ALGEBRA PROJECT

UNIT 13

STATISTICS
STATISTICS
Lesson 1 Sampling and Bias
Lesson 2 Introduction to Matrices
Lesson 3 Histograms
Lesson 4 Measures of Variation
Lesson 5 Box-and-Whisker Plots
SAMPLING and BIAS
Example 1 Classify a Random Sample
Example 2 Identify Sample as Biased or Unbiased
Example 3 Identify and Classify a Biased Sample
Example 4 Identify the Sample
Retail Each day, a department store chain selects one male
and one female shopper randomly from each of their 57
stores, and asks them survey questions about their shopping
habits.
Identify the sample and suggest a population from which it
was selected.
Answer: The sample is 57 male and 57 female shoppers
each day. The population is shoppers in the
chain’s stores.
Retail Each day, a department store chain selects one male
and one female shopper randomly from each of their 57
stores, and asks them survey questions about their shopping
habits.
Classify the sample as simple, stratified, or systematic.
The population is divided into similar,
nonoverlapping groups.
Answer: This is a stratified random sample.
At an automobile factory, every tenth item is checked for
quality controls.
a. Identify the sample and suggest a population from which
it was selected.

Answer: The sample is every tenth item. The population is all

of the products that are manufactured in the factory.

b. Classify the sample as simple, stratified, or systematic.

Answer: This is a systematic random sample.

Student Council The student council surveys the students in
one classroom to decide the theme for
the spring dance.
Identify the sample as biased or unbiased. Explain
your reasoning.

The sample includes only students in one classroom.

Answer: The sample is biased.

School The Parent Association surveys the parents
of every fifth student on the school roster to decide whether to
hold a fundraiser.
Identify the sample as biased or unbiased.
Explain your reasoning.

The parents are picked using a systematic method.

Answer: The sample is unbiased.

Identify each sample as biased or unbiased.
Explain your reasoning.
a. A local news station interviews one person on every
street in Los Angeles to give their opinion on their mayor. 
Answer: The sample is unbiased because the sample is
picked using a stratified method.
b. A statistics company calls every twentieth person in
Cleveland’s telephone directory to find out his or her
favorite sports team in Ohio  

Answer: The sample is biased because it will not be

representative of the entire state.
Community The maintenance chairperson of a
neighborhood association has been asked by the association
to survey the residents of the neighborhood to find out when
to hold a neighborhood clean up day. The chairperson
decides to ask her immediate neighbors, and the neighbors in
the houses directly across the street from her house.

Identify the sample, and suggest a population from which

it was selected.
Answer: The sample is the chairperson’s immediate
neighbors and the neighbors across the street. The
population is the residents of the neighborhood.
Community The maintenance chairperson of a neighborhood
association has been asked by the association to survey the
residents of the neighborhood to find out when to hold a
neighborhood clean up day. The chairperson decides to ask her
immediate neighbors, and the neighbors in the houses directly
across the street from her house.

Classify the sample as a convenience sample, or a voluntary

response sample.
Answer: This is a convenience sample because the
chairperson asked only her closest neighbors.
Mark, a college journalist, wanted to find out what the
average student in the United States does on the weekend. He
decides to interview people in his dorm.
a. Identify the sample, and suggest a population from
which it was selected.  
Answer: The sample is college students in his dorm. The
population is all college students.
b. Classify the sample as a convenience sample, or a voluntary
response sample. 
Answer: This is a convenience sample because Mark asked
students who lived in the same building
as him.
School The high school Parent Association sent a letter to the
parents of all graduating seniors asking them to return the
enclosed ballot if they had a preference on where the
graduation party was to
be held.
Identify the sample.

Answer: The sample is a group of parents of the

graduating seniors.
School The high school Parent Association sent a letter to the
parents of all graduating seniors asking them to return the
enclosed ballot if they had a preference on where the
graduation party was to
be held.
Suggest a population from which the sample
was selected.

