K'EQCHI' GRAMMAR - An Introduction by George Max, 2020

2020
K’EQCHI’ GRAMMAR
An Introduction
George Max
ISH TZ’IB’ANKIL RU K’EQCHI’
INSIDE FRONT COVER
K’EQCHI’ GRAMMAR
An Introduction
Ish Tz’ib’ankil ru K’eqchi’
George Max
Book design: George Max
Cover design: George Max
K’eqchi’ title: Ish Tz’ib’ankil ru K’eqchi’
English title: K’EQCHI’ GRAMMAR – An Introduction
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III
CONTENTS
CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................................................3
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................5
PREFACE.........................................................................................................................................................6
SUBJECT PRONOUNS .................................................................................................................................1
VERBS .............................................................................................................................................................1
INFINITIVE ....................................................................................................................................................1
Intransitive Verbs ..................................................................................................................................1
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB FORMS .................................................................................................2
Transitive Verb Form ...........................................................................................................................2
Intransitive Verb Form .........................................................................................................................2
TENSES ...........................................................................................................................................................3
TENSE MARKERS ...........................................................................................................................................3

PRESENT TENSE ............................................................................................................................................3
PAST TENSE ..................................................................................................................................................4
PRETERITE .....................................................................................................................................................5
FUTURE TENSE ..............................................................................................................................................6
CONTINUOUS AND PROGRESSIVE .........................................................................................................6
PSEUDO-PERFECT ........................................................................................................................................7
PASSIVE VOICE .............................................................................................................................................8
MODALS ........................................................................................................................................................9
IMPERATIVE MOOD ...................................................................................................................................11
PRONOUNS ................................................................................................................................................11
SUBJECT .....................................................................................................................................................12
OBJECT ......................................................................................................................................................12
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES (WITH A NOUN)....................................................................................................12
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS (WITHOUT A NOUN) ............................................................................................12
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS................................................................................................................................12
NOUNS ........................................................................................................................................................12
PLURAL NOUNS ..........................................................................................................................................13

COUNT AND NON-COUNT NOUNS .........................................................................................................13
NOUN SUBSTITUTES ...................................................................................................................................14
ARTICLES ......................................................................................................................................................14
ADJECTIVES .................................................................................................................................................15
COMPARISONS ...........................................................................................................................................15
SUPERLATIVES .............................................................................................................................................15
IV
ANY/SOME ............................................................................................................................................... 15
MANY/A LOT OF ....................................................................................................................................... 16
A LITTLE/A FEW ......................................................................................................................................... 16
PREPOSITIONS ........................................................................................................................................... 16
ADVERBS ..................................................................................................................................................... 17
ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY .......................................................................................................................... 17

VERY/TOO................................................................................................................................................. 17
ALREADY/YET/NOT YET ............................................................................................................................. 17
SINCE/FOR................................................................................................................................................ 18
DEMONSTRATIVES .................................................................................................................................... 18
BE, HAVE, THERE IS/THERE ARE ............................................................................................................. 18
USEFUL TIME EXPRESSIONS.................................................................................................................... 19
QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 20
YES/NO QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................ 20

INFORMATION QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................... 20
TAG QUESTIONS ....................................................................................................................................... 21
NON-VERB QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................ 21
SPELLING .................................................................................................................................................... 21
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB FORMS .............................................................................................. 21

Transitive Verb Form ......................................................................................................................... 22
Intransitive Verb Form ...................................................................................................................... 22
PRESENT PARTICIPLE ................................................................................................................................... 23
PAST PARTICIPLE ........................................................................................................................................ 23
Present, Past and Preterite ............................................................................................................... 23
Future .................................................................................................................................................. 23
Continuous and Progressive ............................................................................................................ 24
IMPERATIVE ................................................................................................................................................ 24
CAPITAL LETTERS ....................................................................................................................................... 24
TITLES ........................................................................................................................................................ 25
COMBINING SENTENCES ....................................................................................................................... 25
WRITING GOOD SENTENCES ................................................................................................................ 27
WRITING GOOD COMPOSITIONS ....................................................................................................... 27
ESTEBAN AJ TZOLONEL .............................................................................................................................. 27
APPENDIX 1 ................................................................................................................................................ 29
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF K’EQCHI’ INFINITIVE VERBS AND VARIOUS FORMS (FROM SEDAT, 1955) .............. 29
V
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ADJ = adjective OBJ = object
ADV = adverb OPT = optional
AFF = affirmative PA = possessive adjective
AP = Antipassive PART = participle
AUX = auxiliary word PAST or PST = past tense
COMP = complement PPERF = pseudo-perfect
CONT = continuous aspect PP = possessive pronoun
DO = direct object PRES or PRS = present tense
FA = Focus Antipassive PRET = preterite
FUT = future tense PROG = progressive aspect
IMP = Imperative Mood QA = question auxiliary word
INC = Incorporating Antipassive QI = question interrogative word
INT = intransitive QW = auxiliary / interrogative word
KC = K’eqchi’ SPK = spoken
MOD = modal TAM = Tense, Aspect, Modal
NEG = negative word TNS = transitive
VI
PREFACE
K
’EQCHI’ GRAMMAR – An Introduction aims to put together a simple
yet concise and precise grammar for the K’eqchi’ Mayan Language of
Guatemala (hereinafter KC). It formally introduces the grammatical
rules of a language that had remained only spoken for a yet undeter-
mined period. Hence, the main emphasis of this book is on writing correct KC
phrases and sentences.
First, it begins with a brief presentation of subject pronouns and an introduc-

