University Mhamed Bougara ,Boumerdes Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering Department of Electronics

Done by -Oussama Gassab

-hammouya houssam Groupe 01 - Achraf Djerida

I I

n communication we have to perform some conditions on the signals in order to transmit or receive them , like modulating , demodulating and filtering , to do that we have to build required circuits with specified precision and conditions .

n order to build the needed circuits for the needed communication application we have to do the theoretical analysis by doing the mathematical calculations which applies the physical formulation of the devices , and that analysis simulated by using a software , if the results in the simulator are matches the mathematical analysis , than the circuit can be built in the real world in order to perform its required job.

-Single transistor amplifiers

Objectives : 1- to learn how to bias and test a transistor amplifiers

We have the following circuit :

The mathematical analysis :

10 5 = = 5 1
50+300 2

And when we take =

= 175 we have

= 5.7 . 103 so = 1.64

= 5.7 .10 3 =

10 0.65

Multisim simulation :

We got the following results

By computing the dc voltage of the collector and the biasing current we have

 Measuring the gain voltage =

( ) ( )

192 1

= 192

When change the transistor BJT-NPN-VIRTUAL we got

When we change the transistor the beta is changed and all the Q points it has been changed , in that circuit the changing on beta will correspond high change to collector current . so in this case the transistor base current is unstable relative to the changing of beta , in addition the beta factor is sensitive to temperature and even to the current inside the transistor , that is mean the collector current is unstable at all . so this bias is not practical because it is not stable .

Part 02 :

The mathematical analysis

= 1 = 1 = 1 =
10 4.5 1 1

= 4.5 2 = 8.2

1 = 39

The gain is A= 174

When change the transistor to BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL We have got the following result

So the gain is =

119.707 0.999594

= 119.8

We see that the gain is approximetly for the first one and the Q points are nearly the same so this bias stabilize the Q points and it is applicable . so the emitter resistor stabilize the Q point for the changing of beta

Part 03 :

We have the following circuit :

The mathematical analysis We have computed by using the fact that 1 = =

10 065 1

= 9.35

And for maximum symmetrical swing =

= 2 1 = 5

10

By using the oscilloscope we have got the following

So the gain =

214,038 1.375

= 155.66

When increase the voltage to 20 mv we have the following Result . Explaining this distortion . We know that the transistor is saturated when Vce is less than We have = ()

And since > | | <

And the value of 20 mv will exceed this limit and the distortion will accrue.

When we do the ac analysis we have obtained the following Results

From the ac analysis we can say the transfer function is H(w)=k for frequencies greater than 1k ( phase shift is zero) so we conclude that at high frequencies the transistor operates as linear amplifier or just a multiplication gain .

Matching networks : Objectives : designing a circuit with specified input resistance to match a required source resistance .

Part 1 :

Mathematical analysis R1 matches R2 that is mean 2 = 1 + 2 12 1 So 2 = 2 =

1

20000 50 20

= 400

= 20 =
1

= 2

= 20000 2 10 6 = 159 = 2 = 159

When performed ac analysis we have got the following results So at the peak we have found R=19.1575 K which justify the relation that =
2
2 2 1+ 0 0

2 = 20

 The bandwidth theoretically is = 2 = =

1 20.10 3 .160.10 12

= 312500 =49.7KHZ

When we use the multisim we have obtained the following results We know that = =
1+
2 2 0 0 2 2 0

= = =
2 2 2 2

1 + 4 = 2

1 2

|2 1 | = For these results we determine the bandwidth

So the bandwidth is 51.5611kHz which matches the theoretical results.

Part 02 : The transformer-like network : We have built the following circuit :

we have obtained the required values by doing the mathematical analysis . = 2

1
C

50 = 0.05 20000
1

= 20 And B = 2 = We =
1 1 +2

so c=B = 2 10.10 3 .20000 = 796

2 = 1 by solvining these two + 1 2

equation we have found that And =

1
2 0

1 = 838 2 = 15.9

= 31.8

We have = 0 1 + 2 = 5.26 < 100 = 26 < 100 So the last values are very bad approximation because in this case 2 = =
2

0 2

= 100

1 +1

We can evaluate a good value of c and L but the porpose of the experiment is to determine the error and the bad approximations that happens when the Q s are not large enough . So the ac analysis gives

So the results does not accordance with thoery because in this case the approximation is so far from its conditions because the bandwidth is very large and cannot be used .

When the bandwidth is 5kHz we have got the following results

C=1.59nf and C1=1.67nf and C2=31.8nf And L=15.9H so we have 0 = 2 = 200 = 0 1 + 2 = 10.5 > 100 = 105 > 100 All the conditions of the approximation are satisfied so we expect a results that matches the thoery models . When we perform the ac analysis we got

So at resonance frequencies the impedance is 17.1075 k which matches the theory 20k And the bandwidth is about 8.6445 which and the theory band width is 5kHz When we build the equivalent RLC circuit as follow

The ac analysis for this circuit is

So the results matches the equivalent circuit the bandwidth is 7.5131 kHz as shown above

t is very easy to perform the theoretical analysis in papers by using only the mathematical formulas , and that what we have accustomed to do . about us we have an experiment to deal only with papers , pan , and calculators to solve a problem , and we thought that the problem it has been solved , but in reality we found that we have solved only mathematical formulas , and to simulate that in the simulator there are many concepts must realized and many ideas must performed .

hat is mean to put a such application in real world we have to recognize many things that correspond with losses and errors and approximations. We have learnt that the engineer must have experience in the field with real appliances not only the theoretical formulas