AnIntroductiontoSoftware Engineering

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SoftwareEngineering,8th edition.Chapter1

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Objectives
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Tointroducesoftwareengineeringandtoexplain itsimportance Tosetouttheanswerstokeyquestionsabout softwareengineering Tointroduceethicalandprofessionalissuesand toexplainwhytheyareofconcerntosoftware engineers

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Topicscovered

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FAQsaboutsoftwareengineering Professionalandethicalresponsibility

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Softwareengineering
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TheeconomiesofALLdevelopednationsare dependentonsoftware. Moreandmoresystemsaresoftwarecontrolled Softwareengineeringisconcernedwiththeories, methodsandtoolsforprofessionalsoftware development. Expenditureonsoftwarerepresentsa significantfractionofGNPinalldeveloped countries.

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Softwarecosts
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Softwarecostsoftendominatecomputersystem costs.ThecostsofsoftwareonaPCareoften greaterthanthehardwarecost. Softwarecostsmoretomaintainthanitdoesto develop.Forsystemswithalonglife, maintenancecostsmaybeseveraltimes developmentcosts. Softwareengineeringisconcernedwithcost effectivesoftwaredevelopment.

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FAQsaboutsoftwareengineering
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Whatissoftware? Whatissoftwareengineering? Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftware engineeringandcomputerscience? Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftware engineeringandsystemengineering? Whatisasoftwareprocess? Whatisasoftwareprocessmodel?

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FAQsaboutsoftwareengineering
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Whatarethecostsofsoftwareengineering? Whataresoftwareengineeringmethods? WhatisCASE(ComputerAidedSoftware Engineering) Whataretheattributesofgoodsoftware? Whatarethekeychallengesfacingsoftware engineering?

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Whatissoftware?
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Computerprogramsandassociateddocumentationsuch asrequirements,designmodelsandusermanuals. Softwareproductsmaybedevelopedforaparticular customerormaybedevelopedforageneralmarket. Softwareproductsmaybe

Genericdevelopedtobesoldtoarangeofdifferentcustomers e.g.PCsoftwaresuchasExcelorWord. Bespoke(custom)developedforasinglecustomeraccording totheirspecification.

Newsoftwarecanbecreatedbydevelopingnew programs,configuringgenericsoftwaresystemsor reusingexistingsoftware.

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Whatissoftwareengineering?
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Softwareengineeringisanengineeringdiscipline thatisconcernedwithallaspectsofsoftware production. Softwareengineersshouldadoptasystematic andorganisedapproachtotheirworkanduse appropriatetoolsandtechniquesdependingon theproblemtobesolved,thedevelopment constraintsandtheresourcesavailable.

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Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftware engineeringandcomputerscience?
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Computerscienceisconcernedwiththeoryand fundamentalssoftwareengineeringisconcerned withthepracticalitiesofdevelopingand deliveringusefulsoftware. Computersciencetheoriesarestillinsufficientto actasacompleteunderpinningforsoftware engineering(unlikee.g.physicsandelectrical engineering).

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Whatisthedifferencebetweensoftware engineeringandsystemengineering?
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Systemengineeringisconcernedwithall aspectsofcomputerbasedsystems developmentincludinghardware,softwareand processengineering.Softwareengineeringis partofthisprocessconcernedwithdeveloping thesoftwareinfrastructure,control,applications anddatabasesinthesystem. Systemengineersareinvolvedinsystem specification,architecturaldesign,integration anddeployment.

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Whatisasoftwareprocess?
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Asetofactivitieswhosegoalisthedevelopment orevolutionofsoftware. Genericactivitiesinallsoftwareprocessesare:

Specificationwhatthesystemshoulddoandits developmentconstraints Developmentproductionofthesoftwaresystem Validationcheckingthatthesoftwareiswhatthe customerwants Evolutionchangingthesoftwareinresponseto changingdemands.