tion to infinitive verbs and various forms. This is followed by sections present-
ing the main tenses and others that characterize this natural language. Then, a
good portion of the book covers the organization of the parts of speech inherent
to KC. Lastly, sections on building questions, spelling, and combining and writ-
ing sentences can be found at the end.
Overview of KC’s grammar:
• The main grammatical tenses are the Present, Past, Preterit and Future.
These are followed by the Continuous and Progressive aspects and then
the Pseudo-Perfect, Modals and Imperatives.
• The Passive Voice constitutes the third grammatical construction in KC
after the active and anti-passive voices.
• The main parts of speech include Pronouns, Nouns, Articles, Preposi-
tions, and Adjectives.
• Two main types of questions are defined in KC: Yes/No and Information
questions.
• The main rules to derive the different verb forms used in the different
grammatical constructions of KC are defined under Spelling.
• Combining Sentences and Writing Good Sentences provide guidelines to
build phrases and sentences following the proper KC syntax.
The organization of this grammar guide allows an overall study of the struc-
ture of the K’eqchi’ Mayan Language. Only basic information is provided in
each section in order to keep the introductory character of this book. Neverthe-
less, there are conjugation sets, classification tables, sentence structures and plen-
ty of examples that successively illustrate different aspects of the language as
much as possible. The definition of the spelling framework and the provision of
methods on combining sentences are also important parts in the constitution of
this grammar book. Also, an Appendix contains a selected list of infinitive verbs
along with other verb forms as a reference for the study of KC grammar.
K ’E Q C H I ’ G R A M M A R – A n I n t r o d u c t i o n | 1
George Max
SUBJECT PRONOUNS
A subject pronoun in KC is used as the subject of a verb. Both singular and plural subject
pronouns are presented in the table below. Refer also to PRONOUNS for a complete classification of
KC pronouns.
K’EQCHI’ SUBJECT PRONOUNS

SINGULAR lain I laat you aan he/she aan it
PLURAL lao we laesh you aanheb’ they
VERBS
KC verbs can be identified by their infinitive form. Other verb forms are derived from the in-
finitive and are also quite identifiable. The verbs used in this book and the glossary in Appendix
1 come from Sedat’s K’eqchi’ and Spanish dictionary from 1,955. However, there is still an un-
known number of verbs that need to be compiled, verified, and documented from different
sources (written or oral).
Infinitive
Infinitive verbs in KC are very well defined. They can only be used as intransitive verbs in in-
finitive form. Thus, they are common in different AP constructions in KC grammar. All other
verb forms are derived from the infinitive including those for the active and passive voices. Refer
to APPENDIX 1 for a selected list of infinitive verbs.
Intransitive Verbs
As noted above, all infinitive verbs can only be used intransitively. As a result, KC has two
groups of intransitive verbs in infinitive form. One group is made of STRICTLY INTRANSITIVE
VERBS (SINT) which cannot derive any other verb form. And the other is made of VARIABLE IN-
TRANSITIVE VERBS (vInt) which derive transitive and intransitive verb forms (listed further below).
Refer to APPENDIX 1 for a list of these defined verb groups.
Strictly Intransitive Verbs (sInt) are only used in basic AP sentences and the continu-
ous/progressive aspect in infinitive form. They are suitable for the imperative. EXAMPLES:
atinak, b’aayk, chak’ak, c’oshlak, hasb’ak, ke’ok, etc. Part of these verbs are irregular when used
in the AP. Thus, ajk → aj; chunlaak → chunlaa; c’iik → c’ii; eelk → el; etc.
• Li ch’oo na alinak sa’ jumpaat. The mouse runs very fast.

