Simplified Nonlinear Analysis Methods

for Vertically Loaded Piles and Piled

Raft In Layered Soil

Zheng Zhang
Graduate Student, Bridge Science Research Institute, Civil Engineering, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian, China
dlutzhzh@163.com

Cai-Liang Huang
Professor, Bridge Science Research Institute, Civil Engineering, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian, China
cailiang@dlut.edu.cn

Zhe Zhang
Professor, Bridge Science Research Institute, Civil Engineering, Dalian
University of Technology, Dalian, China
zhangzhe@dlut.edu.cn

ABSTRACT
The load transfer matrixes of displacement and axial force for single piles in elastic state and
elastic-plastic state in layered soil are derived based on the Winkler model, and the simplified
nonlinear analysis methods for vertical displacement and internal force of single pile are
presented. The conventional pile-pile interaction factor is modified through considering the
shielding effect between the passive pile and the near-pile soil in pile group. The modified
factor is applied to the nonlinear analysis of pile group and piled raft foundation with rigid
cap. For considering the layering property of soil and the nonlinearity of pile-soil interaction,
the computing model well expresses the actual behavior of soil. The computed results are
compared with the results of finite element method and field tests, the conclusion can be
drawn that the present methods are correct and can be used in the analysis of actual
engineering.
KEYWORDS: pile group; piled raft foundation; layered soil; pile-pile interaction;
shielding effect.

INTRODUCTION
It is now well-recognized that pile foundation is the most widely used foundation form in
engineering fields. But the corresponding design theory is lag, many problems have not been
solved completely, especially the study on the pile-soil-pile interaction is still a difficult problem
until now. Most existing theoretical research studies on the pile group are based on elastic
solutions (Poulos and Davis 1980; Lee 1993; Teh and Wong 1995). In these elastic solutions, soil
yielding at the pilesoil interface is not included. The elastic solutions generally make use of
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 2

Mindlins analytical point-load solution within an infinite elastic half space. Poulos (2001)
indicate that elastic solutions generally over-predict the interaction between pile and soil in pile
groups.
A number of methods of analysis are available for analyzing the behavior of pile group and piled
raft foundations (for example, Hain and Lee, (1978), Clancy and Randolph (1993), Franke et al.
(1994), Poulos (1994a), Ta and Small (1996), van Impe and Lungu (1996), Poulos et al (1997),
E1-Mossallamy and Franke (1997), Russo and Viggiani (1998), Viggiani (1998), Yamashita et al.
(1998), Katzenbach et al, (1998), Prakoso, W. and Kulhawy, F.H. (2001). Most of the above
methods involve the use of computer analyses, in some cases, quite complex ones, and as such
are generally only suitable for detailed design.
On the basis of Winkler model and considering the nonlinear interaction between pile and soil,
the load-displacement transfer matrixes of single pile are established by using shear displacement
method and transfer matrix method. Based on the elastic-plastic analysis, the stiffness matrix of
pile-soil system is expressed and the vertical displacement and internal force of pile group and
piled raft foundation are obtained by taking account of the influence of shielding effect on
interaction of piles. Comparisons are presented with finite element result and test measured data.
ANALYSIS FOR SINGLE PILE IN LAYERED SIOL
Elastic Analysis
In the process of pile-soil interaction, the soil elements were assumed to connect to the pile
perfectly, i.e., no slippage between the pile and the soil. Therefore, the governing equation for
pile-soil interaction can be written as
0 ) (
) (
2
2
= z w
E A
k
dz
z w d
p p
z
(1)
where Ep and Ap are the Youngs modulus and cross-sectional area of an equivalent solid
cylinder pile, respectively, and w(z) is the pile displacement at a depth of z. k
z
is the near-pile soil
spring stiffness, according to the assumption of Winkler by Randolph and Wroth(1978), it can be
expressed as

s
m
z
G
r
r
K
) ln(
2
0

= (2)
where G
s
is soil shear modulus; r
0
is pile radius, and r
m
is the maximum radius of shaft shear
influence of loaded pile on soil.
In the elastic analysis of single pile, the single pile is divided into several elements whose number
is equal to the number of soil layers. The thickness of element i is h
i
, by solving equation (1), the
displacement and axial force relationship between the element i base and the element i head can
be obtained
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 3

