fv 2v

'( D

"

(1-)

WAC TR 59-624

72

This energy flux must be equal to the flux through - control plane b-b arranged in the solid wall just beyond the interphase. The

int,'-hase moves continuously towards the intfirior of the valn becaume of the mass release. A mass flow of solid material with the mass

velccity it exists, therefore, threugh the plane b-b, which is considered fixed relative to the interphase. convection is iis, where i A corresponding energy flux by

indicates the enthalpy of the soliA material.

Another energy tr.Ansport by conduction may be indicated by qW. Conservation of energy requires:

q' :. % -S kXs(
Introduction of equation (1-1) into U1-3) results in:

- )

k( _3 )w+ ik~i., - id,

DT

(1-5)

te have here obtained the result which was expressed in c' apter 2 by equations (2-3) and (2-9) with the exception that no ra.iatioD was considered in the present derivation. The heat flux qs may now be expressed by the enthalpy gradient in

the gas mixture.

With

"-

and equatinso (1-3) cnd (1-4) one obtains:

The first term in this equation is idrintical to equation (3-36), since ,,)wz (Ow 2 in a two-ccmponent-mix'.ure = - ( Vid since iA i1 - i 2 .
For a .as mixture with le = I, the first term takes the shape of ecuation (3-42), and the heat flux
04

is: (i
-

as

(1-6)

i is the total Prnt.alpy of the gas mixture, i. indicates it

value at

the interphase, and is is the entheipy of the abiating =t.-.ial at. w*el

WAM TR 59-62h

73

surface temperature and in solid -tate. in equation (1-5), on the other band, the en+talp' il of the

ablating material in the gaseous state and at wall surface tperature takes the place of iV in eq-uation (1-6). The enthalpy i1 can be more W, and the form (1-5) of In the use of beat

easily determined in most applications than

the beat flow equation is thereforo preferable.

transfer coefficients for mass transfer cooling, one has To watch carefully whether the coefficient was defined by equation (2-3) or by a defaiition .:.hich replaces the temperature gredicnt in this equation by Em enthalpy gradient as -ugfested by equation (1-6). properties depending on temperature only there is For a gas with

no difference

betwen iW and i,, and both equations (1-5) and (1-6) become identical.

WAD

TR 59-624

kir'&YdDIL U
The mass iraction wi of any of ths components in a tuo-coponant ,ixtxur, Ls determiud by a diffusion equation:

(U -j 34 r per unit time and volume.

-5 Y ( 3 Di 2

37y)

+Ulei

461 denotes the production of the species i by the chemical raact.ion

The diffuzion equations can also be written in

'pseudo-mass-tractions"

A pseudo-mass-fraction gives the mass frartion of an element in the mixuae regardless in ihat compound it ass-fraction of oxygen, for instancwa, is is contained. The pseudo-

the rttio of the o3xyen mass

to the total mass of the mixture regardless whether oxygen occurs as 0, 02, CO2 or in any other compound. created in a chemical reacton. paeudo-mass-f-actionE reads: 6o element is destroyed or the diffusion equation in

Therefore,

) z

(11-2)

For a gas with Pr =1 and Le = 1, equation (I1-2) has the sam form as the energy equation (4-8). This fact can be utilised to

calculate the composition of the gas thriughout the boundary layvr and a' the wall surface. 432). L. Lees carried this ide& through in various

examales (Fif.

WAlE

5..9-62L-

75

AmiTIX U1 Literature In this aS0ezdix, literature on the subject of heat transfer at high volocitie is clected, which has been published since 1956. fevious literature is Included only lInofar ar it is needed for reference. WiU raturertemu Hinter 1) Askerot, J. Ueber die TMe 2rn. #Iitt- Inst. Aerofn ZderIch go. 21, l954. ;tea it

.- nmC 2) Acrivos, Andreas, mA Chembrs, Paul L. Lamim- jda Intatrial and Aimering Chmierty, Vol. Flows with urfc lactgobn. pp. 02,-1o29, 1957.

49,

3) Adsm, M. C., and Probstein, A. ?. on the Validity of at Htin Ait,4pos. Theory for Suteliite and 1yersnie night ProMso Jet Propaoion, Vol. 28, p. 86, 1958. - .
4) ad,

MlsyZaterials.

mac C.., em

J. Aero. SCI., Vol. 26, Pp. 3I-

Bothm, Hams A. A U

to
q195Y.

.Ablation off

5) Alford, & H. TIMOistribuMtion Stedits in the t Trantf*r. Texas U. DML for hgmM ibe Flo Without !am= 1

6) Amroks G. S. The Nfflect of Surface T 2!tare ftVaribit

pO 735, April, 195"7, 7) ittansranea, A., and Ramaehandran, A. Wffeet of ,Vbratio an Vol. a0, Heat Tramsfer trom a Wire to Ar in Parallel Flow. Tme. A p. WJa6. 19P8. 8) Ahireams . G., 1rrell, H. B., and Durban, J. N 2S!tM and Heat Transfer Phenomna at Maech Nmedre 3 to 1 142121), Dec. 1951 (WIWy15) 5W(OS
U-

9) Aoki, bbipgbumi, Keamsm, Keuzake Heat Transmission in High Neq 6&2 Flow IV & V). Tram. Japan Soc. Aleh. &agr., Vol-. 22 pp. 576-502, 956.
10) bmker. A M. L., Jr., and ChUrvat, A. F. T-anmsi ,)m Corroetlon u- , vol 1 , p.75, t "53o fs & of a Sphere in Free Molecule Flow. ?WA's 1= 11) Baran, J. R. Th Ht*Er! Tu 5'3.) 5 .2sa,AD M TA 236 (a n Laim-inr Boundary Iawer.

232474) 197, 27 pp.

t D tion

12) Bh ow, H. An !M!4Mt on Flat Plate Turbulent a luid addition on Friction aM V Flow-The Stfsct of Mial 7;ro. Soc., VOL. 62, pp. 135-38s, 19w. ",A!)c TR 59-624

7b

&muale qnc~tiwo rat

e;O

PP49Ro~ MT., 16)

2~4t, 1doas, 4l4qpx C. Za tmo qfd

Baxter, D.al G., ad F

DIV) ft. 20)

MO. 84,

I U., AY0d IN~so WA l

D3.,andm eut.

),Ottbat,

2 I

forBeat In.

Luw fki

MR

y*Oum fWig

J- A0. Stat,

Vo~lmt. 25 3

P.43) IM.vus Z.0 17), o scath. oSpc I.

an

Voleer .

J.AU

Ea

WA~59 pages.

27)

Boa-Teh Chet Tb*E!2&mnmic* of finetliallr Conducting Fluids as- irz k DrLOVelOjzzt 4,04ter, Tec. 7-50,AbTA Nte oe.No.A1i&23Y, Ub. 1957.

imliatin to- -WrightL

2b) Bogdonoff, S. 14. Ra ~ ySuiso AGdAdD hprt No. l142, JulyT 1IM, 30 Pp.

hyoeroonio Fluid Mechanics.

29) Bogdonoff, S. X., and Vas, 1. Pnllmivnap7Investigation orftS~id Bod~ies at. i&1mroaic flov. WADC TV 56-7,-19U 30) Boums, 0. E., and Davies, D. R. Heat ?rmnfor Thrvg the Lmiaar Loan on a Circular Simier in AXII a mriwsnbl. Fow. (hart.