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Whatisasoftwareprocessmodel?
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Asimplifiedrepresentationofasoftwareprocess, presentedfromaspecificperspective. Examplesofprocessperspectivesare

Workflowperspectivesequenceofactivities Dataflowperspectiveinformationflow Role/actionperspectivewhodoeswhat. Waterfall Iterativedevelopment Componentbasedsoftwareengineering.

Genericprocessmodels

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Whatarethecostsofsoftwareengineering?
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Roughly60%ofcostsaredevelopmentcosts, 40%aretestingcosts.Forcustomsoftware, evolutioncostsoftenexceeddevelopmentcosts. Costsvarydependingonthetypeofsystem beingdevelopedandtherequirementsofsystem attributessuchasperformanceandsystem reliability. Distributionofcostsdependsonthe developmentmodelthatisused.

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Activitycostdistribution
Wat er fallmodel 0 25 5 0 75 100 Specification Design Development Integ rationandtesting

It erativedevelopment 0 2 5 5 0 75 1 00

Specification

Iterativedevelopment ineering 5 0 75

Systemtesting

Componentbasedsoftwareeng 0 2 5

1 00

Specification

Development

Integ rationandtesting

Developmentandevolutioncostsforlonglifetimesyst 0 10 200

ems 30 400

Systemdevelopment

Systemevolution

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Productdevelopmentcosts

2 5

50

7 5

100

Specification

Development

Systemtesting

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Whataresoftwareengineeringmethods?
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Structuredapproachestosoftwaredevelopmentwhich includesystemmodels,notations,rules,designadvice andprocessguidance. Modeldescriptions

Descriptionsofgraphicalmodelswhichshouldbeproduced Constraintsappliedtosystemmodels Adviceongooddesignpractice Whatactivitiestofollow.

Rules

Recommendations

Processguidance

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WhatisCASE(ComputerAidedSoftware Engineering)
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Softwaresystemsthatareintendedtoprovideautomated supportforsoftwareprocessactivities. CASEsystemsareoftenusedformethodsupport. UpperCASE

Toolstosupporttheearlyprocessactivitiesofrequirements anddesign Toolstosupportlateractivitiessuchasprogramming, debuggingandtesting.

LowerCASE

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Whataretheattributesofgoodsoftware?
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Thesoftwareshoulddelivertherequiredfunctionalityand performancetotheuserandshouldbemaintainable, dependableandacceptable. Maintainability

Softwaremustevolvetomeetchangingneeds Softwaremustbetrustworthy Softwareshouldnotmakewastefuluseofsystemresources Softwaremustacceptedbytheusersforwhichitwasdesigned. Thismeansitmustbeunderstandable,usableandcompatible withothersystems.
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Dependability

Efficiency

Acceptability

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Whatarethekeychallengesfacingsoftware engineering?
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Heterogeneity,deliveryandtrust. Heterogeneity
Developingtechniquesforbuildingsoftwarethatcancopewith heterogeneousplatformsandexecutionenvironments Developingtechniquesthatleadtofasterdeliveryofsoftware Developingtechniquesthatdemonstratethatsoftwarecanbe trustedbyitsusers.

Delivery

Trust

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Professionalandethicalresponsibility
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Softwareengineeringinvolveswider responsibilitiesthansimplytheapplicationof technicalskills. Softwareengineersmustbehaveinanhonest andethicallyresponsiblewayiftheyaretobe respectedasprofessionals. Ethicalbehaviourismorethansimplyupholding thelaw.

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Issuesofprofessionalresponsibility
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Confidentiality
Engineersshouldnormallyrespecttheconfidentiality oftheiremployersorclientsirrespectiveofwhether ornotaformalconfidentialityagreementhasbeen signed.

Competence
Engineersshouldnotmisrepresenttheirlevelof competence.Theyshouldnotknowinglyacceptwork whichisoutwiththeircompetence.

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Issuesofprofessionalresponsibility
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Intellectualpropertyrights
Engineersshouldbeawareoflocallawsgoverningtheuseof intellectualpropertysuchaspatents,copyright,etc.They shouldbecarefultoensurethattheintellectualpropertyof employersandclientsisprotected. Softwareengineersshouldnotusetheirtechnicalskillsto misuseotherpeoplescomputers.Computermisuseranges fromrelativelytrivial(gameplayingonanemployersmachine, say)toextremelyserious(disseminationofviruses).