• Eb’ li cuiinq sheheb’ el chi c’anjelak. IRR VERB PST The men left for work.
• Aan tyoo chi atinak sa’ K’eqchi’. PROG PRES He/she is speaking in K’eqchi’.
Variable Intransitive Verbs (vInt) are further divided into two analogous intransitive groups.
This division is defined by verb ending and syllable number. Therefore, one group of verbs is
distinguished by its -v+k ending (monosyllable, disyllable). EXAMPLES: b’anok, c’amok, ch’ajok,
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2|K’EQCHI’ GRAMMAR – An Introduction
George Max
hab’ok, ilok, jalok, etc. They can be used in AP constructions (including incorporating and agent
focus, see examples below) and the continuous/progressive aspect in their infinitive form.
• Li ishq ish lok’ok sa’ li c’atyib’aal. PST The woman bought (things, items) at the store.
• Li cuiinq na jorrok si’. INC PRES The man chops wood.
• LI ishqa-al na c’amok ha’. INC PRES The girl carries water.
• Laat shat sac’ok re li tz’i’. AF PST You are the one that hit the dog.
• Aanheb’ tyokheb’ chi jalok. PROG PRES They are changing (clothes).
Another group of verbs is distinguished by its -v+nk ending (disyllable, polysyllable). EXAM-
PLES: ab’iink, ajlaank, b’anuunk, cuaklesiink, etc. They can only be used in AGENT FOCUS AP
constructions and the continuous/progressive aspect in their infinitive form.
• Aanheb’ sheheb’ elk’aank re li hal. AF PST They are the ones that stole the corn.
• Laat inkat tenk’aank reheb sa’ ochoch. AF PRES You are the one that helps them at home.
• Li ishqa-al tyoo chi b’ichaank sa’ li nimk’ee. PROG PRES The girl is singing at the party.
Transitive and Intransitive Verb Forms
These verb forms are contained in all variable intransitive infinitive verbs. Refer to APPENDIX
1 for a selected list of these defined transitive and intransitive verb forms.
Transitive Verb Form
This is the only verb form used in transitive grammatical constructions in KC. It must follow
a tense marker in every sentence (see TENSE MARKERS below). According to the spelling rules de-
vised here (see SPELLING), most of these verbs have a double vowel end (long sound representa-
tion) that helps define and identify them consistently as transitive verbs. Other verbs particularly
may have a -v+b’ ending (v = vowel). See the following 3rd and 4th examples.
• Aanheb’ enkesh mesuu li na’jej. PRES They are sweeping the place.
• Ish Petra ish cuartesii lish c’uulal. PST Petra put her baby to sleep.
• Aj Alberto nash ch’utub’ li si’. PRES Alberto is gathering the wood.
• Laat sha ach’ab’ li ac’ach. PST You set the turkey free.
Intransitive Verb Form
In addition of the intransitive verbs in infinitive form, there is still another intransitive verb
form in KC. They are used for building AP sentences (including incorporating) and the impera-
tive mood. It is first formally introduced here. It can only be formed with verbs ending in -v+nk.
When changed, these verbs have a -v+n ending (v = vowel).
• Lain in b’atz’un ric’in lin cuitz’in. I play with my little brother.

• Aanheb’ enkheb’ c’atyin pish sa’ li c’atyil. INC They sell tomatoes in the market.
• Lao inko matanin maatan sa’ li Ralankil. INC We receive gifts on Christmas.
ISH TZ’IB’ANKIL RU K’EQCHI’ – URL: https://www.keqchi.org/ EMAIL: contact@keqchi.org

George Max
TENSES
Tense Markers
A tense marker in KC is an auxiliary word that indicates tense and person for any verb that
follows it. More importantly, a tense marker is unique for each person and tense set. Syntactical-
ly, all tense markers go before the verb in any tense. Furthermore, tense markers are divided into
transitive and intransitive as presented in the following tables.
CLASIFICATION OF TRANSITIVE TENSE MARKERS

PRESENT PAST PRETERIT FUTURE
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
lain in lao inqa lain shin lao ishqa lain kin lao kiqa lain tin lao taqa
laat inka laesh enke laat sha laesh she laat ka laesh ke laat ta laesh te
aan nash aanheb’ enkesh aan ish aanheb’ shesh aan kish aanheb’ kesh aan tish aanheb’ tesh
CLASSIFICATION OF INTRANSITIVE TENSE MARKERS

PRESENT PAST PRETERIT FUTURE
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
lain in lao inko lain shin lao sho lain kin lao ko lain tin lao to
laat inkat laesh enkesh laat shat laesh shesh laat kat laesh kesh laat tat laesh tesh
aan na aanheb’ enkheb’ aan ish aanheb’ sheheb’ aan ki aanheb’ keheb’ aan ta aanheb’ teheb’
Note that the tense marker of the first-person singular is the same in both cases in all tenses.
The one for the third person singular is also the same but only in the past tense.
NOTE: Tense markers of the future tense set behave much more like the auxiliary verb will in English. Those of the pre-
sent, past and preterit, however, have other connotations to be explained and categorized under this grammar introduc-
tion.
Present Tense
The present tense in KC describes habitual or repeated actions. We can also use it to give
general information. Refer to TENSE MARKERS above and to APPENDIX 1 for a selected list of ready-
to-use verbs and verb forms to build the present tense. Study the following conjugation set.
Verb: jalok – to change; Verb form: intransitive (infinitive)

SINGULAR lain in jalok laat inkat jalok aan na jalok aan na jalok
I change you change he/she changes it changes
PLURAL lao inko jalok laesh enkesh jalok aanheb’ enkheb’ jalok
we change you change they change
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
• Li ch’ina-al nash sac’ li tz’i’. The kid hits the dog.