31) Bourm, !). S., ana Davies Z#. A. On the Calculation of M&y Vi*Qosit!y and of Heat Traaufer in a Thrbulent Bud yLayer on a Flat %orf ace. (wart. --. ek. A~P1. M~ath., JVol. UP P. 2z' 19510. 32) Bradfield, Amlter S. An riasatal Investizadon of the Turbulnlt

La-, ibsearch Rieport1,5Mac19. 33) Brain, Willis

MACI

11.6

bprsognic Strem.

Nbulent Boixotamry Laerg onb!~ 4Mi200, Jan. , 195b5, 39 pp.

ed e in a

34) Bra, K. m. c. The gffect of 1jeat Transfer on Interact. te Xwolvift LmnrNnaO ~ ~ is t. &rit*#, OP339, 15, Tpp.
35) Bma, x. x. c. sone note" on sbock-weve
&Bound
-

Interaction,

36)

&Wevort , K. J., and Arabian, B. fl.

4!= of Experixental, Heat

37) Brinich, ?. F. Blunt Bod4y jeParation at &wemrsonic areedw. Aero. SoS., V.- 25, P. 336, 1958. 38) Brinich, P'. F. Iiecove. LO
5

journ.

atis

and Heat Transfer Near Twoao.Dssociation

39) Broadwel, J. x. A of a Gas in Couette and :B=.

odel of the

40D)
PlacI

Ga.

froer, L. J. F. Characteristics of the Iipaaton of notion of a . fluid &flioP.Val. 4i, -p-. 276, 1950. Bronbeig, R., and ipkids, -R. ?. A Critical io of the

ii1)

"IA!Y. TR 59-62h

42)

Bromberg, R.,

and Lipkis, M. e.

Heat Transfer in Boundary layer

with Chemical React~ons uhe to hass Addition.

pp. 9;;-74, 1
43)
A S, ernic i W&aVO deport

Jet Prmrulsion, Vcol

?8,

irooke, E.. C.eat

iransfer to D-Y Ice Spher93 )ubjectjO to

U. 7.avial 'rdrance Laboratory, ahite Oak, td., or _Iwo,. 1l9, Aerodyna:zics iesearch 3epr.t 16, Sept. 1, 1957.

44) Brom, B. A. Pridore Heat Transfer in a Laminar Bowimdary Lay'er from J. Mro. Sci., Vol. Z4 2_ 912, a Surface Paiyg e Tenerat'nre Distribution. 1957. 45) Bruniak, R. Ueber die Abloesung de" Orenzschicht beim Verdichtunagstoss. Oesterreichiscftes Ingenieur-Archiv., Vol. 10, no. 129-32, 1956.
46; Bru-k. William .. xperimental InvesLigation of tran iration Gooling
for a Turbulent boundary Layer in bubsonic Flow Using hir as a Coolant. IUAW&N 4091, October, 1957. 471 Bryson, a. i., udiansky, B., Carrier, r. of a Flat Plate Subjected to Aerotwaic Heati. pp. 311-312, 1957. F. ..J.

1*a9vA e-e Tewerature

S., Vol. 24,

46) Butler, James N., and Brockaw, :t. >. Thermal Conductivit4 of Gas Mixtures in Chemical dquilibrium. Journ. Chem. dhys., Vol. 26, pr. 1636- ,

1957.
49) Canae, L., Camp, J., Keck, J., &nd retty, C. He iaxeln Phenomena in Air Between 3000 and b)001. AVCC Research Laboratory,ReseFarch Report 22,

?Iarch, 1956.
50)

Van Camp, .lliam

It.

Aegrodnic Heating CharacterStics of a No&*

Gone at Ange of Lt*Ack.

Mi ssour1, Report No. 5978.
-

Research Dept., McDonnell

ircraft Corp., St. Louis 3,

51)

Regions. Papers, Stanford University hress,

Heat Transfer in Laninzr Separated and wake Flow 1959 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics Institute, ?reprints of
Stanford, C.lifornia.

Carlson, W. 0.

Lhe t.-.

Garter, Howard S. bffect. of oome hxternal Crosswise Stiffeners on iransfer and rressure Distribution on a Flat Plate at Mach Numbers
LA

of 0,77, 1.3?2%and 1.90.

in

'IN h333, Sept., 1956.

On Chemical Surface aeactions Vol. 27, pp. 1322-1328, 1956.

53) Chambre, Paul L., and crivos, Andreas J. Appl. Phys., am'inar Boundary Layer Flows.

5h) Chambre, Pill L. On Chemical Surface Reactiopnw ii:-rdrodynamic Flows. Appl. Sci. Fes., Vol. A-6, p. 393, 1957

55)

Chambre, raul L.

The Laminar Boundary Layer with Distributed

6, 6ec. A, pp. 3934 4 01,

Heat Sources or Siks.

Auplied Scientific nesearch, Vol.

1957.
lA.)C TR 59 - 6 2h 79

1). On the BDitfsion of .50) Chamre, iloul L., wni foung, Jonathan 4 W:esin a Laminar Bund aiy aerfow. The Rqza chsiclBe Lie

57) Cha.':., B3eOYenr&~ (DOCtOral Tht~dig) Rq'uth :*r-f-AKO. ower Heated and Unbe ted~~ Neport No. 1, APCJ 11-5640 1956.

ftrbUUnt BW11817 Layer GCOor~1O StAt. U.., :cientifio

!R.E A T2rstical Aaygs of Heat Transfer in Reuione 58) -Cbepmz, D cf Separated Flow. Mmi. T 3M9, 195b.. 59) Ghapman, o. a. hiAn ~ oit -t US MACA into Flquanaz hee. Anltclzehd 4M276, Mayp 1M5. o t-n t

60) *sag, $3in-I, and haliot, David Tb. M"!&.ad Laminar amwdary i~a ona. PtLate. Trams. *~g4H, Vol. 19, P. 725, 1957. AblatiMi

61) Chr2stensez, Doph, and tUer, Rolf D. OnteSal J. Asero Sal., Vol, 26, p. 54,19. fthmphiteB

o an

62)

Miiatlan, W. J3., and Sehiffamn, T. H. intam Iesrafr Air Dmowlmnt Center, Tech. Seectd Astrcts wit BibiOL91Wwit RepoL5-106 AaA Do. M- AD15199s NAY, 1958.

63) Chas Boa Teh, and Koveassnay, L. S. u. -Non-Linear Interactiors ina Viacowa Heat Coductive ComuessIble Gsa. jobee jbpawn U., Dep-t. Aero., NP., 1957, 51 pp. 614) Omean, R. L.1jma~ of Yjeuidsp Vol. 1, p. 452 19W.
of Spronic Arstroamt. TheI. floic

65) Cohen, Clareace B., and teubotko, Q~i Me

ajble Lamina

'66) Cohen, Carence B., aM ibsbotko, Ki' Similar SOlutions for the rreawu*r Gwediewt. -and Gowregssbl* Laminar Bouagax hayr with Heat Trs~j VS MRACA -%p. 123, 1956, 30 pp. 67) Mod al

~.ticiw NO to Mlass MMAddtin

'en, C. B., Bromberg,

a.,

Lipkis, ft. fl.BonayLeswt Jet ProPulsion, Vol 25, pp. 69-w8, fH m doyLc.Avances MSOt 56o

68) Cole, G. H. A* SOM in 1it"Uca Vol. 5, pp. 45 S2-47*1,956. 69) 70) Cole. J. D.