Computermisuse

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ACM/IEEECodeofEthics
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TheprofessionalsocietiesintheUShave cooperatedtoproduceacodeofethicalpractice. Membersoftheseorganisationssignuptothe codeofpracticewhentheyjoin. TheCodecontainseightPrinciplesrelatedtothe behaviourofanddecisionsmadebyprofessional softwareengineers,includingpractitioners, educators,managers,supervisorsandpolicy makers,aswellastraineesandstudentsofthe profession.
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Codeofethicspreamble
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Preamble
Theshortversionofthecodesummarizesaspirationsatahigh leveloftheabstractiontheclausesthatareincludedinthefull versiongiveexamplesanddetailsofhowtheseaspirations changethewayweactassoftwareengineeringprofessionals. Withouttheaspirations,thedetailscanbecomelegalisticand tediouswithoutthedetails,theaspirationscanbecomehigh soundingbutemptytogether,theaspirationsandthedetails formacohesivecode. Softwareengineersshallcommitthemselvestomakingthe analysis,specification,design,development,testingand maintenanceofsoftwareabeneficialandrespectedprofession. Inaccordancewiththeircommitmenttothehealth,safetyand welfareofthepublic,softwareengineersshalladheretothe followingEightPrinciples:
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Codeofethicsprinciples
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PUBLIC
Softwareengineersshallactconsistentlywiththepublic interest. Softwareengineersshallactinamannerthatisinthebest interestsoftheirclientandemployerconsistentwiththepublic interest. Softwareengineersshallensurethattheirproductsandrelated modificationsmeetthehighestprofessionalstandardspossible.

CLIENTANDEMPLOYER

PRODUCT

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Codeofethicsprinciples
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JUDGMENT
Softwareengineersshallmaintainintegrityandindependence intheirprofessionaljudgment. Softwareengineeringmanagersandleadersshallsubscribeto andpromoteanethicalapproachtothemanagementof softwaredevelopmentandmaintenance. Softwareengineersshalladvancetheintegrityandreputationof theprofessionconsistentwiththepublicinterest.

MANAGEMENT

PROFESSION

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Codeofethicsprinciples
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COLLEAGUES
Softwareengineersshallbefairtoandsupportiveof theircolleagues.

SELF
Softwareengineersshallparticipateinlifelong learningregardingthepracticeoftheirprofession andshallpromoteanethicalapproachtothepractice oftheprofession.

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Ethicaldilemmas
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Disagreementinprinciplewiththepoliciesof seniormanagement. Youremployeractsinanunethicalwayand releasesasafetycriticalsystemwithoutfinishing thetestingofthesystem. Participationinthedevelopmentofmilitary weaponssystemsornuclearsystems.

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Keypoints
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Softwareengineeringisanengineeringdisciplinethatis concernedwithallaspectsofsoftwareproduction. Softwareproductsconsistofdevelopedprogramsand associateddocumentation.Essentialproductattributes aremaintainability,dependability,efficiencyandusability. Thesoftwareprocessconsistsofactivitiesthatare involvedindevelopingsoftwareproducts.Basicactivities aresoftwarespecification,development,validationand evolution. Methodsareorganisedwaysofproducingsoftware.They includesuggestionsfortheprocesstobefollowed,the notationstobeused,rulesgoverningthesystem descriptionswhichareproducedanddesignguidelines.
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Keypoints
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CASEtoolsaresoftwaresystemswhicharedesignedto supportroutineactivitiesinthesoftwareprocesssuchas editingdesigndiagrams,checkingdiagramconsistency andkeepingtrackofprogramtestswhichhavebeenrun. Softwareengineershaveresponsibilitiestothe engineeringprofessionandsociety.Theyshouldnot simplybeconcernedwithtechnicalissues. Professionalsocietiespublishcodesofconductwhichset outthestandardsofbehaviourexpectedoftheir members.

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