Professional Documents
Culture Documents
at point P due to the bar magnet will be the resultant of the magnetic fields B
1
(due to N-pole
of the bar magnet) and
2 B
And =
0 0
2
2 2
B (along )
4 4 (SP) ( )
m m
PS
r l
= =
It follows that
1 B
is greater than
2 B
.
Since 1 B
and 2 B
m
r l r l
l
l
l
l
=
2 2
0
2 2 2
( ) ( )
4 ( )
r l r l
m
r l
l
l
l
=
0
2 2 2
(4 )
4 ( )
rl
m
r l
l
l
l
We have, m (2l) = M, magnitude of the magnetic dipole moment of the magnet.
0
axial 2 2 2
2
B along PX
4 ( )
Mr
r l
=
(1)
Physics/Class XII 2
2013 Vidyamandir Classes Pvt. Ltd.
Physics: Magnetism and Matter
Hand-Out Chapter - 5
In vector form
0
axial
2 2 2
2M
B
4 ( )
r
r l
=
r
=
1
to final position
2,
then the total work done is given by
W
2
1
M B sin
d =
]
2
1
MB sin
d =
]
[ [
2
1
MB cos
= ( )
2 1
MB cos cos = = ( )
1 2
MB cos cos
Suppose magnet is initially perpendicular to the direction of the magnetic field, i.e.
1
= 90.
Then potential energy of the magnet in any position making an angle with the direction of the field can be obtained by
setting
1 2
90 and in equation
U = MB (cos 90 cos
) = M B cos
U M B =
Physics/Class XII 3
2013 Vidyamandir Classes Pvt. Ltd.
Physics: Magnetism and Matter
Hand-Out Chapter - 5
Special Case
(i) When = 0, U= MB cos 0 = MB (min.) (ii) When = 90, U= MB cos 90 = 0
(iii) When = 180, U= MB cos 180 = + MB (max.)
Thus, dipole possesses minimum potential energy, when M
and
B
and
B
anti parallel.
5. GAUSSS LAW IN MAGNETISM
An isolated magnetic pole does not exist. In other words, a surface may enclose a magnetic dipole i.e. a pair of equal and
opposite magnetic poles so that the net pole strength enclosed by the surface is zero.
Therefore, the magnetic analogue of Gausss law in electrostatic may be stated as
B 0 ds =
, i.e., surface integral of
magnetic field
B
Or
H
B B cos = (1)
Also
V
B LP AM
sin
AP AP B
= = =
V
B Bsin = (2)
Squaring and adding the equations (1) and (2) , we have
2 2 2 2 2 2
H V
B B B cos B sin =
2
B =
2 2
H V
B B +B = (3)
Dividing equation (2) by (1), we have
V
H
B Bsin
Bcos B
=
V
H
B
tan
B
=
(4)
7. MAGNETISATION AND MAGNETIC INTENSITY
(i) Magnetic Permeability : It is the ability of a material to permit the passage of magnetic lines of force thorugh it i.e.
the degree or extent to which magnetic field can penetrate or permeate a material is called relative magnetic permeability
of the material. It is represented by
r
Relative magnetic permeability of a material is defined as the ratio fo the number of lines of magnetic induction per
unit area (i.e., flux density B) in that material to the number of magnetic lines per unit area that would be present, if the
medium were replaced by vaccum. (i.e., flux density B
0
)
i. e. r
0
B
B
=
r
has no dimension. Its value for vacuum is one.
Relative magnetic permeability of a material may also be defined as the ratio of magnetic permeability of the
material ( ) and magnetic permeability of free space ( )
0
r
0
=
or
r 0
=
We know that
7
0
4 10 = weber / amp - metre (Wb A A
1
m
1
) or henry / metre (Hm
1
)
S.I. units of permeability ( ) are
Hm
1
=
1 1
Wb A m
=
2 1 1
Tm A m
=
1
Tm A
(ii) Magnetising force or magnetic Intensity
( )
H
The degree to which a magnetic field can magnetise a material is represented in terms of magnetising force or
magnetic intensity ( )
H
.
Physics/Class XII 5
2013 Vidyamandir Classes Pvt. Ltd.
Physics: Magnetism and Matter
Hand-Out Chapter - 5
The magnetic induction of the field produced in the material to the toroidal solenoid is
B = n I
The product n I is called the magnetising force or magnetic intensity H. i.e. H , so that B n I H = =
If inside the toroidal solenoid, there is free space, then magnetic induction
0 0
B H =
(iii) Intensity of Magnetisation ( )
I
.
It represents the extent to which a specimen is magnetised, when placed in a magnetising field.
Quantitatively, the intensity of magnetisation of a magnetic material is defined as the magnetis moment per unit
volume of the material.