• Aj Diego nash b’elaa li si’. Diego carries the wood.
• Lain in atinak K’eqchi’. AP I can speak K’eqchi’.
• Aan na b’atz’un b’olotz-oq sa’ li b’ee. AP He/she plays soccer on the street.

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Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
The negative is formed by putting inc’a’ (literally not) before the verb in a sentence.
• Aanheb’ inc’a’ enkesh mesuu li na’jej. They do not sweep the place.
• Laat inc’a’ inka naw ilok ru hu. AP You don’t know how to read.
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
To create a Yes/No question in the present tense, we use the auxiliary particle ma at the be-
ginning of the sentence (like using do in English). Other questions asking for information use
interrogative words such as in the following 2nd and 3rd sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Aj Felipe na shik chi tzolok Chik’eq. Felipe goes to study at night.
• Ma na shik chi tzolok chik’eq aj Felipe? Ehe’. Does Felipe go to study at night? Yes.
• Ani na shik chi tzolok chik’eq? Aj Felipe. Who goes to study at night? Felipe.
• B’ar na shik chi tzolok chik’eq aj Felipe? Where does Felipe go to study at night?
Past Tense
The past tense in KC describes a completed action. Refer to TENSE MARKERS above and to AP-
PENDIX 1 for a selected list of ready-to-use of verbs and verb forms to build the past tense. Study
the following conjugation set.
Verb: b’onok – to paint; Verb form: transitive (derived)

SINGULAR lain shin b’on laat shat b’on aan ish b’on aan ish b’on
I painted [it] you painted [it] he/she painted [it] it painted [it]
PLURAL lao sho b’on laesh shesh b’on aanheb’ sheheb’ b’on
we painted [it] you painted [it] they painted [it]
• Laesh she b’on li ochoch. You painted the house. [PL]

• Ish Carmela ish lok’ jun ish ac’ach. Carmela bought a turkey [for herself].
• Lain shin wulak chi b’eek ecuer. AP I went out/for a walk yesterday.
• Aanheb’ sheheb’ shajok ecuer chik’eq. AP They danced last night.
The negative is formed by putting inc’a’ (literally not) before the conjugated verb in a sen-
tence.
• Ish Angelia inc’a’ ish c’ul lish tojbal. Angelia did not receive her payment.
• Lao inc’a’ sho wulak sa’ tzoleb’aal ecuer. AP We did not go to school yesterday.
To create a Yes/No question in the past tense, we use the auxiliary ma at the beginning of the
sentence (like using did in English). Other questions asking for information use interrogative
words such as in the following 2nd and 3rd sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Laat sha c’atyii li Si’ ecuer. You sold the wood yesterday.

George Max
• Ma sha c‘atyii li si’ ecuer [laat]? Ehe’. Did you sell the wood yesterday? Yes.
• C’arruu sha c‘atyii ecuer [laat]? Li si’. What did you sell yesterday? The wood.
• Jok’ee sha c‘atyii li si’ [laat]? Ecuer. When did you sell the wood? Yesterday.
Preterite
The preterite in KC can indicate and express actions and events that took place or were com-
pleted in the past. Thus, it is mostly used for story telling (narrative). It can also be used to tell
the probability of an action and event that must, should, would or could have (or not) happened in
the past. We do this with the inclusion of the particle raj.
Verb: awok – to sow; Verb form: intransitive (infinitive)

SINGULAR lain kin awok laat kat awok aan ki awok aan ki awok
I sowed you sowed he/she sowed it sowed
PLURAL lao ko awok laesh kesh awok aanheb’ keheb’ awok
we sowed you sowed they sowed
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + [RAJ] + COMPLEMENT
• Lain kin c’ul in b’an re li rashkehob’. I received a vaccine against malaria.

• Ish Elena kish sach lish tumin. Elena spent her money.
• Aanheb’ keheb’ shucuak b’an li caaq. AP They were frightened by the lightning.
• Arran ki cuan jun nimla ochoch. AP There used to be a large house there.
We can express probability, possibility and advice in the past using the particle raj in the
Preterite.
• Li tz’i’ ki cam raj b’an tyajel. PROBABILITY The dog could have died of a disease.
• Laat kat ok raj sa’ tzoleb’aal. ADVICE You should have entered school.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + [RAJ] + COMPLEMENT
The negative is formed by putting inc’a’ (literally not) before the conjugated verb in a sen-
tence.
• Ish Teresa inc’a’ kish lok’ li ochoch. Paulina did not buy the house.
• Lao inc’a’ ko elelik b’an li rahshiic’. AP We did not flee by the violence.
To create a Yes/No question in the Preterite, we use the auxiliary ma at the beginning of the
sentence (like using did in English). Other questions asking for information use interrogative
Li cheekel Ishq ki cam sa’ li Rochoch ecuer. The old woman died at her house yesterday.
• Ma ki cam li cheekel ishq ecuer? Ehe’. Did the old woman die yesterday? Yes.
• B’ar ki cam li cheekel ishq? Sa’ li rochoch. Where did the old woman die? At her home.
• Jok’ee ki cam li cheekel ishq? Ecuer. When did the old woman die? Yesterday.