[ ]
h
i
b
i
i
P
w
t
h P
h w
)
`

=
)
`

) 0 (
) 0 (
) (
) (
(3)
where [ ]
i
t is the transfer matrix of displacement and axial force.
[ ]
(

=
) cosh( ) sinh(
) /( ) sinh( ) cosh(
i i i i p p i
p p i i i i i
i
h h A E
A E h h
t


(4)
where
p p
i
z
i
A E
K
=
In terms of the element equilibrium condition and the displacement continuity, the displacement
and load relationship between the pile base and the pile head can be derived as
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
h
s
b
n i
b
P
w
T
P
w
t t t t t
L P
L w
)
`

=
)
`

=
)
`

) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (

) (
) (
11
11
11
11
3 2 1
11 `
11
(5)
where n is the number of soil layers
At the base of the pile , there is
b b b
w K P = , where
b
K is the spring stiffness of soil at the base
of pile.
b
K may be obtained from Boussinesq formula:
) 65 . 0 1 (
1
2
b b
b
b
h
d d E
K +

(6)
where E
b
and v
b
are the Youngs modulus and Poissons ratio of soil at the base of pile, h
b
is the
depth from pile base to bedrock, and d is the radius of pile.
Therefore, the pile-head stiffness may be obtained by equation (5)

S
b
S
S S
b
h
T K T
T T K
K
12 22
21 11


= (7)
Therefore, for the single pile with given pile-head force, P
i
(0), then the displacement and axial
force at any layer of pile may be expressed as
[ ] ) 0 (
1
1
) (
) (
1
i
h
j
i
i
j
P
K
T
z P
z w

=
)
`

=
(8)
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 4

Nonlinear Analysis
As the pile-head load reaches a certain level and continues to increase, the interaction between
pile and soil expresses nonlinear properties. The pile element i would enter plastic state while the
frictional resistance of that reaches the shear strength
f
. The frictional resistance of element i is
assumed to be invariant, then the increased loads will be transferred to the other elements within
elastic state. the governing equation of pile section i can be written as

fi
p p
i
A E
d
dz
z w d

=
2
2
) (
(9)
By solving equation (9), the displacement and axial force relationship between the head of pile
section i and the base of pile section i can be written in form of increment, as
[ ]
h
i
i
i
b
i
i
P
w
T
P
w
)
`

=
)
`

(10)
[ ]
(

=
1 0
/ 1
p p i
i
A E h
T (11)
ANALYSIS FOR PILE GROUP IN LAYERED SIOL
Pile group analysis using interaction factors is described by Poulos and Davis (1980). The design
of pile group is usually calculated by superposition principle, hence, the key is the pile-pile
interaction factor computation. The interaction factor for two identical piles is defined as

1
S
S
= (12)
Where S is the increase in settlement of each pile due to the presence of the other equally
loaded pile; and S
1
is settlement of single isolated pile.
Computation For Pile-Pile Interaction Factor
For the support action of passive pile and the soil under the base of pile, the displacement of
passive pile is not equal to the soil displacement caused by the active pile, hence, the shielding
effect between the passive pile and the near-pile soil should be considered. Taking the shaft
distance between the active pile and the passive pile as s, then the soil displacement around the
passive pile caused by the influence of active pile at the depth of z was expressed as
) ( ) ( ) , (
11
z W s z s W
s
= (13)
Where ) (
11
z w is the displacement of active pile, ) (s is the attenuation factor, it can be
written as
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 5

= =
) ( 0
) (
) ln( ) ln(
) ln( ) ln(
) , (
) , (
) (
0
0
0
m
m
m
m
s
s
r s
r s r
r r
s r
z r w
z s w
s