Answer: The population is all of the parents of the

graduating seniors.
School The high school Parent Association sent a letter to the
parents of all graduating seniors asking them to return the
enclosed ballot if they had a preference on where the
graduation party was to
be held.
State whether the sample is unbiased (random) or biased. If
unbiased, classify it as simple, stratified, or systematic. If
biased, classify it as convenience or voluntary response.

The sample includes only the parents of the graduating seniors

who return the ballot. Therefore, the reported preference is not
likely to be representative of all of the parents.

Answer: The sample is biased. It is a voluntary

response sample.
A large company wants to make sure that all of their
employees are working their scheduled hours. The accountant
states that the first 50 people to voluntarily submit their time
cards will be reviewed for accuracy.
a. Identify the sample.   

Answer: The sample is 50 of the workers.

b. Suggest a population from which the sample
was selected.  

Answer: The population is all of the workers.

A large company wants to make sure that all of their
employees are working their scheduled hours. The accountant
states that the first 50 people to voluntarily submit their time
cards will be reviewed for accuracy.
c. State whether the sample is unbiased (random) or biased.
If unbiased, classify it as simple, stratified, or systematic. If
biased, classify it as convenience or voluntary response.   

Answer: The sample is biased. It is a voluntary response.

INTRODUCTION
TO MATRICES
Example 1 Name Dimensions of Matrices
Example 2 Add Matrices
Example 3 Subtract Matrices
Example 4 Perform Scalar Multiplication
State the dimensions of the matrix. Then identify the position
of the circled element in the matrix.

This matrix has 3 rows and 1 column.

Answer: It is a 3-by-1 matrix. The circled element is the

second row and the first column.
State the dimensions of the matrix. Then identify the position
of the circled element in the matrix.

This matrix has 3 rows

and 4 columns.

Answer: It is a 3-by-4 matrix. The circled element is the first

row and the fourth column.
State the dimensions of each matrix. Then identify the
position of the circled element in the matrix.
a.
Answer: 1 by 2; first row, first column

b.

Answer: 2 by 4; second row, third column

Find the sum. If the sum does not exist,
write impossible.

Definition of matrix addition

Answer: = Simplify.
Find the sum. If the sum does not exist,
write impossible.

Since the first matrix is a 2 by 2 matrix and the

second matrix is a 3 by 3 matrix, the matrices do not
have the same dimensions.

Answer: It is impossible to add these matrices.

Find the sum. If the sum does not exist,
write impossible.

a. Answer: impossible

b. Answer:
College Football The Division 1-A current football coaches
with the five best overall records as of 2000 are listed below.

Overall Record Bowl Record

Coach Won Lost Tied Coach Won Lost Tied
Joe Paterno 322 90 3 Joe Paterno 20 9 1
Bobby Bowden 315 87 4 Bobby Bowden 17 6 1
Lou Holtz 224 110 7 Lou Holtz 11 8 2
Jackie Sherrill 172 93 4 Jackie Sherrill 8 6 0
Ken Hatfield 147 104 4 Ken Hatfield 4 6 0
Use subtraction of matrices to determine the regular season
records of these coaches.
Answer: Regular Season Record
Coach Won Lost Tied
Joe Paterno 302 81 2
Bobby Bowden 298 81 3
Lou Holtz 213 102 5
Jackie Sherrill 164 87 4
Ken Hatfield 143 98 4
Four performing theaters have seating capacities
listed below.
Overall Seating Capacity Number of Seats in the Balcony
Left Middle Right Left Middle Right
Theater Section Section Section Theater Section Section Section
King King
Theater 1065 640 1065 Theater 385 180 385
Falcon Falcon
Theater 840 620 840 Theater 210 190 210
Emerald Emerald
Theater 615 550 615 Theater 175 140 175
Daisy Daisy
Theater 530 410 530 Theater 160 120 160
Use subtraction of matrices to find the seating capacities on
the main floors of the theaters.

