LABORATORY MANUAL ECE 321: Communication System S.No.

List of the Experiments

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2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

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24 56 78 9 10 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

To obtain Amplitude modulated envelope & determine depth of modulation. To study envelope detector for demodulation of AM signal. To generate a FM Signal and measure Depth of modulation. Implementation of various pulse data coding techniques.

Implementation of Time Division Multiplexing. Implementation of Amplitude shift keying.

Implementation of Frequency shift keying.

Implementation of Phase shift keying. Implementation of Pulse Code Modulation. Implementation of Delta Modulation and Demodulation.

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Experiment 1 1. Experiment: To design and implement on a breadboard a circuit to perform Amplitude modulation. 2. Equipments Required: Two IC BC 107BP, 10k, 20kohm resistor, three 0.01F capacitor, CRO(20 Mhz), Function generator(1Mhz), connecting wires and probes. 3. Learning Objectives: To implement the concept of Frequency modulation. 4. Circuit diagram:

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram. b) Apply fixed frequency carrier signal to carrier input terminals. c) Apply modulating signal from function generator of 0.8VP-P of 1KHz. d) Note down and trace the modulated signal envelop on the CRO screen., and Find the modulation index by measuring Vmax and Vmin from the modulated (detected/ traced) envelope.
e) m=(Vmax Vmin)/(Vmax+Vmin).

f) Repeat the steps 4 & 5 by changing the frequency or/& amplitude of the modulating signal so as to observe over modulation, under modulating and perfect modulation. 6. For demodulation, apply the modulated signal (A.M) as an input to the demodulator and verify the demodulated output with respect to the applied modulating signals and their respective outputs.

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7. Required Results:

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8. Observation Table:

9. Error Analysis: Calculate Modulation index using mathematical formula mc = Vm/Vc. %AGE ERROR = ((m mc)/ mc)x100% 10. Learning Outcomes: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment - 2 1. Experiment: To study envelop detector for demodulation of AM signal and observe diagonal peak clipping effect. 2. Equipments Required: Diode (0A79), 100 K-ohm resistance, capacitor 2uF, CRO (20 Mhz),Function generator(1Mhz),connecting wires and probes. 3. Learning Objectives: Practically implement the concept of Amplitude demodulation. 4. Circuit Diagram:

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Connect the circuit diagram as shown above. b) Feed the AM wave to the demodulator circuit and observe the output c) Note down frequency and amplitude of the demodulated output waveform. d) Draw the demodulated wave form for m=1.

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6. Required Results:

7. Observation Table:

8. Learning Outcomes: to be written by students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment -3 1. Experiment: To generate a FM Signal and measure Depth of modulation, 2. Equipments required: IC LM 2206,10k, two 100k, three 4.7k, 220ohm resistor values, 22F,1F, 10F, 0.01F capacitor values, CRO(20 Mhz), Function generator (1Mhz), connecting wires and probes. 3. Learning Objectives: To implement the concept of Frequency modulation (already taught). 4. Circuit diagram:

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Connect the circuit as per the given circuit diagram. b) Apply the modulating signal of 100HZ with 3Vp-p. c) Trace the modulated wave on the C.R.O & plot the same on graph. d) Find the modulation index by measuring minimum and maximum frequency deviations from the carrier frequency using the CRO. e) M = S/f = maximum Frequency deviation /modulating signal frequency f) Repeat the steps 3& 4 by changing the amplitude and /or frequency of the modulating Signal.

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6. Required Results:

7. Observation Table:

Formula used: m f = / f m ; where = k Vm fc and K is the proportionality constant. 7. Learning Outcomes: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment 4 1. Experiment: Implementation of various pulse code data techniques using matlab/simulink. 2. Equipments Required: MatLab-7.5 Software. 3. Learning Objectives: To implement the MatLab code for various pulse code data techniques. 4. MatLab Code:
%Pulse data coding techniques a=[1 0 0 1 1]; U=a; n=length(a); U(n+1)=U(n); %POLAR P=a; for k=1:n; if a(k)==0 P(k)=-1; end P(n+1)=P(n); end %Bipolar B=a; f = -1; for k=1:n; if B(k)==1; if f==-1; B(k)=1; f=1; else B(k)=-1; f=-1; end end B(n+1)=B(n); end %Mark M(1)=1; for k=1:n; M(k+1)=xor(M(k), a(k)); end %Space S(1)=1; for k=1:n S(k+1)=not(xor(S(k), a(k))); end %Plotting Waves subplot(5, 1, 1); stairs(U) axis([1 n+2 -2 2])