George Max
Future Tense
The future tense in KC describes an action yet to come, expected. As noted earlier, auxiliary
words for this tense behave very much like the auxiliary verb will in English. Refer to TENSE
MARKERS above and APPENDIX 1 for a selected list of ready-to-use verbs and verb forms to build
the future tense. Study the following conjugation set.
Verb: atinak – to talk, speak; Verb form: inflected, intransitive

SINGULAR lain tin atinaq laat tat atinaq aan ta atinaq aan ta atinaq
I will talk you will talk he/she will talk it will talk
PLURAL lao to atinaq laesh tesh atinaq aanheb’ teheb’ atinaq
we will talk you will talk they will talk
• Ish Josefina tish tyiib’ li cuaa. Josefina will make the tortillas.
• Aanheb’ tesh jec’ li ishim. They will distribute the maize.
• Lao to shik sa’ li c’atyil. AP We will go to the market.
• Aj Juan ta c’atyiinq keenk’. AP Juan will sell beans.
The negative is formed by putting inc’a’ (literally not) before the verb in a sentence.
• Ish Marta inc’a’ tish lok’ li cashlan. Marta will not buy the chicken.
• Laesh inc’a’ tesh shik sa’ li c’atyil. AP You will not go to the market.
To create a Yes/No question in the future tense, we use the auxiliary ma at the beginning of
the sentence (like using will in English). Other questions asking for information use interrogative
Laat tat pisc’oq sa’ ishb’een li Pim. You will jump over the bush.
• Ma tat pisc’oq sa’ ishb’een li pim [laat]? E-he’. Will you jump over the bush? Yes.
• Anii ta pisc’oq sa’ ishb’een li pim? Laat. Who will jump over the bush? You.
• B’ar tat pisc’oq laat? Sa’ ishb’een li pim. Where will you jump? Over the bush.
CONTINUOUS AND PROGRESSIVE
The continuous and progressive aspects are well defined in KC. They are built with the aux-
iliary verb, tyook, that implies "to be doing something" at this moment. Such auxiliary verb is
modified for each person as defined below.
SINGULAR lain tyokin laat tyokat aan tyoo aan tyoo

PLURAL lao tyokoo laesh tyokesh aanheb’ tyokheb’
To create the continuous and progressive in the past, we insert the particle raj to indicate that
the action was happening in the past as shown in the following conjugation set.

George Max
SINGULAR lain tyokin raj laat tyokat raj aan tyoo raj aan tyoo raj
PLURAL lao tyokoo raj laesh tyokesh raj aanheb’ tyokheb’ raj
Continuous and progressive constructions use the connector chi before an intransitive infini-
tive verb and the connector ish before a present participle transitive verb form (see PRESENT PARTI-
CIPLE).
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + [RAJ] + CHI/ISH + VERBINF/PART + COMPLEMENT
• Lain tyokin chi ilok ru hu. PRES PROG I am reading.

o Lain tyokin raj chi ilok ru hu. PAST PROG I was reading.
• Aj Leo tyoo ish b’onb’al li ochoch. PRES PROG Leo is painting the house.
o Aj Leo tyoo raj ish b’onb’al li ochoch. PAST PROG Leo was painting the house.
• Laat junelik tyokat chi tyajeerk. PRES CONT You are always getting sick.
• Lain tyokin ish ruc’b’al li b’an ain. PRES CONT I am drinking this medicine.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + [RAJ] + CHI/ISH + VERBINF/PART + COMPLEMENT
The negative in the continuous and progressive is formed by adding inc’a’ (literally not) be-
fore the auxiliary word.
• Aan inc’a’ tyoo chi tzolok sa’ li tzoleb’aal aan. PRES CONT He/she is not studying at that school.
• Eb’ li mes inc’a’ tyokheb’ ish jochb’al li ch’aat. PRES PROG The cats are not scratching the bed.
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + [RAJ] + CHI/ISH + VERBINF/PART + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
To create a Yes/No question in the continuous and progressive, we use the auxiliary ma at the
beginning of the sentence (like using be in English). Other questions asking for information use
interrogative words such as in the following 2nd to 4th sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Laesh tyokesh chi tz’ib’ak sa’ hu. PROG You are writing on paper.
• Ma tyokesh chi tz’ib’ak sa’ hu [laesh]? Ehe’. PROG Are you writing on paper? Yes.
• Anii tyokheb’ chi tz’ibak sa’ hu? Laesh. PROG Who are writing on paper? You.
• B’ar tyokesh chi tz’ib’ak [laesh]? Sa’ hu. PROG Where are you writing? On paper.
PSEUDO-PERFECT
The here termed pseudo-perfect in KC uses the auxiliary particle ac before the verb in past
tense, not past participle. In this respect, it differs syntactically from certain modern languages
(e.g., German, English or Spanish) that use have to form the Perfect. Still, in KC it gives the
same sense and direction and shows that an action or task has been completed for the moment.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AC + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Verb: cua’ak – to eat; Verb form: intransitive (infinitive)