(14)
The displacement of passive pile is taken as ) (
21
z W , then the relative displacement between the
passive pile and the near-pile soil is )] , ( ) ( [
21
z s W z W
s
, the settlement governing equation of
passive pile can be written as
[ ] 0 ) , ( ) (
) (
21
2
21
2
= z s w z w K
dz
z w d
A E
s z p p
(15)
The passive pile is divided in terms of soil layers. By solving equation (15), the displacement and
load relationship between the head and the base of element i can be written as
[ ] [ ]
h i
i
h i
i
b i
P
w
t
P
w
t
P
w
,
11
11 11
,
21
21 21
,
21
21
)
`

+
)
`

=
)
`

(16)
where [ ]
21
t can be obtained by equation (4).
[ ]
[ ] (
(
(

+
(

=
) ( ) ( ) (
/ ) (
1
) ( ) (
) (
2
1
11
i i i i i i i i i i i i p p
p p i i
i
i i i i i i i
i
h sh h h ch h h sh h A E
A E h sh h ch h h sh h
s t

(17)
The relationship of displacement and load between the pile head pile base can be derived from the
equilibrium condition between each unit and the continuity of displacement
[ ] [ ]
)
`

+
)
`

=
)
`

) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
) (
) (
11
11 11
21
21 21
21
21
P
w
T
P
w
T
L P
L w
(18)
where [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
n i i i
n
i
n
i
i
t t t t t T t T
21
1
21 11
1
21
1
1
21 11
1
21 21
, = =
+
= =

Therefore, the interaction factor between two piles can be expressed as

21
21
21
11
11
22
11
12
11
21
11
11
) (
T T K
K T T K T T K
b
h b b

+
= (19)
The influence of pile spacing between two piles on the interaction factor for four different layered
soil profiles is shown in Figure 1. The results calculated using the method in this paper are
compared with the results using PRAB by Kitiyodom and Matsumoto (2003), and the finite
element and boundary element approaches by Chow (1987). It can be seen from Figure 2 that
interaction factors attenuate rapidly with the pile spacing and there are good agreements among
the solutions in Cases 1 and 2. However, in Cases 3 and 4 where the underlying stratum is softer
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 6

than the soil in the top surface layer, the methods in this paper considering the influence on the
interaction factors affected by the shielding effect between the loaded free pile and the
surrounding soil, it shows that the methods in this paper is more close to the finite element results
than the methods using the approximate average Mindlin approach.


Figure 1: Interaction factors analysis between two piles in layered soil


Figure 2: Interaction factors between two piles in layered soil

D
s
0.3L
0.4L
0.3L
Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Case 4
E
2E
s
s
s 4E
E
s
s
s 4E
2E
E
s
s
s 2E
4E
2E
s
s
s E
4E
h
h=2L, L/D=25, s =0.3, E
P
E
s
/ =1000
V V
Present method
Present method Present method
2 0 4 6 8 10 12
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Case 1
2 0 4 6 8 10 12
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Pile spacing ration S/D
Case 2
2 0 4 6 8 10 12
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
Case 3
2 0 4 6 8 10 12
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

Case 4
Kitiyodom and Matsumoto
Chow
Present method
Kitiyodom and Matsumoto
Chow
Kitiyodom and Matsumoto
Chow
Kitiyodom and Matsumoto
Chow
I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

I
n
t
e
r
a
c
t
i
o
n

f
a
c
t
o
r

Pile spacing ration S/D

Pile spacing ration S/D Pile spacing ration S/D
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 7

Analysis For Passive Pile
When the active pile head is subjected to vertical load
i
P , the displacement and the axial force of
the passive pile can be computed by
[ ] [ ]
i j
i
j
j
P
K
T
K
P
T
z P
z w

=
)
`

1
1
0
) (
) (
11 21
21
21

(20)
Caputo and Viggiani conducted a set of tests in homogeneous sandy soil in order to study the
interaction between adjacent two piles. The head displacement of active pile and passive pile
were measured respectively, the test curve was seen in Figure 3. It can be seen that the load-
displacement curve of active pile presents nonlinearity property, while the passive pile is
basically in linear elastic stage. The load-displacement fitting curve was derived by the proposed
nonlinear analysis method for single pile, the fitting parameters are drawn as follows: the elastic
modulus of pile and sandy soil are respectively 20 GPa and 90 MPa, the Poissons ratio of sandy
soil is 0.3, the ultimate friction-resistance force is 28 kPa. Using these parameters, the active pile
is conducted elastic analysis, and the displacement of passive pile is computed by the interaction
factor of pile-pile considering the shielding effect, which is well meet the measured displacement
of passive. Therefore, using elastic theory to analysis the pile-pile interaction can well satisfy the
accuracy requirement and greatly simplify the analysis process.