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title('Unipolar NRZ') grid on subplot(5, 1, 2); stairs(P) axis([1 n+2 -2 2]) title('Polar NRZ') grid on subplot(5, 1, 3); stairs(B) axis([1 n+2 -2 2]) title('Bipolar NRZ') grid on subplot(5, 1, 4); stairs(M) axis([1 n+2 -2 2]) title('NRZ-Mark') grid on subplot(5, 1, 5); stairs(S) axis([1 n+2 -2 2]) title('NRZ-Space') grid on

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Open a new M-File or Script window in MatLab. b) Type the MatLab code and execute it. c) View the results in command window / figure window. 6. Results:

7. Learning Outcomes: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment 5 1. Experiment: Implementation of time division multiplexing using matlab/simulink. 2. Equipments Required: MatLab-7.5 Software. 3. Learning Objectives: To implement the MatLab code for time division multiplexing. 4. MatLab Code:
%Time division multiplexing fs=10000; t=0:1/fs:1.5; x1=sawtooth(2*pi*50*t); x2=square(2*pi*50*t); x3=sin(2*pi*50*t); subplot(2,2,1),plot(t,x1),axis([0 0.2 -1.2 1.2]); xlabel('time(sec)'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('sawtooth periodic wave'); subplot(2,2,2),plot(t,x2),axis([0 0.2 -1.2 1.2]); xlabel('time(sec)'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('square wave'); subplot(2,2,3),plot(t,x3),axis([0 0.2 -1.2 1.2]); xlabel('time(sec)'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('sin wave'); l1=length(x1); l2=length(x2); l3=length(x3); for i=1:l1 x(1,i)=x1(i); x(2,i)=x2(i); x(3,i)=x3(i); end tdmx=reshape(x,1,3*l1); figure; plot(tdmx); dmx=reshape(tdmx,3,l1); for i=1:l1 x4(i)=dmx(1,i); x5(i)=dmx(2,i); x6(i)=dmx(3,i); end figure; subplot(2,2,1),plot(x4); axis([0 1000 -1 1]); xlabel('time(sec)'); ylabel('amplitude');

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title('recovered sawtooth periodic wave'); subplot(2,2,2),plot(x5); axis([0 1000 -1 1]); xlabel('time(sec)'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('recovered square wave'); subplot(2,2,3),plot(x6); axis([0 1000 -1 1]); xlabel('time(sec)'); ylabel('amplitude'); title('recovered sin wave');

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Open a new M-File or Script window in MatLab. b) Type the MatLab code and execute it. c) View the results in command window / figure window. 6. Results: Transmitted signal:

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TDM signal:

Received signal:

7. Learning Outcomes: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment 6 1. Experiment: Implementation of amplitude shift keying modulator and demodulator using matlab/simulink. 2. Equipments Required: MatLab-7.5 Software. 3. Learning Objectives: To implement the MatLab code for amplitude shift keying. 4. MatLab Code:
%Amplitude shift keying clc; clear all; close all; s=[1 0 1 1 1 0]; f1=10; a=length(s); for i=1:a f=f1*s(1,i); for t=(i-1)*100+1:i*100 x(t)=sin(2*pi*f*t/1000) end end plot(x) xlabel('time in secs') ylabel('amplitude in volts') title('ASK') grid on

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Open a new M-File or Script window in MatLab. b) Type the MatLab code and execute it. c) View the results in command window / figure window. 6. Results:

7. Learning Outcomes: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment 7 1. Experiment: Implementation of frequency shift keying modulator and demodulator using matlab/simulink. 2. Equipments Required: MatLab-7.5 Software. 3. Learning Objectives: To implement the MatLab code for frequency shift keying. 4. MatLab Code:
%Frequency shift keying clc; clear all; close all; s=[1 0 1 0]; f1=10; f2=50; a=length (s); for i=1:a if s(1,i)==1 freq=f1*s(1,i); for t= (i-1)*100+1:i*100 x(t)= sin(2*pi*freq*t/1000); end elseif s(1,i)==0 b=(2*s(1,i))+1; freq=f2*b; for t=(i-1)*100+1:i*100 x(t)= sin(2*pi*freq*t/1000); end end end plot(x); xlabel('title in secs'); ylabel('amplitude in volts') title ('FSK') grid on

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Open a new M-File or Script window in MatLab. b) Type the MatLab code and execute it. c) View the results in command window / figure window.

