COMS4100/7105

Digital Communications
Lecture 9: FSK, MSK, Error Probability of Bandpass Signals, Spectral Ef iciency
This lecture: 1. Frequency Shift Keying 2. Minimum Shift Keying 3. Gaussian MSK 4. Complex Representation I, Q Ref: CCR Chap 14, Sklar Ch 4.
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Context

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FSK Modulation

v(t) = A cos(t + )

FSK modulation is where the signal is modulated as a changing frequency. In its simplest form (BFSK), we can select two frequencies correspnding to each symbol. The two carriers are orthogonal to each other An integer number of cycles of the carrier are used for each.

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An FSK Transmitter

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PSD of FSK

In general the PSD is dif icult to calculate, however as we assume that each carrier has an integer number of cycles, there are a number of simpli ications we can perform. v(t) = 2P cos(c t + d ak t)

Note that (due to a integer number of cycles, and for BFPSK ak = 1) cos d ak t = cos d t sin d ak t =ak sin d t

The original signal, with the aid of a trigonometric identity, can be easily rewritten to I and Q form, note that the I will be a continuous sinusiod, and the Q will oscilate between 1
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PSD of FSK (2)

a binary ASK or PSK spectrum. Another special case is M-ary orthogonal FSK, in which the M keyed frequencies are equispaced by 2 fd 1> 2D r> 2. Without attempting the spectral analysis, we can surmise that B T M 2 fd Mr> 2 Mrb> 1 2 log2 M 2 . Therefore, rb> B T 1 2 log2 M 2> M
(19)

G (f) =G (f) G (f) } { P = [ (f f0 ) + (f + f0 )] x1t2 2 a a p 1 t kD 2 a 1, 2, p , 1 M 1 2 { [ } ] 1 producesr b CPFSK signal rb and frequency modulation (f the ) + (f + ) + rb |P(f)|2 4 2 2 t0 x 1 t 2 A cos c v t u v x 1 l 2 dl d
and the modulation speed is less than M-ary ASK or PSK for M 4. In other words, v s is a wideband x modulation method. orthogonal FSK CPFSK may be wideband or narrowband depending on the frequency deviation. Let x(t) in Fig. 14.17b start at t 0, so
q k D k k0 c c c d

Gc( f )

BT rb 1 4 | f fc | f 0 fc 3 r 2 b fc rb /2 Figure 14.18 Power spectrum of binary FSK with fd fc fc +

3 r 2 b

fc + rb /2

rb/2.

Note, that the null-to-null bandwidth = 3fb .

See Ziemer, R. and R. Peterson (2000) p. 282 for the equation that describes the power spectrum of a CPFSK signal.
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PSD of individual Symbols

Overview FSK MFSK MSK GMSK

Power Spectral Density

P/8 P/8

Spectrum of BFSK

PTb/8

The total Bandwidth will be

B =f +f

0 Frequency

fLfb

fL

fh

fh+fb

h b l b Why is the null-to-null bandwidth different to the sum of the = f h f l + 2f b individual symbol PSDs?

f +f

= 4f b

if fh

f l = 2f b

Provided there is no spectral gap between the lobes.

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FSK Graphically

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FSK Receiver

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FSK Summary

In comparison to BPSK, BFSK has wider Bandwidth Distance between the signal points in BFSK less = More error Note, that the I term carries no information. Thus only half of the transmitted energy carries the information signal.

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Minimum Shift Keying

We have seen that pulse shaping can be used to conserve bandwidth in bandpass signalling, just as for baseband signalling.

However, pulse shaping introduces envelope variations which are undesirable in, e.g., mobile wireless comms. Minimum-Shift Keying (MSK) is a signalling format that conserves bandwidth while preserving a constant envelope. De inition: It is a continuous-phase FSK with minimum modulation index that will produce orthogonal signalling. It can be shown that the minimum frequency shift that allows the mark and space pulses to be orthogonal is 1 2 r.

At baseband, the mark and space frequencies are 1 4 r. In one bit period, the baseband complex phasor rotates one quarter of a revolution: either clockwise or anti-clockwise. Both the in-phase and quadrature components will trace out a quarter-period of a sinusoid, but mutually 90 out of phase.
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MSK as OQPSK
Each bit period, the baseband phasor rotates through 90 .

Consider a bit period where the phasor begins at 0 and the bit to be encoded is a 1.

The phasor rotates anti-clockwise to end the bit period at 90 .