Figure 3: Load-displacement curve of two identical piles
Analysis For Pile Group In Layered Soil
In the analysis of pile group, active pile is computed by nonlinear method and the pile-pile
interaction is analyzed by elastic method. For pile group with rigid pile cap, assuming that there is
no contact between pile cap and soil, the number of piles is m, the displacement of pile cap W
G
is
equal to that of each pile head W
i
, that is
Pile head load (MN)
H
e
a
d

s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Active Pile (Measured Data)
Active Pile (Nonlinear Method)
Active Pile (Elastic Method)
Passive Pile (Measured Data)
Passive Pile (Elastic Method)
s
D
D=0.5 m
L=20.6 m
s=3.5 m
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 8


h m im hi i ii h i h i i G
K P K P K P K P w w / / / /
2 2 1 1
+ + + + = = (21)
where
ij
is the interaction factor between pile i and pile j. K
h
is the head stiffness of pile i
computed by elastic method ,which is obtained from equation (7); K
hi
is the head stiffness of pile i
computed by nonlinear method, which change with the load value; P
j
is the cap load carried by
pile j. The vertical load acting on the pile cap is
=
=
m
i
i G
P P
1
(22)
Analysis For Piled Raft Foundation In Layered Soil
The interface between raft and soil was divided into discrete quadrilateral elements, as shown in
Figure 4.

Figure 4: Discretization of the interface between soil and raft
Taking the displacement coordination of raft and soil into account, there is
{ } [ ]{ }
sp sp sp
w K P = (23)
where { } { }
T
pn p p sn s s sp
p s
P P P P P P P , , , , ,
2 1 2 1
=
{ } { }
T
pn p p sn s s sp
p s
w w w w w w w , , , , ,
2 1 2 1
=
where P
si
and w
si
are the equivalent concentrated force and average displacement of soil element
i, respectively. n
s
is the number of soil elements. P
pi
and w
pi
are the force and displacement of pile
i head, respectively. n
p
is the number of piles. [K
sp
] is the stiffness matrix of pile-soil system. The
load-settlement relationship of pile group foundation with rigid raft and the load distribution
between piles and raft can be obtained by equation (23).
The stiffness matrix [K
sp
] is generally obtained by solving the inverse matrix of flexibility matrix
[F
sp
], [F
sp
] can be written in submatrix form
Pile j
Pile i
Soil element
a
a
i
i
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 9

[ ]
(

=
pp ps
sp ss
sp
f f
f f
F (24)
Where submatrix [f
ss
], [f
sp
], [f
ps
], [f
pp
] express the interaction relationship matrix of soil surface
to soil surface, soil surface to the top surface of pile, top surface of pile to the soil surface, and the
top surface of pile to the top surface of pile, respectively.
The flexibility factor of submatrix [f
ss
] can be derived by the integral form of Boussinesq solution
) , , 2 , 1 (
2
) 1 (
2
s
i s
ss
ii
n i
a E
f =

=

(25)
) ; , , 2 , 1 , ( ) ( sin
) 1 (
1
2
j i n j i
s
a
a E
f
s
ij
i
i s
ss
ij
=

(26)
where E
s
is the Youngs modulus of soil; s
ij
is the center distance between soil element i and soil
element j ;
ss
ij
f expresses the displacement of soil element i caused by the unit load acting on
the soil element j.
The flexibility factor of submatrix [f
sp
] can be derived by the load-displacement relationship of
near-pile soil, as