Answer: Number of Seats on the Main Floor

Left Middle Right
Theater Section Section Section
King Theater 680 460 680
Falcon Theater 630 430 630
Emerald Theater 440 410 440
Daisy Theater 370 290 370
 Substitution

Definition of scalar
multiplication

Answer: Simplify.
Answer:
HISTOGRAMS
Example 1 Determine Information from a Histogram
Example 2 Compare Data in Histograms
Example 3 Create a Histogram
Student Population In what measurement class does the
median occur? Use the histogram below to determine your
answer.

First, add up the frequencies

to determine the number
of students in homeroom
classes at Central High
School.
There are 24 homeroom classes, so the middle data
value is between the 12th and 13th data values. Both the 12th
and 13th data values are located in the 20-25 measurement
class.

Answer: The median occurs in the 20-25

measurement class.
Student Population Describe the distribution of the data in
the histogram shown below.
Answer:
Only two homeroom classes
have fewer than 10 students.
There is a gap in the 5-10
measurement class.
Most of the homeroom classes
have at least
15 students.
The distribution is skewed to the
right.
Answer each question about the histogram
shown below.
a. In what measurement
class does the
median occur?
Answer: $10-$20
measurement class

b. Describe the
distribution of the data.
Answer: Only seven items cost more than $30. Most
equipment costs less than $30.
The distribution is skewed to the left.
Multiple-Choice Test Item
Use the data in the histograms to determine which class has a
greater median test score.

A Class A B The medians are about the same.

C Class B D Cannot be determined
Read the Test Item
You have two histograms depicting the test scores of two
classes. You are asked to determine which class has a greater
median test score.
Solve the Test Item
Study the histograms carefully. The measurement classes and
the frequency scales are the same for each histogram. The
distribution for Class A is skewed to the right, and the
distribution for Group B is skewed to the right. This would
indicate that the median heights are about the same. To check
this assumption, locate the measurement class of each median.
Group A Group B

The median is between the The median is between the

12th and 13th data values. 12th and 13th data values.
The median is in the 80-90 The median is in the 80-
measurement class. 90 measurement class.

Answer: The median heights are about the same.

The answer is B.
Multiple-Choice Test Item
Use the data in the histograms to determine which
city has a greater median age.

A City A B The medians are about the same.

C City B D Cannot be determined
Answer: C
Football Create a histogram to represent the following scores
of top 25 winning college football teams during one week of
the 2001 season.
43, 52, 38, 36, 42, 46, 26, 38, 38, 31, 38, 37, 38, 48, 45, 27, 47,
35, 35, 26, 47, 24, 41, 21, 32
Step 1 Identify the greatest and least values in the
data set.
The scores range from 21 to 52 points.
Step 2 Create measurement classes of equal width.
For these data, use measurement classes from 20 to 55
with a 5-point interval for each class.
Step 3 Create a frequency table using the
measurement classes.