Note on th~e Effect of AMIr~ltion in h~at TrWanfr.

vol. 2i 4. pp. 4418-ho, 197.-

Cole J. D. Newtoniat Flow TheorY for M.ender Bodies. J. Aero. Sci.,

WAlE TR 59-6214

80

atjn IS 71) Coleman, 4 i. Coments on Ivm .ceat Calculatimo&s the Laminar Bojindar1 Ler with gagontinuMSl DJitributed Sction. Jcm--. Boyal Aeron. zoc., vol. 61, pp. 359-361, 1957. 72) Coles, D. FmmrErk on cu ri',Turbulent Boundary Layer. Aero. Sc,., Vol. 24, pp. 495 -5 06 , 1957.
,

Journ.
J

::'/" *

oaa ayo, Advard A. - and horton, 73) Cooper, Or. o .. s. ifeeC!s - 5 co..nduction Transient A Data Hea-Trnnefer 1957, !!anj of 24, p. 4612s Mc., V;ol. ZrO. 71-) Courtney, W. 0. gniition by Flow Over Hot Sqrfaces.

Jet Propullun, on

Vol. 28, o. 836, 1958.

-75) Crabtree, L. F. z~mrdiction of Trawstion in the Budur L Journ. of ily. Aero. ci., Vol. 62, p. 525, 19P. an Aerofct!.

76)
77) the lley

Crane, ;.. J., and eaek. D. G. Th

J. Fluid Crawford, Daviq H., and ,cau.ery,

-an
WillM D.

n Truet'ao
lastiat. n. of the

Jets of gompressible Fluid.