Magnetic moment M
I
volume V
= =
.........(i)
If a = uniform area of cross -section of the magnetised specimen (a rectangular bar)
2 l = magnetic length of the specimen.
m = strength of each pole of the specimen ,
from (i),
2
I =
2
m l m
a l a
Hence intensity of magnetisation of a magnetic material is also defined as the pole strength per unit area of across-
section of the material.
As
magnetic moment
I =
Volume
2
1
3
Amp. metre
I = Am
metre
=
These area S.I. unit of I
.
(iv) Magnetic Susceptibility ( )
m
. It is a property which determines how easily a specimen can be magnetised.
Quantitatively, susceptibility of a magnetic material is defined as the ratio of the intensity of magnetisation (I)
induced in the material to the magnetising force (H) applied. susceptibility is represented by
m
Thus
I
H
m
=
(v) Magnetic Induction: When a piece of magnetic material is placed inside a magnetic filed (B
0
), it gets magnetised and
produce its own magnetic field. Magnetic induction denotes the number of magnetic lines of induction (magnetic
field lines inside the material) crossing per unit area normally through the magnetic substance. It is denoted by B.
The magnetic induction
B
0
B B B
i
=
Relation between magnetic permeability and susceptibility
By definition:
0 0
B H =
and
i 0
B = I
Then,
0
B (H I) =
( )
0
B H I = ... (i)
Physics/Class XII 6
2013 Vidyamandir Classes Pvt. Ltd.
Physics: Magnetism and Matter
Hand-Out Chapter - 5
Magnetic induction is also known as magnetic flux density or simply magnetic field.
Dividing equation (i) by H, 0
B I
1
H H
1
=
( )
Using
B
H
= and
I
H
m
= ,
( )
0
I
m
=
0
m
=
1
r m
- (as
0
r
= , relative permeability of the magnetic substance)
8. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
Different materials show different magnetic behaviour e.g. iron, steel, cobalt and nickel are strongly magnetised whereas
aluminium, copper, gold, mercury etc, are weakly magnetised in an applied magnetic field.
Curies law
Curies Law can be stated as, magnetic susceptibility of a material varies inversely with
temperature (in Kelvin).
Curie discovered experimentally that intensity of magnetisation I of a magnetic material is
directly proportional to magnetic field intensity B and inversely proportationl to the
temperature T (in kelvin)
i.e.,
B
I
T
or
H
I
T
or
I 1
H T
or
C
T
m
=
where C is called Curie constant.
Increase in magnetisation (I) with decrease in temperature has a limit when the material becomes saturated. Figure I shows
a curve between (I) and (B / T). Once saturation is achieved further decrease in temperature does not bring change in
magnetisation.
Curie temperature for iron is about 1000 K, for cobalt it is about 1400 K and for nickel it is about 600 K.
Classification / Categoes of Magnetic Material.
Faraday divided the materials in three classes according to their magnetic behaviour :
(a) Ferromagnetic Materials : The materials which are strongly magnetised in the direction of the applied magnetic field
are known as Ferromagnetic Materials. Iron, steel, nickel, cobalt and alloys like alnico (aluminium + nickel + cobalt)
are ferromagnetic materials. Ferromagnetic substances can be easily magnetised. Ferromagnetic effect is noticed
even in the presence of weak magnetic field. with the rise in temperature it becomes comparitively less easier to
magnetise the ferromagnetic substance.
(b) Paramagnetic Materials : The materials which are weakly magnetised in the direction of applied magnetic field are
known as Paramagnetic Materials. Aluminium, chromium, manganese platium, antimony, sodium, copper chloride,
salt solutions of iron and nickel, liquid oxygen, cross glass etc are paramagnetic materials. Paramagnetic materials.
Aluminium, chromium, managanese platinum, antimony, sodium, copper chloride, salt solutions of iron and nickel,
liquid oxygen, cross glass etc, are paramagnetic materials. Paramagnetic materials tend to lose their magnetic behaviour
the rise in temperature. Paramagnetic materials can not be easily magnetised.
Physics/Class XII 7
2013 Vidyamandir Classes Pvt. Ltd.
Physics: Magnetism and Matter
Hand-Out Chapter - 5
(c) Diamagnetic Material : the materials which are weakly magnetised in a direction apposite to the direction of applied
magnetic field are known as diamangetic Materials, Gold, silver, zinc, lead, bismuth, mercury, marble, glass, quartz,
water, alcohol, air, helium, argon, hydrogen, salts like sodium chloride etc are diamagnetic materials.It is very difficult
to magnetise a diamagnetic material. They require very strong magnetic field to show magnetic properties. Their
magnetic behaviour normally does not depend upon change in temperature.
Properties of Magnetic Materials
A comparative chart of properties of ferromagnetic, paramagnetic and diamagnetic materials is given below:
Diamagnetic Materials
(a) They are weakly repelled by a
magnet.
(b) A freely suspended diamagnetic
rod slowly sets itself at right angle
to the direction of external
magnetic field as shown in
figure 2 C.