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6. Results:

7. Learning Outcomes: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment 8 1. Experiment: Implementation of phase shift keying modulator and demodulator using matlab/simulink. 2. Equipments Required: MatLab-7.5 Software. 3. Learning Objectives: To implement the MatLab code for phase shift keying. 4. MatLab Code:
%Phase shift keying clc; clear all; close all; s=[1 0 1 0]; f1=10; a=length(s); for i=1:a if s(1,i)==1 freq=f1*s(1,i); for t= (i-1)*100+1:i*100 x(t)= sin(2*pi*freq*t/1000); end elseif s(1,i)==0 b=(2*s(1,i))+1; freq=f1*b; for t=(i-1)*100+1:i*100 x(t)= sin((2*pi*freq*t/1000)+pi); end end end plot(x); xlabel('title in secs'); ylabel('amplitude in volts') title ('PSK') grid on

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Open a new M-File or Script window in MatLab. b) Type the MatLab code and execute it. c) View the results in command window / figure window.

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6. Results:

7. Learning Outcomes: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment 9 1. Experiment: Implementation of pulse code modulation using matlab/simulink. 2. Equipments Required: MatLab-7.5 Software. 3. Learning Objectives: To implement the MatLab code for pulse code modulation. 4. MatLab Code:
%Puse code modulation A=2; fc=3; fs=20; n=3; t=0:1/(100*fc):1; x=A*sin(2*pi*fc*t); ts=0:1/fs:1; xs=A*sin(2*pi*fc*ts); x1=xs+A; x1=x1/(2*A); L=(-1+2^n); x1=L*x1; xq=round(x1); r=xq/L; r=2*A*r; r=r-A; y=[]; for i=1:length(xq); d=dec2bin(xq(i),n); y=[y double(d)-48]; end MSE=sum((xs-r).^2)/length(x); Bitrate=n*fs; Stepsize=2*A/L; QNoise=((Stepsize)^2)/12; subplot(3,1,1); plot(t,x,'linewidth',2) title('step 1') ylabel('y axis') xlabel('t(in sec)') hold on stem(ts,xs,'r','linewidth',2) hold off legend('analog signal',' sampling'); subplot(3,1,2); stem(ts,x1,'linewidth',2) title('step 2') ylabel('Y axis') hold on

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stem(ts,xq,'r','linewidth',2) plot(ts,xq,'--r') plot(t,(x+A)*L/(2*A),'--b') grid hold off legend('Quantization','sampling'); subplot(3,1,3); stairs([y y(length(y))],'linewidth',2) title('PCM') ylabel('Y axis') xlabel('bits') axis([0 length(y) -2 2]) grid

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Open a new M-File or Script window in MatLab. b) Type the MatLab code and execute it. c) View the results in command window / figure window. 6. Results:

7. Learning Outcomes: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

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Experiment 10 1. Experiment: Implementation of delta modulation using matlab/simulink. 2. Equipments Required: MatLab-7.5 Software. 3. Learning Objectives: To implement the MatLab code for delta modulation. 4. MatLab Code:
% DELTA MODULATiON figure(1); a=2; t=0:2*pi/50:2*pi; x=a*sin(t); l=length(x); plot(x,'r'); delta=0.2; hold on xn=0; for i=1:l; if x(i)>xn(i) d(i)=1; xn(i+1)=xn(i)+delta; else d(i)=0; xn(i+1)=xn(i)-delta; end end stairs(xn) hold on for i=1:d if d(i)>xn(i) d(i)=0; xn(i+1)=xn(i)-delta; else d(i)=1; xn(i+1)=xn(i)+delta; end end plot(xn,'c'); legend('Analog signal','Delta modulation','Demodulation') title('DELTA MODULATION / DEMODULATION ')

5. Outline of the Procedure: a) Open a new M-File or Script window in MatLab. b) Type the MatLab code and execute it. c) View the results in command window / figure window.

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6. Results:

7. Learning Outcomes: To be written by students in 50-70 words.

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