Abihail E. Diamante.

2013058424 European setting before the expedition of Magellan

1 Mus-1 July 26, 2013

In 1300-1500, the europeans began exploring the world. There were developments in technology. People were able to build maps, ships, compass and gun powder. Competition of being the most powerful country in in the world through conquering of other countries occurred between the countries in Europe. Marco Polo is an Italian merchant traveller whose travels were recorded in his book "Livres des merveilles du monde". He traveled in Asia during the Yuan Dynasty and established a good relationship with Kublai Khan who established the greatest empire in the world. His journey inspired Christopher Colombus and many others. Effects of Crusades: 1. Effects of the Crusades on the Catholic Church The Crusades contributed to increase the wealth of the Church and the power of the Papacy. Thus the prominent part which the Popes took in the enterprises naturally fostered their authority and influence, by placing in their hands, the armies and resources of Christendom, and accustoming the people to look to them as guides and leaders. 2. Effects of the Crusades on Commerce One of the most important effects of the crusades was on commerce. They created a constant demand for the transportation of men and supplies, encouraged ship-building, and extended the market for eastern wares in Europe. 3. Effects of the Crusades on Feudalism The crusades could not fail to affect in many ways the life of western Europe. For instance, they helped to undermine feudalism. Thousands of barons and knights mortgaged or sold their lands in order to raise money for a crusading expedition. Thousands more perished in Syria and their estates, through failure of heirs, reverted to the crown. 4. Political Effects of the Crusades As to the political effects of the Crusades, they helped to break down the power of the feudal aristocracy, and to give prominence to the kings and the people. Many of the nobles who set out on the expeditions never returned, and their estates, through failure of heirs, escheated to the Crown; while many more wasted their fortunes in meeting the expenses of their undertaking. 5. Social Effects of the Crusades

The Social effects of the Crusades upon the social life of the Western nations were marked and important. The Crusades afforded an opportunity for romantic adventure. The Crusades were therefore one of the principal fostering influences of Chivalry. Contact with the culture of the East provided a general refining influence. 6.Effects of the Crusades - Intellectual Development The influence of the Crusades upon the intellectual development of Europe can hardly be overestimated. Above all, they liberalized the minds of the crusaders. The East at the time of the Middle Ages surpassed the West in civilization. The crusaders enjoyed the advantages which come from travel in strange lands and among unfamiliar peoples. 7. Effects of the Crusades - Material Development During this period, Venice, Pisa, and Genoa acquired great wealth and reputation through the fostering of their trade by the needs of the crusaders, and the opening up of the East. The Mediterranean was whitened with the sails of their transport ships, which were constantly plying between the various ports of Europe and the towns of the Syrian coast. 8. Effects of the Crusades - Voyages of Discovery Finally, the incentive given to geographical discovery led various travellers, such as the celebrated Italian, Marco Polo, and the scarcely less noted Englishman, Sir John Mandeville, to explore the most remote countries of Asia. Even that spirit of maritime enterprise and adventure which rendered illustrious the fifteenth century, inspiring the voyages of Columbus, Vasco de Gama, and Magellan, may be traced back to that lively interest in geographical matters awakened by the expeditions. Henry the Navigator He was also known as Infante Henry, Duke of Viseu he was born on 4 March 1394 13 November 1460. He started the first school of navigation in Portugal and invented the astrolabe. Treaty of Tordesillas Spain and Portugal competed in exploring the world. Because of this conflict, the treaty of Tordesillas was made on June 7, 1494. The lands to the east would belong to Portugal and the lands to the west to Spain. The treaty was ratified by Spain (at the time, the Crowns of Castile and Aragon), 2 July 1494 and by Portugal, 5 September 1494. The other side of the world would be divided a few decades later by the Treaty of Zaragoza or Saragossa, signed on 22 April 1529, which specified the antimeridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas.

Magellan's Expedition Ferdinand Magellan (Portuguese: Ferno de Magalhes, Spanish: Fernando de Magallanes 1480 27 April 1521) was a Portuguese explorer. King Charles V included five ships: the flagship Trinidad (110 tons, crew 55), under Magellan's command; San Antonio (120 tons; crew 60) commanded by Juan de Cartagena; Concepcion (90 tons, crew 45) commanded by Gaspar de Quesada; Santiago (75 tons, crew 32) commanded by Juan Serrano; and Victoria (85 tons, crew 43), named after the church of Santa Maria de la Victoria de Triana, where Magellan took an oath of allegiance to Charles V, commanded by Luis Mendoza. Trinidad was a caravel, and all others rated as carracks. The crew reached the equator on February 13, 1521. On March 6, they arrived in Guam and called it the land of thieves. On March 17, they reached Homonhon in the Philippines. Magellan was able to communicate with the native tribes because his Malay interpreter, Enrique, could understand their languages. Enrique was indentured by Magellan in 1511 right after the colonization of Malacca and was at his side during the battles in Africa, during Magellan's disgrace at the King's court in Portugal and during Magellan's successful raising of a fleet. They traded gifts with Rajah Siaiu of Mazaua who guided them to Cebu on 7 April. Rajah Humabon of Cebu was friendly towards Magellan and the Spaniards; both he and his queen Hara Amihan were baptized as Christians. Afterward, Rajah Humabon and his ally Datu Zula convinced Magellan to kill their enemy, Datu Lapu-Lapu, on Mactan. Magellan had wished to convert Lapu-Lapu to Christianity, as he had Humabon, a proposal of which Lapu-Lapu was dismissive. On the morning of 27 April 1521, Magellan sailed to Mactan with a small attack force. During the resulting battle against Lapu-Lapu's troops, Magellan was hit by a bamboo spear and later surrounded and finished off with other weapons. Magellan faced the natives of Mactan and was wounded by a bamboo arrow in his arm and died because of the poison content of the bamboo arrow... Expeditions after Magellan 1. LOAISA it was a failure because all members died at sea. 2. CABOT- also a failure because they were attacked by the hostile Indians. 3. SAAVEDRA- The crew touched Ladrones or Guam & reached Mindanao but were driven by winds at Tidore. All the members died at sea. 4. VILLALOBOS Headed by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos. It was also a failure. He was able to reach Moluccas but was harassed by misfortunes so he died unhappy. Its only historical significance was giving the name Islas Filipinas or Philippine Islands to our country. 5. LEGASPI- headed by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi was dispatched by King Philip II, 20 years after the Villalobos Expedition in order 1. to look for spices & bring samples of the spices to Spain; 2. to discover the return route to Mexico.He was given 3 Instructions by King Philip, namely: a. Preparations- there must be 300350 soldier members who were required to confess their sins & receive Holy