) , , 2 , 1 ; , , 2 , 1 (
) / ln(
) / ln(
0
' '
p s
pp
jj
m
ij m
sp
ij
n j n i f
r r
s r
f = = =
(27)
where
sp
ij
f expresses the center displacement of soil element i caused by the unit load acting on
the top surface of pile j ;
' '
ij
s expresses the center distance between the top surface of pile j and
soil element i.
The flexibility factor of submatrix [f
ps
] can be obtained by Maxwell interaction principle
) , , 2 , 1 ; , , 2 , 1 (
s p
sp
ji
ps
ij
n j n i f f = = = (28)
where
ps
ij
f expresses the displacement of top surface of pile i caused by the unit load acting on
the soil element j
As described above, to simplify the computation, only taking the nonlinear properties of pile-soil
interface interaction into account, the flexibility factor
pp
ii
f in submatrix [f
pp
] can be obtained
by
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 10

) , 2 , 1 ( ,
1
p
i
pp
ii
n i
K
f = = (29)
the flexibility factor
pp
ij
f is derived by the pile-pile interaction factor
) , 2 , 1 , ( ,
p
pp
ij
n j i
K
f = =

(30)
where the flexibility factor
pp
ii
f is the pile-head displacement of pile i subjected to the unit-
load,
pp
ij
f is the head displacement of pile i caused by the unit-load acting on the head of pile j.
K
i
, K are the pile-head stiffness computed by nonlinear method and elastic method, respectively.
Case Study
Case 1
ONeill (1981) performed a series of field tests on a 3x3 pile group foundation with rigid cap
(Fig. 4). The external diameter of these piles was 311 mm with a wall thickness of 4.6 mm. The
depth of these piles embedded in the soil was 18.45 m and the pile spacing was 1.22m. There was
no contact between the cap and the soil. The soil was divided into two layers. The Poissons ratio
was assumed to be equal to 0.499 and the ultimate resistance of upper-layer soil and lower-layer
soil were 21.5 kPa and 37.4 kPa, respectively. The elastic modulus were taken as 43 MPa and
74.8 MPa, respectively. Figure 5 shows there is generally a good agreement for the load-
settlement relationship between the computed results and the measured results. As the load
increase, the near-pile soil gradually enters the plastic state. Using the present method can well
predict the ultimate bearing capacity of pile group, but the computed settlement is smaller than
the measured due to the assumption of the soil at the pile base being always in elastic state.
Figure 6 shows the load-bearing relationship between the corner pile, side pile and the center pile.
It can be seen that the load carried by the corner piles is the most, side piles is the second and the
center pile is the least. When the pile group enters the plastic state, the loads were redistributed,
where the load distributed by the corner piles gradually decrease while center pile increase until
the load is distributed more uniform in each pile. Therefore the proposed method can overcome
the shortcomings of elastic analysis method and can well predict the nonlinear behavior of pile
group.
Case 2
Kakurai et al. (1987) made a field test on piled raft foundation in layered soil (Figure 7). The load
acting on the raft is assumed uniform distribution and the elastic modulus from the top layer to
the low layer is 8.78 MPa, 10.84 MPa, 16.03 MPa, 30.28 MPa, respectively. The Poissons ratio
was assumed to be 0.45. For lack of measured data, the pile ultimate lateral resistance is assumed
to be equal to the value corresponding with 6 MN. The interface between the raft and the soil
discrete into 44 soil elements and 5 pile elements along the direction of radial and ring. The
elastic and nonlinear analysis for the piled raft foundation is conducted by using the above
parameters. Deducting the raft settlements caused by the structure deadweight, the computed
results can be seen in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. the conclusion can be drawn that the present method is
better than the linear elastic analysis method and there is a good agreement between the computed
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 11

results and measured results for the average settlement of raft and load carried by the pile.


