University of Technology Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng. www.uotiq.

org Lecture (1)

Engineering Analysis Lecture notes Third year Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa

Chapter Four: Matrices Theory

References: 1. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by C. Ray Wylie 2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics by Erwin Kreyszig

4.1 Definition:
A matrix of order (m x n), or m by n is a rectangular matrix, array of numbers having m rows and n columns. It can be written in the form

a11 a A = 21 M a m1

a12 a 22

L L L L

a1 n a2n M a mn

A R mn

If m = n it is called square matrix of order m or n. 4.2 Diagonal matrix: a square matrix D is said to be diagonal matrix if the element of the matrix satisfy

d d

ij ij

= 0 0

(i (i = 0 1 0

j) j) 0 0 5

2 D = 0 0

A matrix L is called a lower triangular matrix of order 3

2 L = 3 5

0 1 4

0 0 3

A matrix U is called an upper triangular matrix of order 3

6 2 3 U = 0 7 1 0 12 0 _____________________________________________________________________
1

University of Technology Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng. www.uotiq.org Lecture (1)

Engineering Analysis Lecture notes Third year Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa

4.3 Equality of matrices: Two matrices A= (ajk) and B= (bjk) of the same order are equal iff.

ajk= bjk
4.4 Addition and subtraction of matrices: To add or subtract, two matrices must be of the same order if
A = a ij

[ ]

A m B = a ij m bij

, B = bij

[ ]

then

Note that A+B = B+A (Commutative law) (Associative law) (A+B) +C = A+ (B+C)

4.5 Multiplication of matrix by a scalar: If A= [aij] and q is a scalar number, then qa = q [aij] 4.6 Multiplication of matrices:
let A = a jk R mn

[ ]

and

B = b jk R r p

[ ]

Then (AB) is defined only when n = r and it is (m x p) matrix

C = c jk

[ ]

c jk =

(a
i =1

ji

b ik )

>>> Properties of matrix operation:

( kA) B = k ( AB ) (associativ e A ( BC ) = ( AB ) C = ABC and distributi ve) ( A + B ) C = AC + BC C ( A + B ) = CA + CB AB BA ( Not commulativ e)

More over

AB = 0 (Not necessary imply A = 0 or B= 0)

1 1 1 1 0 0 2 2 1 1 = 0 0

A . B B is pre-multiplied by A or A is post- multiplied by B

_____________________________________________________________________ 2

University of Technology Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng. www.uotiq.org Lecture (1)

Engineering Analysis Lecture notes Third year Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa

4.7 Transpose of a matrix: If A = a jk Note that

( A + B )T = AT + B T ( A B )T = B T AT and ( AT )T = A

then

AT = akj

4.8 Symmetric and skew symmetric matrices: If AT=A symmetric matrix (A is square matrix) If AT=-A skew- symmetric matrix e.g.
1 3 B= is symmetric 3 2 0 1 A= is skew symmetric 1 0

4.9 Principle diagonal & trace: If A= [ajk] is a square matrix, then the diagonal which contains all elements of ajk (j=k) is called the principle or main diagonal. The sum of these elements is called the trace e.g.
0 1 1 A = 2 3 5 , The trace of A = 1 + ( 3) + 6 = 4 6 4 1

4.10 Unity matrix: It is a square matrix that all elements of its principle diagonal are 1 while the other is 0
AI = I A = A

4.11 Determinant: If A is a square matrix the A=|A| is the determinant of A. found as follows: a- Minor given any element of ajk of we associate a new determinant of order (n-1) obtained by removing all elements of the JM row and KM column. This is called the Minor of ajk

_____________________________________________________________________ 3

University of Technology Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng. www.uotiq.org Lecture (1)

Engineering Analysis Lecture notes Third year Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa

Example:
2 1 1 3 2 5 1 0 2 4 2 3 3 0 2 1
2 1 3 0 2 2 =Min 23 1

The minor of element 5 is 1

4

b- Cofactor: if we multiply the minor of ajk by (-1)j+k the result is called the cofactor of ajk and it is denoted by Ajk e.g. the cofactor of element 5 in last example is
( 1)
2+3

2 1

1 3 0 2

4 2 1

Now
det A = A = a jk AJK
k =1 n

(n is order of A)

Example:
1 3 2 A= 4 5 7 2 4 8 5 7 4 7 4 5 A = 1 3 + 2 = 30 4 8 2 8 2 4

4.12 Adjoint of a matrix:

a11 a12 a13 If A is (3 x 3) square matrix defined as A = a 21 a 22 a 23 a31 a32 a33