Communion before departure; b) Voyage- Legaspi is forbidden to go to Moluccas because it would be violation of the Treaty of Zaragosa with the King of Portugal. He has to go only to the Philippines & deal only with those islands having spices; c) Upon Arrival in the Philippines-Legaspi was to examine the ports , to learn the settlements & their wealth, the nature & way of life of the natives, trade & barter procedures, the value & prices of spices. A church shall be built near the port. And that Father Urdaneta will serve as their chief navigator & spiritual adviser. FOUR VESSELS of the Expedition: 1. San Juan 2. San Pedro 3. San Pablo 4. San Lucas King Philip directed Legaspi to colonize the Philippines even if he knew that it belonged to PORTUGAL as provided for in the Treaty of Zaragosa wherein Spain sold MOLUCCAS to Portugal for 350,000 gold ducats together with the PHILIPPINES. Spanish Conquest in the Philippines Spanish Control - The conquest of the Filipinos by Spain did not begin in earnest until 1564, when another expedition from New Spain, commanded by Miguel Lpez de Legaspi, arrived. Spanish leadership was soon established over many small independent communities that previously had known no central rule. By 1571, when Lpez de Legaspi established the Spanish city of Manila on the site of a Moro town he had conquered the year before, the Spanish foothold in the Philippines was secure, despite the opposition of the Portuguese, who were eager to maintain their monopoly on the trade of East Asia. Manila repulsed the attack of the Chinese pirate Limahong in 1574. For centuries before the Spanish arrived the Chinese had traded with the Filipinos, but evidently none had settled permanently in the islands until after the conquest. Chinese trade and labor were of great importance in the early development of the Spanish colony, but the Chinese came to be feared and hated because of their increasing numbers, and in 1603 the Spanish murdered thousands of them (later, there were lesser massacres of the Chinese). The Spanish governor, made a viceroy in 1589, ruled with the advice of the powerful royal audiencia. There were frequent uprisings by the Filipinos, who resented the encomienda system. By the end of the 16th cent. Manila had become a leading commercial center of East Asia, carrying on a flourishing trade with China, India, and the East Indies. The Philippines supplied some wealth (including gold) to Spain, and the richly laden galleons plying between the islands and New Spain were often attacked by English freebooters. There was also trouble from other quarters, and the period from 1600 to 1663 was marked by continual wars with the Dutch, who were laying the foundations of their rich empire in the East Indies, and with Moro pirates. One of the most difficult problems the Spanish faced was the subjugation of the Moros. Intermittent

campaigns were conducted against them but without conclusive results until the middle of the 19th cent. As the power of the Spanish Empire waned, the Jesuit orders became more influential in the Philippines and acquired great amounts of property. Spanish Contributions Spain colonized the Philippines from 1565 to 1898. The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos for 333 years. Spanish influence on the Philippines and the Filipino inhabitants was immediately visible following the imposition of Castilian colonial sovereignty. The Spaniards transplanted their social, economic, and political institutions halfway across the world to the Philippine archipelago. The colonial masters required the native Filipinos to swear allegiance to the Spanish monarch, where before they only had village chieftains called "datus;" to worship a new God, where before they worshipped a whole pantheon of supernatural deities and divinities; to speak a new language, where before they had (and still have) a Babel of tongues; and to alter their work habits, where before they worked within the framework of a subsistence economy. The Spanish landholding system based on private ownership of land replaced the Filipino system of communal landownership. Thus, when the Spanish rule ended, the Filipinos found many aspects of their way of life bearing the indelible imprint of Hispanization. Through the Church and its zealous missionaries, the Filipinos learned new techniques and procedures involving the cultivation of agricultural crops introduced from Mexico, one of Spains colonies in the New World. For example, prior to the imposition of Castilian rule, the Filipinos practiced swiddening or slash-and-burn agriculture. This farming technique involved clearing a hillside or a patch of land, cutting down the trees, burning the trunks, the branches and the leaves, removing the rocks, and then planting through the use of a pointed stick to create a hole on the ground into which seeds were thrown. Then the farmer simply waited for harvest time to arrive. This situation changed when the missionaries taught the Filipino natives horticultural techniques requiring intensive cultivation of land through better irrigation and water management so as to lessen their dependency on rainfall. In addition to teaching the Filipinos new farming methods and introducing to them new crops such as maize, avocado, tomato, and cacao, from which the nutritious drink of chocolate was derived, the Spanish friars taught the rudiments of reading and writing to the natives, not to mention useful trades such as painting, baking and locksmithing.