Figure 2 (C)
(c) When they are placed in a magnetic
field, the lines of force do not prefer to
pass through them.
Figure 3(C)
(i) Field within the sample is decreased to
a very small value (figure 3C) i.e.
permeability ( ) is always less than
unity
(B < H or
B
H
< 1 of < 1)
(ii) Flux density (B) inside a diamagnetic
material is less than in air.
(iii) The sample gets weakly magnetised in
the direction opposite to the direction
of magnetising field.
(c) When they are placed in a magnetic
field, most of the lines of force
prefer to pass through them.
Figure 3 (B)
This behaviour indicates that
(i) Field within the sample is more than
the magnetic intersity (figure 3B)
i.e. permeability () is more than
unity (B > H or
B
H
of > 1).
(ii) Flux density (B) inside a paramag-
netic material is larger than in air.
(iii) The sample gets weakly magnetised
in the direction of magnetising
field.
Paramagnetic Materials
(a) They are weakly attracted by a
magnet.
(b) A freely suspended paramag-
netic rod slowly sets itself
along the direction of external
magnetic field as shown in
figure 2 B.
Figure 2 (B)
Ferromagnetic Materials
(a) They are strongly attracted by
a magnet.
(b) A freely suspended
ferremagnetic rod quikly sets
itself along the direction of
external magnetic field as
shown in figure 2 (A).
Figure 2 (A)
(c) When they are placed in a
magnetic field, the lines of force
prefer to pass through them.
Figure 3 (A)
This behaviour indicates that
(i) Field within the sample is
much more than the magnetic
intersity (figure 3A) i.e. perme-
ability () is much more than
unity. (B > > H or
B
H
> > 1 or
> > 1).
(ii) Flux density (B) inside a
ferromagnetic material is much
larger than in air.
(iii) The sample gets strongly
magnetised in the direction of
magnetising field.
(iv) Intensity of magnetisation
(I) has large positive value.
Physics/Class XII 8
2013 Vidyamandir Classes Pvt. Ltd.
Physics: Magnetism and Matter
Hand-Out Chapter - 5
(v) Susceptibility has a large positive
value
1
:
H
m
= I is large + ve so
m
is large + ve).
(d) They obey Curies law. At a
certain temperature i.e. Curie
point, ferromagnetic properties
disappear and material starts
behaving as paramagnetic.
(e) Liquids and gases do not show
ferromagnetism. If a finely
powered ferromagnetic material in
a watch glass is placed on closely
spaced magnetic poles and then
widely placed magnet poles, the
effect is observed as shown in
figure.
Figure 4 (A)
It shown that such materials move
from weaker to stronger magnetic
field.
(f) When a sample of ferromagnetic
material in a very finely powered
from is placed in U-tube and
magnetic field is applied to one
limb, the level rises in that limb
(Figure 5A)
Figure 5 (A)
(iv) Intensity of Magnetisation (I) has
small positive value.
(v) Susceptibility has a small positive
value
1
( :
H
m
= I is small + ve so
m
is small + ve).
(d) They obey curies law. They are
badly affected with the rise in
temperature. Due to rise in tempera-
ture they lose magnetic property.
(e) If a paramagnetic liquid in a watch
glass is placed on closely spaced
magnetic poles and then widely
placed magnet poles, the effect is
observed a shown in figure. In the
middle but in the second case
Figure 4(B)
there is a depression in the middle. It
shows that such materials move from
weaker to stronger magnetic field.
(f) When a sample of paramagnetic
liquid is put in a U-tube and mag-
netic field is applied to one limb, the
level rises in that limb i.e. from
weaker to stronger magnetic field.
Figure 5 (B)
(iv) Intensity of magnetisation (I) has small
negative value.
(v) Susceptibility has a small negative
value
1
( :
H
m
= I is small ve so
m
is small ve).
(d) They do not obey Curies law. Normally
their magnetic properties do not change
with temperature*
(e) If a diamagnetic liquid in a watch glass
is placed on closely spaced magnetic
poles and then widely placed magnet
poles, the effect is observed as shown
in figure. In the first case there is a
depression
in the middle but in the
second case
Figure 4 (C)
there is a rise in the middle. it shows
that such material move from stronger
to weaker magnetic field.
(f) When a sample of diamagnetic liquid is
put in a U-tube and magnetic field is
applied to one limb the level falls in that
limb i.e., from stronger to weaker
magnetic field.
Figure 5 (C)
Physics/Class XII 9
2013 Vidyamandir Classes Pvt. Ltd.
Physics: Magnetism and Matter
Hand-Out Chapter - 5
9. HYSTERESIS
The lag of intensity of magnetisation behind the magnetising field during the process
of magnetisation and demagnetisation of a ferromagnetic material is called Hysteresis.
The graph plotted with B
against H