h., Vol. 2, pp. W69,455p 1957.

~~~q

of a H~ivfgigj119 UU41triti~
of b.o, N MA

Ae.

1323, i57.

ll-lach

h preonio

tAMnA at a Iach -uber

Mlunting on tte Local Mat 70) Creagcr, -. 0. iffects of L*eadiUnIL-A Transfer and ,ire-voure Distributions oSM F'%lat ?2tMs in SaRtonic Flow. Nag. dwisory Comm. &eronaut., Tech. Note I"2, apoemer, 1957. 79) O-lick, F. ,. C., and Hill, J. A. F. "artxlent oewartson-Illi4wrth Transformation. Journ. Ar. e ., pp. 259-62, 19518. 80) Culick, Fred z. G. Taxulent AJffusion lo of Vol. 25, LAM . Mas.

=rZ, i Inst. of Tech. Naval SupersnicL

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2)j0, AF0R-TN-55-336, WTIA 154&

A Modified Polhhausen Netlod for solution of Ia.nar

ilz-.Ommmssibl* Flow wiltS Zer E~t. Tsr

Laboratory, June 17, 197, 14 p., ILC 19, 342; PH 2554 Hational -bys .4-57640, pt. ") (Ask f 82) Vol. b, Carle, X., and *an, S. W. Aporoximate Methods for Predict

Se Iation z~roveriss of Laminar Bonar Lvrs

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63) Carle, H. The 4t4ac Compreuible Laijnar Boundary LaM wit Proceedinge of Arbitrary ?ressure Gr adient and Uniform Wall 'emrature. the noyal Society, A, Vol. 249, pp. 206h22E, 1956. 84) Czarnecki, K. A,", and Sicl air* Archibald R. A Mote on the Eftfect of Heat Transf er oL Peak Preosumu Rise jAsaocia7t9f -h"varation of

.ent mdarjLa on a Body of Revolution (MACJ;7 of16.MACA TM 399?, 195. 8

at..r

ADC TR 59-6214

Boundar 65) navies, F. V., and Cooke, J. i. and 200 Cone at H 2 2.45 and Zero Heat Transfer. Nov., TK) Gt. Brit., AR G? 264, 195, Opp. 56) Davies, -D. L, and Bourne, D. S.

Meareents on 10 Ler Gt. Brit., R" TK rero. 3L&,

On the Calculation of leat and Mas

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ch. and Appl. Math., Vl

,p..8

O1) Doissler, A. U., and loeffler, A. L., Jr. !naJys of Turbutat Flow and Heat Transfer on a f1at Plate at High Mach Numrs r ith Variable
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39) Dwaetriad~et, A. An Rzwrlmanta3. Investigation of the Stabit of the rmesonicLmiaroundar Low . J. Aero/Space ci., Vol. 25, p. 598,
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Doeonoft, Albert S., and Horton, Elmor A.

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45

of lRoiam

p.

sg

WA11C TR

9- 6 24

82

98) Donougbe, Patrick L. AnaIaiss of La-mnim emiporous Channels. MCA TS 3759, August, 19. 99) Donrughe, Datrick L., and Nc~innon, Roy A.

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Aam

of

101) Douglas, .4.

Tlr ansf~er

Between Ga nse SAd

N-., and G i--h11,

14"01*

.W. -

m u gmdr, vl

lo

agn. op -ta for

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van Driest, &. A., and McCauley, W. D.

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Eml

. 1

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Eckert, Ernst R. 0. Eckert, E. .. Ui.,

eraur WA,0

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the Wall I .trfac

Hartnett, J. P.,

Nab SM &

Rkbak, sloand.
s

to a 1Flud btrem

iaMW'

the Local Heat

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-

Donoaghs, Patrick L., and Moore, Betty Jo

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Nasa-Transfer Coolium of a Laminar Boundary La.r by InJection of a LightWeight for.e4l Jot Propulsion, Vol. 28, pp. 34-9, 1951. Heat Transfer from a Flat Surface anu Saumders, 0. A. 117) Ne, A. j., to a Parallel Stream of Water. T'" Chartered Mechanical Engineer, Vol. 5,

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Edwards, A., and Vrber, B. A. ihe Influence of fr.-Stroam Turbulence

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'oc., pp. 941-954, 1956.

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Ehlers, F.

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Thesis, U. of Cal., Berkeley, 1950. 123)

Over Inxo"

iflert, Gerald W. Estiation of C2= siblo ou99MLA= ro

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1214) For, J. A., Riddefl, F. R., and Kemp, N. H. Stgsnation Point Heat Jet irozulsion, Vol. 27, pp. 672-6714, 1957. Transfer in Dissociated Air Flov. 125) lay, J.
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and Addell, F.

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Theo

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.tioaPoint lst

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A Method for CoMvutiva the 126) Fodiaevskii, K. K., and Givevskil, A. S. Trbulsnt Bondary m When a Longitudinal Pressure Gradient is Present. SOT. PJ.-Toch, I Ms., pp. Z75-291, february 1957. 127) Ferri, Antonio, and Vaglio-Laurin, Roberto A Note on the Effect of Centrjiual Forces and Accelerated Motion on the Instablit- of the -iminar ily=., F .Z-Polyteoh. ins-,. Bound= !Am About MUM CooledBodies. (13 t TN WkSR 56-579) t) 115002), Lc., 1956, 1, pp. Rep. 3

"'AflC

TR 59-624

84

128)J Ferri, Antonio ABeviev of bown Aecet Deve:oLoments in Hy~arsonic I-low. Paper read at the irt Iternationw&I Co-ress in the 4eoj.' Miences, Madridp ,:,&in$ -1 Septembr, 1950. Heorgamon ir~ss, london'. -6- 129) Fiebig, Martin I-eanar BonayJ'yr on a 9Spimiing Circular Cone in .- upersoliie Flwat a SuAll Aftle oZ iittack. Cornell u. Urad. Scb. Asro. ig. Awlepk (IaOS TH 56-532) (AD 110351 -June,

1956, 61

op.

7figge-lots, Iarwgzt, a-A Baxter, Donald C. h4 Solution of Lmlnar B3pumi-dAr raerba'= I--a F Dii-.,a ia Stanford U.2 LiV. bag. Rach. TH 103 (ACRT sSetJ.I T
22NEW 1)1

130)

131) Fltgg-Ilots, Irugard, and Howe, J. T, I-on Cof pesil Lainr ~gtaLwr Problmay a Finiite Differonce $LO '*t-h tan4ord U. Dov. ft. Rech. TR 111 (FOSR TM 532 AD l4D4) Oppi'h:5,w
.

132)

Freemen, N. C. non-Equilibriam Flow of an Ideal Dissoeiating fts.

Grlindoer at 1.34)

133) Friedlander, S. X. Mass and Heatfrajufer to AwIna MMwe and lo i~rnoldt Numbers. A. L. Ch. s. Journal, Vol. 3, P. Us, 1957.
F940sling, h. Calmgation.b Series ani of the Heat Transfer

1.35)

Praeliag, Kilo

ato

Heat

and

Distributioun

TW 138
MAU )

eoma iev,an

Hdalo

H.,v ar

meN Ablar~nfr on t

Qlasman, Irv-ip 91, adJohn p.meB.. rInS AyeariEFlow (IT).A

-W, p.am rr: s Jaa Wi.

136) Gaet .. PlTeM J2. pp. 0076i., 1ol

Now
W

Povro
Iw~e

138)01,Geor Se g~ev ialo., and ams Adns X.or C. O ltp tbues o 199Heat inabaondIc~~c Mransfer -Tradresj
1 IR of-2

Inet-

rvriyPr 85eeSafr

pSafr.

aiona

142;
L.L. Fl

Oc-ertler, H. New Series for Ua2jculation of Steadyr L!A!AR-kwa

