You are on page 1of 3

1

Piping Systems
out in
l
l in
k
k out
j
j out
i
i in
m
J
Head H
Energy m J
head h e
Energy
E E E E E E
(
(

= = =
(
(

= = = =
=
)
`

=
)
`

)
`

=
)
`


2
, , , ,
;
Eq. of side both on , if
state steady & CV for
Laws on Conservati
OUT
Energy
IN
Energy
;
OUT
mass
IN
mass
T
D
Q
circle
l
l in
k
k out
j
j out
i
i in
T p
pump
Cf K K
D
f f h m h Q P Q Power
A
QD VD VD
h h h h
etc
V
Cf
V
K
V
D
L
f h
m
W
gz
V P
g H h
m
N
Head H
Weight s kg
head h e
mass
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = = = A =
= = = =
= =
(

= = =
(

= = = =
=

Re size,
4
, , , ,
2 2 2 2
2
shape
; ) (Re, ; ) (
Re ;
. ;
2
;
2
;
2
; ; ;
2
;
;
c

Piping Systems- Example 1-1


or (a)
Type I (explicit) problem:
Given: L
i
, D
i
, Q
i
; Find H
i
Type II (implicit) problem:
Given: L D H; Find Q
or (b)
Given: L
i
, D
i
, H
i
; Find Q
i
Type III (implicit) problem:
Given: L
i
, H
i
Q
i
; Find D
i
Example 1-1 (Continue)
May beused to find any variable
if theothers aregiven, i.e.
for anytypeof problem(I II III) for any typeof problem(I, II, III)
Example 1-2 with MathCAD
For inlet (0.78)
& exit (1), p.18
For valve(55) &
elbows (2*30),
NOTE: K=Cf
T
Re& f
No pump
Given
Re & f
T
Solution
Satisfying conservation of mass and energy equations
we may solve or guess and check any piping problem!
2
Hardy-Cross Method & Program
For every node in a pipe network:
Since a node pressure must be unique,
then net pressure loss head around any loop
must be zero:
2 . 0 Eq h
j
be must
f
j

=
If Q
0
i f E 1 h E 2 ill b i fi d
1 . 0
0
Eq Q

=
|
|
Iteration #
If we assume Q
|
0
to satisfy Eq. 1, the Eq. 2 will not be satisfied.
So we have to correct Q
|
0
for AQ
loop
, so that Eq. 2 is satisfied,
i.e.:
( ) tol Q Q Q Q
Q Q h Q
dQ
dh
Q h Q Q h
h Q h h
L
loop
loop loop i
next
i
loop
j
next
f
previous
f
next
f
next
f
j
f f f
j
j
j j
j j j
< A A + =
A = A = A + = A +
= =

=1
2
0
e convergenc until e ...continu
0 ; ) ( ) (
then , 0 Since . Q of function as ) ( all Express
Hardy-Cross Method & Program (2)
Example 1-13 (cont.)
r
o
s
s

s
u
b
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
...loops
...pipes
...guess (LX1)
while tolerance is not satisfied
H
a
r
d
y
-
C
r
correction (LX1)
new Qs (PX1)=(PXL)(LX1)
result (PX1)
The results
after Hardy-Cross
iterations
Example 1-13
Loop 1
Loop 2 p
This 3rd loop is not independent (no new pipein it)
Example 1-13 (cont.)
T
N
|
|
.
|

\
|


=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
1 1 0
0 1 1
1 0
1 1
0 1
: matrix " Connection "
m
a
t
r
i
x

N
2 loops
3

p
i
p
e
s

C
o
n
n
e
c
t
i
o
n


m
Example 1-13 (cont.)
ds
Ls
units & g
Pump and reservoirs
dh
d
/dQ derivative
roughnesses
Kin. viscosity
3
Example 1-13 (cont.)
Re & f
T
Laminar & turbulent f
No minor losses
Example 1-13 (cont.)
Loss & device
heads
Derivativeof h(Q)
Q
i
guesses fromconservation of mass
Connection matrix N 2 loops
3 pipes
Example 1-13 (cont.)
...loops
...pipes
...guess
while tolerance is not satisfied
r
o
s
s

s
u
b
r
o
u
t
i
n
e
The results
after Hardy-Cross
iterations
correction
new Qs
result
H
a
r
d
y
-
C
r

You might also like