Figure 5: Load-settlement relationship of a 3x3 pile group



Figure 6: load distribution in a 3x3 pile group


0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Pile head load (MN)
H
e
a
d

s
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
Measured Data
Computed Data
1 2 1
2
1
3 2
2 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Pile 1
Pile 2
Pile 3
Total load (MN)
L
o
a
d

/

t
o
t
a
l

l
o
a
d

(
%
)
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 12



Figure 7: Arrangement of the piled rafts with 5 piles



Figure 8: Load-settlement behavior for the piled rafts
R
=
5
.
8
m
9
.
1
m
6
.
8
m
6
.
8
m
4.3m 4.3m
2
6
m
0.4m
0 2 4
6 8 10
0
10
20
5
15
25
30
Measured data
Nonlinear FEM
Elastic method
Group load (MN)
S
e
t
t
l
e
m
e
n
t

(
m
m
)
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 13


Figure 9: load carried by piles in piled raft foundation

CONCLUSION
This paper develops a set of completely simplified analytical method for determining the load-
settlement relationship of pile group and piled raft foundations, the following conclusions can be
drawn:
(1) Using ideal elastic-plastic model to analysis single pile is reasonable and it can accurately
reflect the load-settlement relationship of single pile under actual load application.
(2) It is more accurate to analysis the pile-pile interaction by considering the influence of
shielding effect on the pile-pile interaction factor than by conventional methods.
(3) The elastic method used to analysis the pile-pile interaction factor can satisfy the accuracy
requirement and the computing process got simplified.
(4) In the pile group with rigid pile cap, the most load is carried by the corner piles, the second is
the side piles and the least is the centre piles, hence, it can be seen that the corner pile is the
earliest to reach the ultimate carrying capacity. The process of load redistribution simulated
by using the nonlinear method suggested in this paper can satisfy with the engineering
practice.
(5) With the load increase, the piles under the raft begin to enter the plastic state, and the partial
loads carried by the piles transfer to the raft, hence, the conventional method for the design of
raft foundation without considering the contribution of the raft on the carrying capacity is
over-conservative.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
1
2
3
4
Measured data
Nonlinear FEM
Elastic method
Total load (MN)
L
o
a
d

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
e
d

b
y

p
i
l
e
s


(
M
N
)
Vol. 14 [2009], Bund. K 14

REFERENCES
1. Poulos, H. G. and Davis, E. H. (1980) Pile foundation analysis and design[M],
New York, John Wiley and Sons.
2. Lee, C. Y. (1993) Pile groups under negative skin friction, J. Geotechnical Eng.,
119(10), 15871600.
3. Teh, C. I., and Wong, K. S. (1995) Analysis of downdrag on pile groups,
Geotechnique, 45(2), 191207.
4. Poulos H G. (2001) Piled raft foundations: design and applications[J],
Geotechnique, 2001, 51(2): 95113.
5. Seed, H. B. and Reese, L.C. (1957) The action of soft clay along friction piles,
Transactions, ASCE,1957:731-764.
6. Kraft, L. M. and Ray, R. P. (1981) Theoretical -z curve, Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering Division, ASCE, 107(GT11):1543-1561.
7. Cooke, R. W., Price, G. and Tark, K. (1979) Jacked piles in London clay: A study
of load transfer and settlement under working conditions, Geotechnique, 29(2):113-
147.
8. Randolph, M. F. and Worth, C. P. (1979) An analysis of vertical deformation of pile
group, Geotechnique, 29(4):423-439.
9. Randolph M F, Wroth C P. (1978) Analysis of deformation of vertically loaded
pile[J], Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 104(12): 1465
1488.
10. Poulos, H.G. (1994a) An approximate numerical analysis of pile-raft interaction,
Int. J. NAM Geomechanics, 18, 73-92.
11. Clough, G. H. and Duncan, J. M. (1971) Finite element analysis of retaining wall
behavior, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering Division, ASCE, 97(SM12):1657-
1674.
12. Cheung, Y. K., Lee, P. K. K. and Zhao, W. B. (1991) Elastoplastic analysis of soil-
pile interaction, Computers and Geotechnics, (12):115-132.
13. M. F. Randolph and C. P. Wroth, (1978) Analysis of deformation of vertically
loaded piles, J. Geotech. Eng. Div. ASCE, 104,1465-1488.
14. Kitiyodom, P. and Matsumoto, T. (2003) A simplified analysis method for piled raft
foundations in non-homogeneous soils, International Journal for Numerical and
Analytical Method in Geomechanics, 27: 85109.
15. CHOW Y K. (1987) Axial and lateral response of pile groups embedded in
nonhomogeneous soils, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Method
in Geomechanics, 11: 621638.
2009 ejge