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143) Goertler, H., and Witting, H. .nia lamn GwschichtetjRmMen. berechuit nittels einer nown deihemthode. Zeitschrift fdr angevandte NMatbaitlk und bysik, Vol. 9b, pp. 293-306, 1958. 144) Gortland, H. Aj- Aeriem for thCaleulation of fgt r Luaminar ondWiazH-_Lfar Flows. J. Math. and Mich., Vol. 6, pp. 337-352, 1957. 1W) Gortlin, H. On the Calculation of Stuea inar Boudarv Lyr Flows with Gontinuous Injection. J. Math. and Iech., Vol. 6, pp. 32 33 10, 1 9F7. 146) Goulard, 9- On Catalytic Recombination Rates in irooreonic ?tgation Heat Transfer. Jet eropulsion, Vol. 21, pp. 737-45, 1958.
147) Goulard, R. and M. Rnewr Transfer in the Gouette Flow of Radiant a_. Chemically Reactiv c -. 19Y59 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanics .uratitate, Preprints of -apers, Dtanford University 'ress, Jtanford, California. 148) Green, L., Jr. Heat. Mass. and So'untum TrInsfer in Porous Media. ASH Paper No. 57-HT-19, 1957. lT rogh

Flow.

149) Griffith, A. C. Rent Advances in RNe 1951.

Jet Propulsion, Vol. 28, p. 157,

Gas Sffects in -ipersonic

Ciohne, C., and Knohar, R. Uber oin CharektoristikenDfge YerfahMe sur ftrechwnun 21~v wia rGen hgt Zeilscbrift iff an-wanxtt athmmatik a Ik, WVl. 0b. :;o. 332-46, 195. 150) 151) Hains, Franklin 4). Loia R94 srwt
Rotational Free Strem. P. 623P 1957. Jcurnal of the neronautical Sciences, Vol. 24,

152) Hsaa, Francis A. Note on the Boundary-Loyer Instability on a Flat Plate Stoed St&'enlv. 3. Aero. Sci., Vol. Z4, p. 471, 1957. 153) HaFm, Francis R. Throe-Diesnsional Vortex Wttern Behind a Circular Cylindor. Journ. of Aero. Sci., Vol. 24, p. 156, 1957.

154)

Hr

t, A. G., Vas, I.

, andHight, S. An A
Boundary Lnra. *

ts of th

Effect of Shock Waves on 'marbulent

-noeton U.Dept.

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at at

pp.

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of 3U ersonic 156) Hansae,

A. J., Blessing, A. H., and Schmidt, C. 11. Therwal Aon igis -Regions with kphasis on Heat-Suet!Ain i *4s . Aero. Sci., Vol. 26, pp. 257-263, 1959. A. U. Possible bimilari&t Solutions for Three-Dimensional .NA TH 147, :,eptsmber,

with F'ortiorzl

WNtream Velocity Goionentg.

195 , 79 pp.

"'ADC TF 59-624

86

157) HLra, omoshige, Okushi, Jun Trbvent Heat Transfer by Fovpr. .;onvection with L..g' i emwcrature DIffrence. Trans. of the Japan ociety
of Mlechanical zngxieers, Vol. 24, pp. 15i-203, 1958, L. 1S4) iartne.t, J. ?., cKert,_.z. A. '.., Birkebak, I., and Sampson, R. Simplified Procedures for Calculation of Heat Trafer !q Sqrfgaes with ionTWright Air Developrent Center--WADC Tech. Report ro-.7---3F73, Dec., 1956, 79 PP. 159) Hartnett, J. ?., and 4itkert, 6. K. G. Mass-Transfer Cooling in a Laminar Boundary Layer with Conwstant Fluid PropertiMs. Trans. ASV',

pp. 247-54, 1957.

16)) Hartnett, J. P., and Eckert, 6. R. G. Mass Transfer CooliiA wit Combustion in' a Laminar Boundary Layer. 1958 Heat Transfer and Fluid Mechanies ]'=titute, ,taafurd University .ress, 6tanford, California. 161) Uarturiian, i., Transition ard Heat iranfer Fluid W chanics institute. IIao, it., and tarrons1 r, 1 in Shook Tubes. 1958 Hat Trauer &W Stanford University-kAss, 6tanford, California.

162) Havos, Fred G. Turbulent Bourkdary-.-ayer Effects on Base Pressure. Journal of the reronautical Sciences, Vol. 24, p. 781, 1957. 163) Hayday, A. ;'iranSr jA Rooling in a jtad Lai Bundam Layer Aear the -,tanation evint.. 1959 Heat Transfer and Fluid Kchanics institute, ?reprints of tapers, Stanford University iress, -itanford, California. 164 ) , , Wallace u. Newtonian Flow Theory in tkmereonp& AerodynaMie.. i'aper read at the First International Congress in the Aeronautical Sciewes,

riadrid, Spain, b-13 Septmber, 195b.

Pergamon eress, London*

165) Head, X. R. A&Drqx.ma~t. Calaul&.tione of the Laminar Boundary Layer with Suction, with Particular Reference to the Suetion Requirmwnts for BoundsZ Lyer Stability on Aerofoils of Different Ticknesu/Crd Ratios.

ARC 19, 519; FI 2582, Sept. 10, 157, 31 Pp.

(Ask for 1-5772h).

166) Van Der negge Zijrwn, B. 0. Meat Tranfer from HoElsontal Crlinderg to Tar ent Air Flow. Applied Sci. ,isearh, c. A, Vol. 7, PP. Z05-23# 167) Hell, Manfred Flows in Partly Dissociated Gases. Journal of the

Aero/Space Sciences, Vol. 25, pp. 459-h60, 1958.

166) Hermanrn, R. Problmma of Hypersonic Flight at the Reentr~yf batellite Vehicles. froieedigs of the 9th annual oongrosu of he International Astronautical Federation, Amsterdam, 1958. In Print.

"'ADC TR 59-624

109) Hess, iR. V. Interaction of Moving %=ocka TN 4OO2, &y 1957, 65 pp.

and Hot .Lau.

1ACA

170) Hidalgo, H. On ADDlication of vjn Drlest's Method to Hizhkv Cooled Partially Dissociated Turbulent Boundary L r. Jet Propulsion, Vol. 28, pp. 4 Z7_1957, 1(1) Hirschfelder, J. L,. H : fer In Chemically R-pachina Mixtzel. Journ. Chem. fts., Vol. 26, pp. 274-20i, 1957. 172) Honda, ,e. Theory of the Interaction Between Obligue Shock W~veo and Laminar Bound=ry &"ax'sra.Tohoku U., Hop. Inst. High Speed Ioh.., Vol. u, pp. 109-1"30, 1957.
for Turbulent Doanxry Layers; in TWo-Dixe--ional Diffuserse, 3TkRIi 29B66,1957, 12 pp.

173)

Hool, J. N.

Loal Coeafcients of Skino Frition an Heat Transfer

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174) Hoshisaki, H., and Linth, H. J. The Effeat of HelN m Ilnection at an Axially Symetric itasnation oint. J. Aero. Sai., Vol. 26, p. 399,

1959.

175) Hottel, H. C., Toong, T. Y., and Hartin J. J. fleme in Boundary Layer. Jet emopulsion, Vol. 27, pp. 24-30, h8; 1957.

Stg.ilinkj

tinlj

176) Howe, John T. 3e F t Diffetrencoe Solution of the Lminar Compressible Bowudary Layer *howina th. 'ffects of Upstream Trianpiration Coolina. NASA Memo 2-26-59At Feb., 1959, 33 pp. 177) Hau, N. T., and Sage, B. H. Thermal and Material Transfer in
*ic Turbulent Gas Streams,

Vol. 3P p. 105P 19 7.

-. '4wportf . ....

S..re.

A. I.

Cho go Joural,

178) Huntzker, A.. , h at T.$er and.. wls "OSZ iU Turbtlent klow with neat .qeaee. Zeiteehri t fr &apwadteKathematik und etwsik, Vol. 9a, p. 307, 1958.

Bou

1956.

179) 111ingworth, C. A(. The Effects of a Soun Wave on the Comp essible ary Layer on aFlat r3ate. Journ. Fluid Mech., Vol. 3, pp. P 71- 93, er

180) Lsai, Isao ,o Aroatjon to the LaMnr ound a Flow Over a Flat late. .Aero. Sci. Vo l, 2, P 155156; , 1957.

181) Iaa, I. On the Heat Transer to Co.ntant-Proe!rty Laminar Bounda Layer with Fouer-FunMiSon ree-btream Velocity and Wall-Temperature Distributions. 4xarterly of Appliod lath., Vol. 16, pp. 33-45, 195A. 182) Jack, John I., and Diaconis, N. 6. Heat-Transfer Meaaatreaents on Two Bodies of Revolution at a Mch Number of 3.12. KAkC TN 3776, Otober1,1956, 36 pp.

":,Anr TR 59-624

18