The quadrature signal traces out a +ve-going quarter-sinusoid. Regardless of the bit encoded next, the quadrature component will trace out another quarter-sinusoid, returning to zero. Hence, the quadrature component is only in luenced by every other bit. By symmetry, this is true for the in-phase component too, but offset by one bit period. In this way, it can be seen that MSK is a form of OQPSK with sinusoidal pulse shaping.
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r80407_ch14_647-720.qxd

MSK Graphically
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Thought of in terms of OQPSK, Type II MSK is simply OQPSK with sinusoidal pulse shaping (example shown below).
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Confirming Pages

Digital CW Modulation

661

Message fk p/2 0

k 9

1 p/2 p xi(t)

(a)

3 0 1 2

6 7 8 9

t / Tb

Type I MSK inverts the polarities of sinusoidal pulses every other symbol period. Neither Type I nor II produces exactly the same waveform as our original de inition in terms of FSK, which we call Fast FSK (FFSK).

xq(t)

3 0 1 2

6 7 8 9

t / Tb

N.B.: CC5 discusses only the FFSK variant of MSK.

(b) Figure 14.111 Illustration of MSK: (a) phase path; (b) i and q waveforms.

Thus, for the interval in question, x i 1 t 2 cos fk cos ck 5 pTb 3 t 1 k 1 2 Tb 4 pTb 1 t kTb 2 6

Despite the super icial differences, all formats share the same PSD and BER properties.
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cos fk cos 3 1 prb> 2 2 1 t kTb 2 4 3 u 1 t kTb Tb 2 u 1 t kTb Tb 2 4

2 Well draw upon the behavior of fk versus k as displayed in the trellis pattern of PSD ofalso MSK Fig. 14.110. This pattern clearly reveals that f 0, p, 2p, p , for even values of k while fk p> 2, 3p> 2, p , for odd values of k.
Gc( f )
k

BT rb /2

f 0 Figure 14.19 fc
3 r 4 b

fc

fc + 3 r 4 b

MSK power spectrum.

Now the null-to-null bandwidth is 3fb /2.

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Minimum in MSK

The difference between the two frequencies is minimum and they are orthogonal. ie the following condition must hold
0 Tb

sin(f1 t) sin(f2 t) = 0
f

f0 =

m 4 fb

b carrier frequency is an integral multiple of 4 .

MSK can be called as FSK with reduced bandwidth and continuous phase. In comparison to FSK, the frequency spacing is smaller. MSK is sometimes called Fast FSK

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MSK as a shaped QPSK

QPSK, the signals so (t) and se (t) directly multiply the carrier, abrupt change in phase and hence amplitude. ( ) ( ) 2 t 2 t In MSK, the waveforms are se (t) cos 4 and s ( t ) cos e Tb 4Tb do not have abrupt changes in their amplitudes. The phase changes occur at zero crossings. Smooth changes in the side lobes of MSK waveforms are smaller compared to QPSK. Effect of interchannel interference is less in MSK. Hence MSK is called as shaped QPSK.

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Sketching of FSK and MSK Waveforms

Draw the FSK and MSK waveforms for the sequence 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1

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MSK as a Constellation

Geometrical Representation of MSK

Geometrically we can represent MSK signal as

L (t )

E
CL 0 C H 1

.
s

CH 0 CL 1
C C

.
L H

0 1

E
CH 0 CL 1

H (t)

The distance between two points d =

2 Es
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MSK/QPSK Summary

MSK signal has continuous phase in all cases, QPSK has phase shifts of or /2 MSK signal does not have amplitude variations MSK main lobe is wider than QPSK, but 99% of MSK power is in main lobe. QPSK 90% (Smaller sidelopes = less interchannel interference) To avoid ICI QPSK requires iltering, can change amplitude and phase of QPSK waveform. Not required for MSK. Distance between signal points is the same in QPSK and MSK. Probability of error also same.

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MSK/QPSK Summary (2)

Bandwidth requirement of MSK is 1.5fb . For QPSK, Bandwidth requirement is fb However, 99% of the signal power can be transmitted within the bandwidth of 1.2fb for MSK. QPSK requires around 8fb to transmit the same power Generation and detection of MSK is slightly complex. Phase jitter may be present in MSK because of incorrect synchronisation. Can degrade performance

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Gaussian MSK
Since MSK is a form of OQPSK with pulse shaping, we expect that it would have lower sidelobes.

Even greater sidelobe suppression can be obtained while retaining the constant-envelope property in Gaussian MSK (GMSK). In GMSK, the NRZ message is passed through a Gaussian ilter ( 2 ) f ln 2 H(f) = exp 2B2 before being frequency modulated (as in FFSK).

Although the PSD is hard to analyse (like FM) and although it introduces ISI, the spectral ef iciency can be dramatically increased. This is the modulation used in the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), with BTb = 0.3.
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