SINGULAR lain ac shin cua’ak laat ac shat cua’ak aan ac ish cua’ak aan ac ish cua’ak
I have eaten you have eaten he/she has eaten it has eaten
PLURAL lao ac sho cua’ak laesh ac shesh cua’ak aanheb’ ac sheheb’ cua’ak
we have eaten you have eaten they have eaten

George Max
• Aj Mario ac ish choy lish c’anjel chican. Mario has finished his job already.
• Ish Lola ac ish lok’ cuib’ ish cashlan. Lola has bought two chicks.
• Lao ac sho c’alen junsut. AP We have grazed once.
• Li tz’i’ ac ish cua’ak chican. AP The dog has already eaten.
The negative is formed by putting maji’ (literally not yet) before the conjugated verb in a
sentence.
• Ish Josefa ac ish tzol chi tz’ib’ak. Josefa has learned how to write.
o Ish Josefa maji’ nash tzol chi tz’ib’ak. Josefa has not learned how to write yet.
• Aanheb’ ac shesh tzol chi ajlaank. They have learned how to count.
o Aanheb’ maji’ enkesh tzol chi ajlaank. They haven’t learned how to count.
IMPORTANT: the pseudo-perfect negative uses a verb in the present tense (underlined).
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AC + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
To create a Yes/No question in the Pseudo-Perfect, we use the auxiliary ma at the beginning
of the sentence. Other questions asking for information use interrogative words as shown in the
following 2nd and 3rd sentences (See also QUESTIONS).
Lain ac shin oksii li si’ sa’ cab’. I have brought the wood inside.
• Ma ac sha oksii li si’ sa’ cab’? Ehe’. Have you brought the wood inside [the house]? Yes.
• Anii ac ish oksii li si’ sa’ cab’? Lain. Who has brought the wood inside? I.
• C’aput ac shat oksii li si’ sa’ cab’? Why have you brought the wood inside?
PASSIVE VOICE
The passive voice in KC can be formed in every tense, aspect and modal as shown in the ta-
ble below. Refer to PAST PARTICIPLE to find out how to derive past participles for the passive.
SUMMARY OF THE PASSIVE VOICE ACCORDING TO TAM
TAM VERB ENDING IN -V+K AUXILIAR PAST PARTICIPLE

PRESENT c’osok SIT c’ose’ / c’osman
PAST c’osok SIT c’ose’ / c’osman
PRETERITE c’osok SIT c’ose’ / c’osman
FUTURE c’osoq SIT c’osek’ / c’osmaanq
PRESENT CONT/PROG [AUX + chi] c’osok [chi] c’osec’
PAST CONT/PROG [AUX + raj chi] c’osok [raj chi] c’osec’
PSEUDO-PERFECT [ac + AUX] + c’osok SIT c’ose’ / c’osman
MODAL [narruu + AUX] + c’osok SIT c’ose’ / c’osman
VERB ENDING IN -V+NK
PRESENT atinaank SIT atinaak
PAST atinaank SIT atinaak
PRETERITE atinaank SIT atinaak
FUTURE atinaank SIT atinaaq
PRESENT CONT/PROG [AUX + chi] atinaank [chi] atinaak

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PAST CONT/PROG [AUX + raj chi] atinaank [raj chi] atinaak
PSEUDO-PERFECT [ac + AUX] + atinaank SIT atinaak
MODAL [narruu + AUX] + atinaank SIT atinaak
*TAM – Tense, Aspect, Modal; SIT - Same as in the Indicated Tense BUT only those defined for intransitive verbs.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERBPST PART + COMPLEMENT
TENSE K’EQCHI’ – A: ACTIVE VOICE, P: PASSIVE VOICE ENGLISH