lo3) Jack, ., Wisniewski, fRichurd J., and Diaconis, N. S. rtm :tf ects of Extreme Airface Cooling on Boundn-x-Layer A"r ition. NACA tn 4o94, 1957. 184) Jack, J. it., wid Wisniewski, R. J. The Ffeet o4 Lxtrem Coolinz and Local 'qnditions on Bound..ry Layer Transition. J. Aero/Space Sci., Vol. 25, p. 592, 53; 1956. 185) Janssen, 6. Flow -aut a Flat Plate at Low Reynold* 16usbers. Journ. Fluid !:ech., Vol. 3, PP. 329-313, 1958. 186) Jarre, G. Eyaorative Cooling at High Speeds. RAE 1ib. Transl. 678, July 1957, Gt. Brit.,

167) Johnson, J. S. Velolity, Temperature, and Heat-fransfer Measurem.nt in a Trba.ent Bounary Ler . strea of a Ste-gn Dlscontizut in Wall Temp.,rature. Journal of Applied canics, Vol. 24, p. 2-8, 1957. p Heat Tofer 180) Kemp, N. H., Rose, il. H., and uetra, i. ., Arourd Blunt Bodies in Dissociated _Ak. AVCO Research Lab., AVGO Manufacturin Corporation, Research Rephrt 15, Kay 1958. 189) Kemp, Nelson K. On lboersonic ALut-Body Flow with 1 Hamtie Field. AVCO Research Laboratory, AVCC, Mlamfacturing Corporation, Research Report 19, February 1958.
190) KeMp, Nelson H., and Petachek, Harry Z. D Mot

Ynco2re3s9ible !!neto, oc
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tale
searcl'

Senoid.
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191) Kemp, Nelson H. A Further Mote on .merso Stam tion Point Flow with a !Lsjnetic Field. AVCO Research Laboraory, AVGOMajfacturirg Corps, kA,!'R TN 59-445, A6TIA AD 2148O7), Resoarch Report 53#, April 1959, 15 pp.

of Heat From Cylinders. 193) Mihara, T.

192)

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Influence 2f T

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?lacroscopic Foundations of Plaama Dmramio.

JJ.Prys.

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iile Couette Flow with DifrUsion of a

Reactive Gas from a Decomaien

Fluid Ilechanics,

1956 Institute on Hnat Transfer and

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212) Lej, 2. 5., d .',get, :'. A. Charts Agapted from van Driest's 2-rbuient Flat-rldte neor !*'r Determaning Values of Tu-.ullent AerodwM=Jn :-icticn ani neat-Transfer Coefficients. J r .-. -t. 1 I7 05o, pp. Lees, Lester Note on tne Stabiliair& Effect cf Centrifual Forcea oL the Lan--,r Bounxtary- Lyer over Convex .urfaces. ibe Ramo-Wooldridge Corrvreation, 9.epcrt *o. Di--!1, December 1956. '1a) Lees, Lester Vol. 27, p. 13o2, 1957. Recent Developments in hiynersonic Flow. Jet Propulsion,

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Rubesin, -orris W., Pappas, Constantine C., a"d ukcno, Arthur F. of Fluid Injection on the Cwmpressib. Turtulent Boiumdar-Larer iACA 0 A 55119, December 1955.

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3l4) .ioesin, Morris d. 1he Influence of burface .n ecti-n on ilat Transfer and Skin Frictior associeted with the fgh-Speed -h'balt-M-n er. XACA TH A551L13, February 20, 1956.
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&ibesirn, Morris w.: and Ioruye, Mamoru &aY 1957.

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bei., Vol, ?5, p. 273, 1956.

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S*urfaces.

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U_1ction of dtr into the Jihssoci~ated 325) Scla. Anlairo N I of tne kero/3Dace _'Ciences, Vol. 25, Joitrirna _onavLayer. pp. 46-1-2, LanI'r.a s ( 326) Scala, S. M., and )ut.ton, 'I. 'd. The Tw-hz B3oun~lgrv L7er-4A itucly of 6urface rziit4i 195 Het'ransfer and Fluid Machart~cs .nsyitute, 6tanfoL4 Universit7Pres s, -Stanford, California. 327) Scala, Sinclare M., and naulknidg~t, Charleo oi. Trans~o& and Thradynaniir Procertie ii .yersonic Laninax Buniary .aer--Aqarophysice K~assarch Me=, 10. General ktapctriz Go., Miasile and Ordnance 43tems D)epar.tmen~t, TechKnical Information jeries, Dom-&neht No. 56SID232, April., 1958. Boundarr 328) Scala, :Aiclaire M. Vaporizationi into a iyperson~ic Lamin'ix& Laer. vournal of the Aero/Space Scionias, Vol. 25, pp, 655-56, 1958. 329) Scala, Sinclaire M., and loorkmw., joseph B. The StagAxation-Poi~nt BouncaU L~er on a BotatiL.g Hyper~nic Body, -. ro. Sici., Ifol. 26, p. 183, 1959. 330) Scala, '. M. VaPorization of a Refractory ~ilde DurinR lHy z-onic LLjht. 195F Heat Tran-sfer and Flaid MechaniCs Institute, k'reprints of Pa~pers, Stanford University, Press, Szanford, Calii~ornia. 331) Sch.11chtin~g, H. Lamiar Flow ^bout Rotat;ig Bod' of Ravolution-An 4xial Airstream. NACA TM 1415, Feb., 195;6, U,3 pp. ,332) Sch2 ichting, Hi. Grensachichten in 'winresibler Streemain. lti~keitsberichtes des Zweiten &rkropischern iwftfahrtkonr evc::, SIheveningen, 25 to 29 September, 1.956, pp. 6.1S~ to 68.56.

333) S&hlichting, it. Einige NsuerZ_4r~ebnisse tibr Grensschichtbeeinfls-.'v& (Boundary Laygr Contrclj. Paper read at the First International. Congress in the Aeronautical z-cienceb, ia..rid, Spaln, 6-1.3 beptember, 1958. Perganon fress, London.
334L) Schmidt, C. M1., and Hzanawalt, A%. J. The Sffect of an Arbitrar Distribution of SurfacejTMeratuxe on Heat Transfer in the Compme~ible raminar Boundary Layer. J. Aeron. ;ni., Vol. 24~, p. 73, IV57. ')Scholz, Norbert ?.ur rationellern Berechantnz laminarer ufri turbulenter koaniv.b.,bler Grenzschichten mit W~nr=&ertrjVUn. ;Zeitaschrift fdr Flugwissenschaften, 7 Jahrganz, po. 33-.39, 1959. 336) Schubauer, G. B., and Klebar~oi'f, P. S. Cantribtions on the Mechaniz-s of Boundary-La7r I~amition. 11ACA, Report 1289, 1956,1 llpp.

337) Schuh, H. EV1n neues Verfahren =tmsBere:chnen des Wasnrmeuebergangea in ebenen =nd r,4.kttiows e-rischen lami~naren Orenzschichten 1hei konstantsr und veraenderlicher WainUtemperatur. Forsc~iurg auf dam~ -Oebiete dea3 I~ngoeur.. weesens, Vol. 20, PP. 37-Vj:, 1954.
WC~ Trt 59-6?2b

99

338) 11u . Ube: die "ae:ULbe:-r: .e-::_,. ro~n."0~ n i-n'<, rosl 'an~in.mren Gren~senicnTgle . Vi,,weg , 5,hn, ar.-ins(jweig, pnzscichtforscung", ! .
339) Scott, C. -, a&;d Bartle, r. t.

1-9'L.

hieasurement of Binar-, Yiix:ures ;f

cundary n Helium and Air with iraasoiration Cooitn , in a T'irbtient ,aperscaic zinresota, ioseaount ,eron. Lab., rune.r-ng L_.ro Univor-,ity of .Memorandam 71, oept., 1556. 34O) Scott, C. J. Analysis of a Transpiration-Cooled ?emiscnerey . Univorsity of Fiinnesota, Rosemount aero. Lab., zngineering mecra 14m 1No. 14, December 1957. 34I) scott, C, J., and underson, G. ik. Bound."ry Layer iransition with Gas lnection. Rese-rch Report '.0. 151, Uiversity of i'&innesota, Roseinourt Aeronautical Laboratories, July 1958.

342)
Boi=.ary

Feoan, R. A. Neat ransfer zrnd Flow with .oparatec_ and .eat'ahed Layers as Produced by burface lrren-arities. * WADt IT56-21.7, 1956.