Score Intervals Tally Frequency

|| 2
||| 3
|| 2
|||| |||| 9
||| 3
|||| 5
| 1
Step 4 Draw the histogram.
Use the measurement classes to determine the
scale for the horizontal axis and the frequency
values to determine the scale for the vertical axis.
For each measurement class, draw a rectangle as
wide as the measurement class and as tall as the
frequency for the class. Label the axes and
include a descriptive title for the histogram.
Answer:
Create a histogram to represent the attendance at the weekly
meeting of the Math Club.
75, 58, 71, 67, 73, 58, 67, 78, 65, 77, 72, 68, 76, 64, 72, 57, 71,
75, 64, 74, 60, 54, 66, 74
Answer:
MEASURES
OF
VARIATION
Example 1 Find the Range
Example 2 Find the Quartiles and the
Interquartile Range
Example 3 Identify Outliers
Collage Football The teams with the Team Yardage
top 15 offensive yardage gains for Air Force 4971
the 2000 season are listed in the Boise St. 5459
Clemson 4911
table. Find the range of the data. Florida St. 6588
Georgia Tech 4789
Idaho 4985
The greatest amount of yardage gains Indiana 4830
is 6588, and the least amount of Kentucky 4900
yardage gains is 4789. Miami 5069
Michigan 4900
Nebraska 5059
Answer: The range of the Northwestern 5232
yardage is Purdue 5183
or 1799 yards. Texas 4825
Tulane 4989
Baseball The baseball players with Player RBI
the top 12 all-time runs batted in Hank Aaron 2297
(RBI) are listed in the table. Find Cap Anson 2076
Ty Cobb 1937
the range of the data. Jimmie Foxx 1922
Lou Gehrig 1995
Answer: 458 RBI Willie Mays 1903
Eddie Murray 1917
Stan Musial 1951
Mel Ott 1860
Babe Ruth 2213
Ted Williams 1839
Carl Yastrzemski 1844
Geography The areas of the 5 State
Area (thousand
largest states are listed in the table. square miles)
Find the median, the lower quartile,Alaska 656
California 164
the upper quartile, and the
Montana 147
interquartile range of the areas. New Mexico 124
Texas 269

Explore You are given a table with the areas of the 5

largest states. You are asked to find the median,
the lower quartile, the upper quartile, and the
interquartile range.
Plan First, list the areas from least to greatest. Then find
the median of the data. The median will divide the data into
two sets of data. To find the upper and lower quartiles, find the
median of each of these sets of data. Finally, subtract the
lower quartile from the upper quartile to find the
interquartile range.

Solve median

124 147 164 269 656

Answer: The median is 164 thousand square miles.
The lower quartile is 135.5 thousand square miles
and the upper quartile is 462.5 thousand square
miles.

The interquartile range is 462.5 – 135.5 or 327

thousand square miles.

Examine Check to make sure that the numbers are listed in

order. Since 135.5, 164, and 462.5 divide the data
into four equal parts, the lower quartile, median, and
upper quartile are correct.
Geography The following City
Area (thousand
table shows the areas of some square miles)
major U.S. cities. Find the Atlanta 136
median, the lower quartile, Boston 47
the upper quartile, and the Dallas 378
interquartile range of the Indianapolis 352
areas. Kansas City 317
Los Angeles 467
Answer: The median is 226.5
square miles. The lower Miami 34
quartile is 68 square miles. The New York City 322
Philadelphia 136
upper quartile is 352 square
miles. The interquartile range is Washington D.C. 68
284 square miles.
Identify any outliers in the following set of data.
Stem Leaf
4 [7
5 8
6 9
7 1 2 2 3 5 6] 6 7 8
8 2 5 7 7 9 [
9 0 3 8] 4 | 7 = 47
Step 1 Find the quartiles.
The brackets group the values in the lower half and the
values in the upper half.
The boxes are used to find the lower
quartile and upper quartile.
Step 2 Find the interquartile range.
The interquartile range is
Step 3 Find the outliers, if any.
An outlier must be 1.5(15) less than the lower
quartile, 72, or 1.5(15) greater than the upper quartile,
87.

Answer: There are no values greater than 109.5.

Since 47 < 49.5, 47 is the only outlier.
Identify any outliers in the following set of data.
Stem Leaf
3 1 6 8 8
4 1 1 2 4 4 6 9
5 3 4 5 6
6 1 7
7 9 3|1 = 31

Answer: 79 is the only outlier.

BOX_and_WHISKER PLOTS
Example 1 Draw a Box-and Whisker Plot
Example 2 Draw Parallel Box-and-Whisker Plots
Ecology The average water level in Lake Travis in central
Texas during August is a good indicator of whether the region
has had normal rainfall, or is suffering from a drought. The
following is a list of the water level in feet above sea level
during August for the years 1990 to 2000.

674, 673, 678, 673, 670, 677, 653, 679, 664, 672, 645

Draw a box-and-whisker plot for these data.