PRESENT A: Aanheb’ enkesh tyiib’ li cab’ ric’in utz’aal. They make brown sugar with sugar
cane.
P: Li cab’ na tyib’aak ric’in utz’aal. Brown sugar is made with sugar cane.
PRES CONT/PROG Lao tyokoo chi chapok car. We are catching fish.
P: Car tyoo chi chapec’. Fish is being caught.
PAST A: Aj Luis ish c’am chaq li ishim. Luis brought the maize.
P: Li ishim ish c’ame’ chaq b’an aj Luis. The maize was brought by Luis.
PAST CONT/PROG Lao tyokoo raj chi b’isok peens. We were weighing allspice.
P: Peens tyoo raj chi b’isec’. Allspice was being weighed.
PSEUDO-PERFECT Lao ac sho c’atok na’b’al chi pim. We have burned a lot of weed.
P: Na’b’al chi pim ac ish c’ate’. A lot of weed has been burned.
FUTURE A: Tesh tyiib’ cuib’ chi b’ee. SPK They will build another road.
P: Cuib’ chi b’ee teheb’ tyib’aaq. Another road will be built.
MODAL A: Laat narruu inka tyiib’ a ochoch ric’in tz’alamche’. You can build your house with planks.
P: Ochoch narruu na tyib’man ric’in tz’alamche’. A house can be built with planks.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERBPST PART + COMPLEMENT
• Cooc’al inc’a’ enke c’ulman sa’ li ch’utam. PRES Children are not allowed in the meeting.
• Ishim inc’a’ tyo raj chi b’isec’. PST PROG Maize was not being weighed.
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + SUBJECT + AUX + VERBPST PART + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
• Jok’ee ish chape’ li cuiinq? PST When was the man caught?
• Ma pish tyoo chi b’isec’? PRS PROG Are tomatoes being weighed?
• B’ar ta tyib’aaq junaq chic b’ee? FUT Where will another road be built?
• C’arruu ac ish tzole’? PPERF What has been learned?
MODALS
In KC, we can create a modal expressing physical ability using the verb ruuk (can, be able
to). We also use narruu (may, could) and marree (perhaps, maybe) to express probability and
possibility, respectively. In addition, the modifier raj is used to create the sense of to like to and
would like to.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + MOD + [AUX] + VERB + COMPLEMENT
• Laat narruu inkat chapok carr arrin. PERMISSION WITH VERB IN PRESENT TENSE
o You can [catch] fish here.
• Lain narruu tin shik chi b’eek kwulaj ek’laa. POSSIBILITY WITH VERB IN FUTURE TENSE

10 | K ’ E Q C H I ’ G R A M M A R – A n I n t r o d u c t i o n
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o I might be able to go out tomorrow morning.
• Aan marree tish lok’ junaq ish cashlan sa’ c’atyil. PROBABILITY WITH VERB IN FUTURE TENSE
o He/she might buy a chicken at the market.
• Marree inc’a’ teheb’ c’ulunq. SPK NON-PROBABILITY WITH VERB IN FUTURE TENSE
o Perhaps they won’t come. OR They may not come.
In modals, the particle raj acts as a modifier after a verb so that it acquires equivalent mean-
ing to the English modal should.
• Lao inko c’anjelak raj sa’ commonil. ADVICE, SUGGESTION WITH VERB IN PRESENT TENSE
o We should work together.
• Ac shat c’irraa raj. POSSIBILITY WITH VERB IN PAST TENSE
o You should have healed already.
• Li mes ki tyolesiik raj b’an li tz’i’. PROBABILITY WITH VERB IN PRETERITE
o The cat wanted to be chased by the dog.
• Laesh enke c’aytesii raj e rib’ chi ab’iink. ADVICE, SUGGESTION; PRESENT TENSE W/ REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
o You should get used to listening.
• Aanheb’ cuankheb’ raj sa’ tz’alam. STRONG ADVICE, SUGGESTION WITH VERB CUAANK
o They should be in jail/prison.
Particularly, raj can also be used after the verb ajok (to want, need, require) to give the mean-
ing of would like to in English.
• Aanheb’ teheb’ raj1 raj shik a cuic’in. WOULD LIKE TO

o They would like to go with you.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT / SUBJECT + NEG + MOD + AUX +
VERB + COMPLEMENT / MOD + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
To form the negative in a modal, we use inc’a’ (literally not) before the verb ruuk or the
modal verb narruu. Marree can only be negated by a negative word after it.
Aan inc’a’ na ruu alinak sa’ jumpaat. INABILITY He cannot run very fast.
Laat inc’a’ narruu inkat chunlaa arrin. NON-PERMISSION You may not sit here.
Lain inc’a’ narruu tin shik chi b’atz’uunk. IMPOSSIBILITY I cannot be able to go play. [SPORT]
Marree inc’a’ ish c’ul ish tumin. SPK NON-PROBABILITY He/she may not have got paid.
Lao inc’a’ inko c’anjelak raj sa’ saaw. ADVICE We should not work on Saturday.
Inc’a’ enkheb’ raj raj chaalk. SPK NOT TO LIKE TO They would not want to come.
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + [MOD] + AUX + VERB + [RAJ] + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?
• Ma inkat ruu ajlaank? Can you count?

• Ma narruu to ilaanq arrin? Can we rest here?
• Ma ta cuaj raj shik chi lok’ok ekwuu? Would you like to go shopping in the afternoon?
• C’arruu ta cuaj1 raj? What would you like?
1The verb ajok is prefixed for each person in transitive form so that it becomes raj for the 3rd person singular and plural.
The complete conjugated set is as follows: Singular: cuaj, cuaj, raj; Plural: qaj, raj, raj.

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IMPERATIVE MOOD
We use the imperative mood to form commands or requests in KC. No subject is necessary
in an imperative for the second person singular or plural unless we want to address someone spe-
cifically.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]
• C’am chaq la hu. SIN Bring your book/notebook/paper.