343) Seban, R. %. Heat Thmsfer to Laninar Bountary L -rswith Variabl. Free-Stream Velocity. Transactions of the AS,%, Vcl. 79, p. 1545. 1957. 344) Seban, A. A. The Effect of a Downstream Splitterplate on the Heat lransfer from a Circular Cylinder Normal to an Airstream. WADC fR 57-479, 1957. 345) Sebar., R. A., and Chan, H. W. Heat Trc.nsfer to Boundary Layers with Pressure Gradients. WADC Technical Report 57-111, AS.IA Document No. AD 1U75, May, 1955. 346) Sevigny, E&gene, and Visich, Marian Jr. The Effect of Centrifugal Forces en BoundarY Layer Iransition for a Hignly Heated Body. PoIrtechnic institute of Brooklyn, Dept. of Aeronautical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, 4ADC TN 59-121, ASTIA Document ,4o. 214 620, March 1959, 38 pp.

347) Shen, b. F. The iheory of Stability of Compressible Laminar Boundary Layers Vith Lnjection of a Foreign Gas. Naval Ordnance Lab., hWhi+A. Oak, kid., Aerob~llistic mesearch Report No. 374, NtV0HD Reoort ho. 28 May, 1957, 28 pp. 31a8) qbc-jood, if. K., and Bryant, H. S., Jr. ts _Troug
Compress Turbulent Boundary Layers. Can. J.-Chen. Erng.. VU.

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3349) Shigemitsu, Yutaka Experimental Studies on Laminar Sublayer in runbulent Boundary Laye- Tnvolvig Separation. J. Phys. Soc. Japan, Vol. 12. np 183-19o, 1957.
353) -. Point of a ?I NAX3 R 59-62h
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100

-h.

._"O'%V' %ocerninj4 .hc Coneitions if Newton and Fourier C. cl-ation of the Fi-ic..ion henistanca and Hea&t ~xch la~ce Iace -n t'ne ztur-fF'e zf a Body Washei with the Flow Ttzlcof:W.. iatika'

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Siegel, H.

pfiect of flagnet.L

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353)~ Smiztt, A., and 6pald-an, D. hieat Transfer in a "inaiar Bouad!Z Layerv .th Constant 1'luid Tro 4,rties -aii7onstant~l rtr. ve Journak of the moyal &eronautical Zbociety, Vol. 62-,-p-o.7Y ), 1955.
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355) 'kath, Stanley H. Laminar BrnarL~r Correll J. C-rad. ..-.h. ~.ero. Fag. Rep. k(.aGSi IN, Sept. 19c6, L7 ?p.

644

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3r,6) Spalding, D. ;*at irans-fer from zurfaces of Non-Uniform Tomparature. Journial of fluid ?lchanios, Vol. 4, po. 222-32, 195E. 35:7) Sparrow, B. X., and ^regg, j. L. Effeecs on Forced Convection Heat Transfer. Sciences, Vol. 2!ip. 776, 1957. 358) Sparrow, r.. ii., and Ciregg, j. L.. Suar fLwirnt Number -.a*, fransfer__'.esults for Forced Convaction on a Flat ?Iatf. Jou.-n. Aero. Sc.,Vl 2.4, ;,. 5,_1757
359) Sparrow, z. Mi. ApplicatiosI ',rtler's Series hethiod to the BoundaNj-tayer Enorfly Lquation. Journal of t~ne Aeronau~tical -iciencea, Vol. 25,25 pp. 71-72, 195d.
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361) Sparrow, ' M.., and Gregg, J. L. E~ffect of Noniz-othermal Free Stroa& -n I~cnlar-Layer Heat T-arnsf~tr. AaOW Paper 58-A-42, 1958, 5op. .362) Sparrow, E~. AI., and Gregg, j. L.. ?randtl NMiber Lfferts on Unsteady orced -Ccrection Heznt Transfer-. NACA TH 47311, 'June 1958. 363) Sparrow, E, M. The Thlermal Boundar-r LayAr orn a Non-Isothernal Surface with Non-Uniform Free STreaei Velocity. jouxnal of Fluid Miechanics, Vol. E, op. Q21-29, 1958: 364k) Sparrow, 4. H., andi Gregg, J. L. VicusDsai~ati,). in LowPraiy.it)-floasr BonayLae lw Journal of tile Aero/opace tcienees, Vol. 25, p. 717, 1956.

365, Sriv'astava, a. G. TeFlow of a Non-Newtoniev- 7'caiio -ar a Stagn'ticn Point. ZeitscJ-.ift f~rangewandte 'athezt'. urd .-hYsi , PP. &380-4;34

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366) or .alder, J. R.. and Nielsen, -.. V. Heat Tramsfp- from a mermispnere O2Ziinder rquipped wit."h -1ow .2eparation >pikes. Uict TN 3207, 3954.
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-368) Stewaru, a. D. 1ranspiration CooliLg_ An ngLrneering A~pr.ach. Missile ai4 dpa.e Vehicle Oepartment, General .lectric, Tecnnical Information
5e=_,e, Docu.'ent ,, R59SD338,r 1 Hay 195>, 25 pp. theoretical and 4xper-ouc.a& 369) Stine, toward A., and ianlas,;, Kent ic-Heatiij and Isothermal Heat-Transfer ?arkmeters Investigation of &eEod co a iEemisherical Nose with Lininar Boundary Layer at _u.ersonic Mach Num.ers. NACA TN 33h4, Zecember, 1954.

370) July, 1958.

Stoney, W. n., Jr., and tiarkley, J. T.

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373) Sutton, Geo. 9. Combustion of a Gas Injected into a ?t'eracsnic Laainar Biuny d ayer--Aerophyscsa esearch Memo No. 9. Gene, Q z'.ric -., iissile and Cidz=rce Systems Department, Technical Information Series, Document No. 258SD218, January 1950.

374) Sutton, George li. The ID2rojyrcs and beat Conduction of a Melting 6urface. J. Aeronaut. Sci., Vol. 25, p. 29, 1956.
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376) &Stton, George W. Adiabatic Wall Teumnrrature Due to Mass Transfer wth a Combustible Gas. ARS Journal, Vol. 29, pp. 136-137, 1959.

)77) ison, A. G., Oublia, J. J., and Chauvin, L. T. Fi ht Measurements of Bounda!X-Layer Temperature Profiles on a BedY of Revolution
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378) Ssablewski, W. Turbulente Vermischung ebener Heiss-luftstrahlen. ingenieur-Archiv., Vol. 25, p. 10, 1951. 379) Talbot, L. Free Molecular Flow Forces and deat Transfe- for an Infinite Circular ylnder at Anales of Attach. J. Aero. :ci., Vol. 24,

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Tokyo. 3-o1) lani, 1. xi~eo nstead.jrLan-nar Boundz~ry LM.:r University. cr~onauti.cal ztesearch inst., .'vi. 21 pp. 31-4-2, Report N1o. 331, 36 1en-deland, 1*horial, and (Ovanc, Arthazr 1'. The Effect of Fluid Lnjection on -the Conpressible Turbul~ent Bo~L~ LiYJr-Th- 4ffsdt on Skin Friction of Injection Air into the Z-unaryLr of a Come at M42?

383) 2Er;.elanli, Thorvall .ffects of :iach Number and -,all Tezaperature .urbuJlent neat iransfer at Mach 6auibers frost 3 to 5. NACA TI 26 Ratico. 1950, :'.-6 vT
3bi4) Tetervi.np Neal A Discuss4 .cn Qf Cone and nlat-d1ate Aeynlda Numbers fo~r :;qual riatics cf the Laminar Shear to the Shear CAus2r byzil Velocit~y Fluj tuations in a Lamin'ar J~soundary Layer. NACA TIN 407v", Aupxat

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3d5) Tewfik, 0. X., and iedt, d. F. Local Aeat Transfer. %eccvr Factor. rresmire Distribution .ivund a Circul. C:Ylinder Normal to Rarefied Supersorniz Air Stream. 1959 Heat Transfer and "luici Mechanics University ?rzess, Stanford, Institute, ?'reprints of rapers, )'ta,-for-_ (see also rtiD thesis (i. . fefik, Univ. Calif., 1959) California. 366) Thompson, a. B. 'ihe riiysicql Resis of 2IagqetobydrodyflaJTiCS .eaper read at the First internationa.t Congress in tne Aeronautical .$ciences, iladrid, Spa~in, 8-13 September 195b. ?'ergamon Press, London.
