Animal Development

Embryology - study of development of the embryo 5 major stages.. 1. Gametogenesis - gamete production 2. Fertilization - gamete --> zygote 3. Cleavage - Zygote --> Blastula 4. Gastrulation - Blastula --> Gastrula 5. Organogenesis - Organ Formation -i.e. Neurulation- Gastrula --> Neurula

Fertilization
Fertilization-male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote

Sperm must pass through 3 barriers 1. Jelly coat 2. Vitelline layer 3. Plasma membrane

Fertilization
1. Sperm attaches the jelly coat of the egg Acrosome cap contains digestive enzymes that eat away at jelly layer

Fertilization
2. Sperm reach vitelline envelope Vitelline layerspecies-specific boundary involved in sperm-egg recognition ensure other species cannot fertilize the egg

Fertilization
3. Sperm /egg plasma membrane fuse Sperm nucleus enters the egg Fertilization occurssperm nucleus and egg nucleus form a 2N zygote

Fertilization
4. Prevention of Polyspermy entrance of multiple sperm 1.Change of electrical potential of the egg plasma membrane- fast 2.Confusion of sperm- Egg releases all of their Ca ions 3.Cortical reaction- slower, mechanical block, initiated in response to Ca release

Fertilization
Cortical granules - reside just below of plasma membrane Cortical reaction under high Ca levels granules release contents between plasma and vitelline membrane, causes water to rush in Vitelline layer - hardens and separates from the plasma membrane= fertilization membrane formed

Animal Development
Embryology - study of development of the embryo 5 major stages.. 1. Gametogenesis - gamete production 2. Fertilization - gamete --> zygote 3. Cleavage - Zygote --> Blastula 4. Gastrulation - Blastula --> Gastrula 5. Organogenesis - Organ Formation -i.e. Neurulation- Gastrula --> Neurula

Cleavage
Cleavage-rapid succession of cell division doubling with each division each cell smaller than zygote Blastula- multi-cellular embryo formed from a single celled zygote

Cleavage
Blastula- hollow ball of cells with a large cavity surrounded by one or more layers of cells Blastocoel fluid filled cavity forms at the center of embryo

Animal Development
Embryology - study of development of the embryo 5 major stages.. 1. Gametogenesis - gamete production 2. Fertilization - gamete --> zygote 3. Cleavage - Zygote --> Blastula 4. Gastrulation - Blastula --> Gastrula 5. Organogenesis - Organ Formation -i.e. Neurulation- Gastrula --> Neurula

Gastrulation
Gastrulation - sorts all the cells into distinct cell layers (ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm)
Blastula (hollow ball of cells) transformed into the Gastrula (three layered stage)

Gastrulation
1. Gastrulation begins- Blastopore formed Blastopore - midway opening on one side of the blastula Site of cell migration from the surface into the interior Future site of anus

Gastrulation
2. Cell migrating to form layers Archenteron primitive gut formed (endoderm) future mouth

Gastrulation
3.Gastrulation complete - Gastrula formed
Endoderm and archenteron -replace the blastocoel Mesoderm - forms a layer between the ectoderm and endoderm Ectoderm- forms the outer layer except for a cluster of endodermal cells (yolk plug) Yolk plug- (endoderm) marks the site of the blastopore and of the future anus

Animal Development
Embryology - study of development of the embryo 5 major stages.. 1. Gametogenesis - gamete production 2. Fertilization - gamete --> zygote 3. Cleavage - Zygote --> Blastula 4. Gastrulation - Blastula --> Gastrula 5. Organogenesis - Organ Formation -i.e. Neurulation- Gastrula --> Neurula

Neurulation
Neurulation embryonic formation of the neural tube directed by the underlying notochord
Notochord- stiff rod (mesoderm) runs down the back of the embryo provides support for other developing tissues -Future backbone

Neurulation
1. Neurulation begins neural tube formation Neural plate thickened region (ectoderm) arises a pair of pronounced ridges called the neural fold Neural tube formed when neural folds meet future brain and spinal cord

Neurulation
2. Neurulation complete - Neurula formed Neurula- an embryo with a neural tube Somites-internal segmented structures (mesoderm) Give rise to vertebrae and associated muscles of the backbone Coelom body cavity (mesoderm) developed next to somites

Animal Development
Embryology - study of development of the embryo 5 major stages.. 1. Gametogenesis - gamete production (i.e. Meiosis) 2. Fertilization - union of sperm & egg cell --> 2n zygote 3. Cleavage - rapid succession of cell divisions forms hollow ball of cells called BLASTULA embryo 4. Gastrulation - period of cell migrations as BLASTULA embryo converted into a 3 layered stage called GASTRULA embryo 5. Organogenesis - Organ Formation -i.e. Neurulation- Gastrula --> Neurula

Starfish Development

Blastocoel

Blastopore

Blastula

Archenteron

Blastopore

Gastrulation

becomes the anus

Mouth

Anus

Frog Development

Cell size difference

Yolk Plug

Chicken Development