Step 1 Determine the quartiles and any outliers.
Order the data from least to greatest. Use this list to
determine the quartiles.
645, 653, 664, 670, 672, 673, 673, 674, 677, 678, 679

Determine the interquartile range.

Check to see if there are any outliers.

Any numbers less than 644.5 or greater

than 696.5 are outliers. There are none.
Step 2 Draw a number line.
Assign a scale to the number line that includes the
extreme values. Above the number line, place bullets to
represent the three quartile points, any outliers, the least
number that is not an outlier, and the greatest number
that is not an outlier.

645 664 673 679

677
Step 3 Complete the box-and whisker plot.
Draw a box to designate the data between the upper and
lower quartiles. Draw a vertical line through the point
representing the median. Draw a line from the lower
quartile to the least value that is not an outlier. Draw a
line from the upper quartile to the greatest value that is
not an outlier.
What does the box-and-whisker plot tell about the data?
Notice that the whisker and the box for the top half of the data is
shorter than the whisker and box for the lower half of the data.

Answer: The upper half of the data are less spread out than
the lower half of the data.
Ecology The average yearly rainfall is listed below for 11
major cities. Average Yearly Rainfall
For Some U.S. Cities
a. Draw a box-and-whisker plot for City Rainfall(in.)
these data.
Chicago 33.34
Cleveland 35.40
Helena 11.37
Louisville 43.56
Milwaukee 30.94
b. What does the box-and-whisker Philadelphia 41.42
plot tell you about the data? Portland 37.39
St. Louis 33.91
Answer: Tampa 46.73
Except for the outlier, the lower Savannah 49.70
half of the data are less spread out Seattle 38.60
than the upper half.
Climate Pilar, who grew up on the Average Monthly
island of Hawaii, is going to go to Low Temperatures (°F)
college in either Dallas or Nashville. Month Dallas Nashville
She does not want to live in a place Jan. 32.7 26.5
that gets too cold Feb. 36.9 29.9
in the winter, so she decided to Mar. 45.6 39.1
compare the average monthly Apr. 54.7 47.5
May 62.6 56.6
low temperatures of each city. June 70 64.7
Draw a parallel box-and-whisker July 74.1 68.9
Aug. 73.6 67.7
plot for the data. Sept. 66.9 61.1
Oct. 55.8 48.3
Determine the quartiles and Nov. 45.4 39.6
outliers for each city. Dec. 36.3 30.9
Dallas
32.7, 36.3, 36.9, 45.4, 45.6, 54.7, 55.8, 62.6, 66.9, 70, 73.6, 74.1

Nashville
26.5, 29.9, 30.9, 39.1, 39.6, 47.5, 48.3, 56.6, 61.1, 64.7, 67.7, 68.9

Neither city has any outliers.

Draw the box-and-whisker plots using the same number line.

Answer:
Use the parallel box-and-whisker plots to compare
the data.
Answer: The interquartile range of temperatures for both cities is
about the same. However, all quartiles of the Dallas Temperatures
are shifted to the right of those of Nashville, meaning Dallas has
higher average low temperatures.
Suppose a baseball manager has RBI for Top 12 Yankees and
two job offers to manage the Rangers Hitters (2001)
Yankees or the Rangers. He Player Yankees Rangers
compares the teams using their 1 113 135
average runs batted in (RBI) for 2 95 123
3 94 72
their top twelve players.
4 74 67
5 73 65
a. Draw a parallel box-and- 6 70 54
whisker plot for the data. 7 51 49
8 49 36
9 46 35
10 44 34
11 32 29
12 19 25
Answer:

b. Use the parallel box-and-whisker plots to compare

the data.
Answer: The interquartile range of RBI for both teams is
about the same. However, except for outliers, all of the
Yankees RBI are shifted to the right of those of the Rangers,
meaning the Yankees have a higher average RBI per person.
THIS IS THE END
OF THE SESSION
BYE!