387, Tidernan, Ai. (in the Tempe.rature iJistribtution in the kF1.,t Plate with 1aminar zuiergonic B~oundary Layer. zAa TN 39, Jan., 19583.
3865) Tirman, a. %-Personic Fliow About Thin BoOY of Revolution. Ai1.;W Report No. lljl, Zuly 1957, 12 pp.

389) Tong, L. z., and London, A. L. Heat-Transfer and 1lov-Fr~rAioi TransactiorA of Chararteristica of doven-Screcn z:d Crozscd-Rod Matrixes. the A2,), Vol. 79-, p. 1556, 1957.
390) Toor, H. L., and lMarchello, J. H. Film-k'enetration Model, for Mass ap tat *Ira'isfer. Jour~r.. AIChE, 7ol. 4~, pp. 97-101, 1958. 391) Townsend, L. A. The Propertizis of Equilibrium Boundary -Layers. Journal of Fluid M'echanics , Vol. 1, pp. 561-573, 1956. 392) Truckenbrodt, z;. Ein Quadrat-verfahren zur Bervahnubt d~er laninaren uw rotationi ~atrischen 6tr~yana. MACA, VA 1379k 27955.

393) Truckenbrodt, r.. 6am einfaches Haherun&gs~erfahren zum Berechnen der laminaren Reibixgischicht mit Abwzgupna. Forschung Gebieta Ing., pp. 14-,-157, 1956.
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enerJ 395) Vaprijo-Laur in, a. rieat irnse on~ z~lu.t -osedl zodies i. 'Lhe-i~tens.':. :yerscnic riow4 1955 zieat ~ransfer ind Fluid .eecizanics intitu,~ , :reprints of keapers, .Dtanford ;niversity 'ress, .-tanford, zalifornia. 396) Vaglio-Leaurn, ioberto Lzzzinar neat Transfer on Zhree-Dimnensional Bluant -.Cted Bd-zaa. in- ;b:n5lii niow. journal., 2ol , op7 . 123-1,19, 1959.

397) Vani Camp, A2J.2ian, M. Aerodynamnic Heating Characteristics of a NoeC; tnl ftak McDonneli. A-craft Corporation, i~esearcn:Zecrt o. 576, ay 19!58. Deparment
398) WL1%, Alfred Cornoressible Turbulent -8~ud:X-ayers Wi1th Heat 'ran~sfer and zz-Assure Jradtent in F' Iv Dijrec tjc,n. Nai T,,1nal Bureau of otandard3, W~ash. D: C. , N& ieporl' No. 6223, iill, 56-635, 1 D~ec.- 1958, 32 pp. 399; 'Wa~l, grer,-scthichte-i. A. Niherun'stheorien Mr. die Berechnung von ra~s Zeitschr. angew. M~ath. .-'ys., Vol. 9b, z),. 65-709, 1958.

ii",O) Warren, C;. '-ugh ;a. Ax 4xoerimental. Lnvestigatin of the -ffect of F~jetin a colnt as a t e Nose of a Blunt z~ody. Guggenheim neronautical LaboatorCaifor ia nstitut-e of Technology, Miemorandum No. 0a, December 15, 1958, llb pages. 401.) Wlhitemn-tn, 1. it. heat ~ransfc.- 3ewcen a :lac. -latk Cortalning tipeat )ources. Trams. aA6:i, Vol. 80, .0. 360, l95b.a ",i -

40J2) dinkrler, i~va .*i., and Cha, Moon .j. &mer~i'ental Investigations of the rcffect of nieat transfer on !Versonic Turbulni od'yiyrSi Friction. J. itero. Sci., Vol. 26; D 12i3,17fS 40O3) Winkler, Z'a H. BoudM Mrswit investigation of Flat d~ate :.yrprsonic Turbulent .-enu.-annuaJ. meeting,

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404) Wisniewski, Richard .j., and Diacoris~ . n and Jack, J. ti. Uffects o' :trerne ourfsce Cooling on bounidarv--i.ayer irans2tion. -C

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LO5) Wisniewiski, Aioh~rd )..Turbulent Heat-Transfer Coefficients in the Vicinity of Surface Frotuberances. HAst d'emo 1O-1-5bE, October, )315F& 406) Witt, Y. R., Jr., and rermh, Jerome A Correlat~ion of Free-F'light Transition eloasurements or.Various iMunt Nose 3ijaps b: k ITS, -f the on=enturnihicnessRey.olds Sumber. U. ). 4aval LUrdnance ILaborawzr3, White Oak, Aaryland, Aeroballistic .1e3earch ide-prt 357, NAVOC) Report U00~, Dec., 1956.

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h09, Yang, Hsun-Taao The iffect ol rilecular Vibration on zuecovery Temperature in Flane Couette Flov. J. aeronaut. Sci., Vol. 2h, P. 911, 1957. 410) Xawuhara, iichiru
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414) Zakkay, Victor Laminar fieat-fransfer and rescure Neasurements Over Blunt-iosed Cones at Ler!M Angle of Attack. J. AerofSpace, Voi. 2T, p. 794&, 195d.
415) Zakkay, Victor reressure and Laminar Jeat Tranwfer Results in Three-Dimnurional Hypersonic nlow. Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, WADC T,* 58-162, ;TIA Document No. 155 679, September 1958.

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59-6211

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hors,iihia z ., and %Jeorgiev,.'teven.l C., -16, Adams, An zcreri-mental anc T~h-retical - tudv of L-,artz Ablziti-n 3t the Stagn~ation :cint. .'YVO a'verett nszbcarch Laburator-f, Ieseacrh c-Dcrt 4o~? op. 57, June, 41l7) Bec.,wi-th, Ivan z. Almilar zoluti-ma- for the Conr ressible Bc-ndiaja~y on a lawea Cylinder .itn 'IransoiratikonCcj~i-g NAC=ri 3435, .-4pteraber, i9;(. .. Low Lrouaid vrne 'eadinsr
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Iolcy, br'ano -~.,

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,.19) Cresci, .(bert J., siac.%enzie, Donald ii.. ~nd Libby, raul ~ i~n knvestip, tioni of l.i.r ransitional andi Turbuleait ficat Lrans-fer or. Blunt-Jioted bodies in ijvmersonic F~low. '.AJ)C TN 59-119, A-ZIA DJc. .'0 I24 617, I-L rn., 1959.

4:-) Z&kert, z. A1.G. rengineerizW, Aelations for Friction -.. nd Heat iransfer to *)ur.-^aces ir. High, Velocity Flow. Journ. Aere. Sci;., V1.- -2, 0'. 5b5-50~, 1955.
:engineering :4elaticns for Heat Transfer L:21) :;eker:, r,. .t. .. anc Fric .ion in High-VelccitZ L~aminar andi Turbulert jr ul-da -Lar Flzw over -urfaces with Constant ?ressure and Cermerature. Trans. Aner. Soc. i~jech. .. ngrs., Vol. 7, r~p. 127.3-53, 19~

1.22 ) Ec~ert, 6. 1. G. z.infuehrung: in den 'iaerme- uni biof: .u'-,dusch. .ecorxi editicn, .)pringer-Verlag, Berlin, 1959. An 423) Sichhurn, di., !.ck-r+:, L. A. 1 art-. hnderson, A. .'. w~erinentai Study of the Effects of bon-Uniforn.i -.all Tez~erature en meat Transfer in ..ami".ar and Airbulent. Axisyanmetric Flow alou a DO~C. N4U.ijD 2UJ7906, July, 19.5o. Cylin10r O AiC IR 58-33,

ii24), Gross, J. F. Zusammienfassung und Ge-danken ueber eas ;xroblem der LiiLaicii Bi~naren Grenzschicht. Th~Ranid Corp,, s'anta -4nic.., Ca1ifP.,
425) -osb, J. F., rx~sson, ~J. ad Gazley, C., Jr. General a., Character.Ls-ics cf Binarv Boundia L-ayers with Apolications to Sublimation Cooling. The Rand Corp., Sant* Monica, Calif., P-1371, 1958.

4i26) Gress, J. F., Hartnett, J. r'., Ga~zley, Carl, Jr., aryl hasson, D. J. Zffect c f ii,lecular .;eight on iass-Transfer Coolinp in a Laninar. Bound..ry Lqer or. a Flat elate. Rand Report r'-113.. the WANL Corp., Santz M'onica, Calif., 1959.

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t 7r~vts!er% Astrcnnaut.c3#
'"V.

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