A11 A12 C= A21 A22 A31 A32 A13 A23 A33

We can form a new matrix C of the cofactors

Where A11 is the cofactors of a11 or Aij is the cofactor of aij

_____________________________________________________________________ 4

University of Technology Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng. www.uotiq.org Lecture (1)

Engineering Analysis Lecture notes Third year Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa

And if we take the transpose of C then CT is called the adjoint of the original matrix A (Adj A). Example:
2 3 5 A= 4 1 6 , then 1 4 0 1 + 4 3 C = 4 3 + 1 6 0 5 0 5 6 1 2 + 1 2 4 4 6 0 5 0 5 6 + 4 1 1 4 15 24 6 2 3 = 20 5 5 1 4 13 8 10 2 3 + 4 1

And

24 20 13 Adj A = C T = 5 8 6 15 5 10

4.13 Matrix Inversion: If A is a non-singular matrix of order n (i.e A0), then there exists a unique inverse A-1 such that AA-1=1 and can be expressed as Example: from previous example det A=45
24 45 6 A 1 = 45 15 45 20 45 5 45 5 45 13 45 8 45 10 45

Note that: 1. The inverse of 2x2 matrix

a11 a12 A= a 21 a 22 1 a 22 a12 is A 1 = det A a 21 a11

2. The inverse of a non-singular diagonal matrix is

_____________________________________________________________________ 5

University of Technology Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng. www.uotiq.org Lecture (1)

Engineering Analysis Lecture notes Third year Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa L 0 L 0 L 0 L 1 / ann

a11 0 0 a 22 A= M M 0 0

L 0 0 1 / a11 L 0 0 1 / a 22 A1 = M L 0 M L ann 0 0

Example:
0.5 0 0 A= 4 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 A = 0 1/ 4 0 0 0 1 / 2
1

3.

( AC ) 1 = C 1 A 1
1 1 1 1

or

( ACPQ ) = Q P C A 1

4.14 Rank: The rank of a matrix A is the largest value of r for which
there exists an (r x r) sub matrix of A with non-vanishing determinant. Example: The matrix
1 2 1 3 3 4 0 1 1 0 2 7

, is of the rank 2, since each of the third-order sub matrices

2 1 3 4 0 1, 0 2 7 1 1 3 3 0 1 , 1 2 7 1 2 3 3 4 1, 1 0 7 1 2 1 3 4 0 1 0 2

, is singular, while not all second-order sub matrices are singular. 4.15 Elementary operation: (Gaussian elimination method) 1. Interchanging columns or rows 2. Multiplication of row (column) by a non-zero number. 3. Addition to (or subtraction from) all the elements of any row (column) k times the corresponding elements of any other row (column). We will use elementary row operation only ERO:

_____________________________________________________________________ 6

University of Technology Dep. Of Electrical & Electronic Eng. www.uotiq.org Lecture (1)

Engineering Analysis Lecture notes Third year Lec. Dr. Abbas H. Issa

<<<>>> Inverse of a matrix by using ERO, Example: find the inverse of

1 2 1 A = 1 3 2 3 2 4

Solution: write down the augmented matrix

1 M1 0 2 1 1 3 2 M0 1 3 2 4 M 0 0 2 M0 1 1 3 2 1 1 M1 0 3 2 4 M 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

R1R2

R2-2R1 R3-3R1

2 M 0 1 0 1 3 -5 0 5 3 M 1 2 0 M 0 3 1 0 11 10 1 0 2 M 0 R1-3R2 1 3 0 1 3 / 5 M 1 / 5 2 / 5 0 R3+11R2 M 0 3 1 0 11 10 1 / 5 M 3 / 5 1 / 5 0 1 0 0 1 3 / 5 M 1 / 5 2 / 5 0 M 11 / 5 7 / 5 1 0 0 17 / 5 x-5/17 0 1/ 5 1 0 1 / 5 M 3 / 5 0 1 3 / 5 M 1 / 5 2/5 0 M 11 / 17 7 / 17 5 / 17 0 0 1 7 / 17 1 / 17 1 0 0 M 8 / 17 0 1 0 M 10 / 17 11 / 17 3 / 17 M 11 / 17 7 / 17 5 / 17 0 0 1 7 / 17 1 / 17 8 / 17 A 1 = 3 / 17 10 / 17 11 / 17 11 / 17 7 / 17 5 / 17

R1-1/5 R3 R2-3/5 R3

_____________________________________________________________________ 7