• Tyolesii li cashlan. SIN Chase the chicken.
• Mesuu li na’jej. SIN Sweep the place.
• B’anumaq e c’anjel. PLU Do your work.
• C’amomaq e tumin. PLU Take/bring money with you!
Negative Sentence Structure: NEG + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Ma/mat and me/mesh (literally do not, for transitive/intransitive verbs respectively) are used
to create the negative form of imperatives for the second person singular and plural respectively.
• Ma tz’ap li uc’al. SIN Do not cover the pot.

• Mat shucuak b’an li tz’i’. SIN Do not fear the dog.
• Me b’uyub’ li si’ arran. PLU Do not pile the wood there.
• Mesh shik sa’ li b’ee. PLU Do not go to the street.
PRONOUNS
KC pronouns are classified into Subject, Object, Possessive Pronoun, Possessive Adjective
and Reflexive. The following table presents these pronouns according to the English classifica-
tion. Although the Object and Possessive Pronouns are similar in writing and pronunciation,
those of the latter are each preceded by a definite article.
CLASSIFICATION OF K’EQCHI’ PRONOUNS

Subject Object Ob Possessive PA Possessive PP Reflexive
Adjective Pronoun
(with a noun) (without a
noun)
SINGULAR
lain I cue me lin / in my Ii cue mine cuib’ myself
laat you a cue you la / a your la cue yours a cuib’ yourself
li re his/hers himself -
aan he/she re him/her lish / ish his/her rib’
herself
aan it re it lish / ish its li re its rib’ itself
PLURAL
lao we qe us li qa / qa our li qe ours qib’ ourselves
laesh you e re you le / e your le re yours e rib’ yourselves
eb’ aan, eb’ lish / eb’ eb’ li re theirs
aanheb’ they them their ribeb’ themselves
reheb’ ish, esh

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Subject
Use a subject pronoun as the subject of a sentence in KC.
• Aan na alinak sa’ li b’ee. PRES He/she runs on the street.

• Aanheb’ tyokheb’ chi tzolok K’eqchi’. PRES CONT They are learning K’eqchi’.
• Lao taqa lok’ li cuyam. FUT We will buy the pig.
Object
Use an object pronoun as the object of a verb or as an indirect object.
• Aan tish c’ee cue li punit. FUT He/she will give me the hat. [PL]
• Lain shin tyeh re li aatin. Pst I told him the word.
Possessive Adjectives (with a noun)
Possessive adjectives show that something belongs to someone. Use possessive adjectives
with a noun (underlined). Possessive adjectives in KC distinguish between possessed (including
body parts) and not-yet-possessed items (things or objects).
• Aan lish si’ aj Beto. POSSD That is Beto’s wood.

• Lin na’ na c’anjelak sa’ li hospital. POSSD My mother works at the hospital.
• La cuesh cuan chirruu li cab’. POSSD Your pants are against the [house’s] wall.
• Tin lok’ e cuesh sa’ li c’atyil. NOT-YET-POSSD I will buy you pants in the market. (PL)
• Junaq raj qa mes. NOT-YET-POSSD I wish we had a cat.
• Majun eb’ ish ac’ach shesh lok’. NOT-YET-POSSD They didn’t buy any turkeys.
Possessive Pronouns (without a noun)
Possessive pronouns show that something belongs to someone. Use a possessive pronoun
without a noun but always with the respective definite article before it.
• Lish ac’ach cuan sa’ cab’ ut la cue cuan sa’ pim. Her turkey is in the house and yours is in the bushes.
• Ain lin mesleb’ ut aan li re. This is my broom and that’s his/hers.
Reflexive Pronouns
Reflexive pronouns in KC reflect on the subject of the sentence.
• Laat inka cuil a cuib’ sa’ li lem. You see yourself in the mirror.
• Laesh enke tenk’aa raj e rib’ chi tzolok. You should help yourselves to learn.
NOUNS
A noun in KC can be the name of a person, place, thing or idea. Following are some noun
examples listed in several categories:

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Person Place Object Abstract
Na’, Tyucua’ Chisec mesleb’ usilal
mother, father location broom favor
Qana’, Qacua’ Chirrepec cuesh sahil-ch’olej
Mrs., Mr. location pants happiness
c’uulal, teelom Rab’inal tz’umuy ch’inausal
baby, boy (sex) location anona niceness, beautiful
• Ish Aurelia nash k’aluu lish tyucua’. Aurelia hugs her father.
• Shin lok’ oshib’ chi tz’umuy. SPK I bought three anonas.
• Li mesleb’ ac k’eel chic. The broom is old already.
Plural nouns
Nouns have no plural form themselves. Thus, they should be pluralized following this syn-
tax: eb’ + li + noun, where eb’ = pluralizer, li = definite article. A noun should always be pre-
ceded by li when we refer to a specific noun in singular and eb’ li in plural.
SINGULAR PLURAL
li ochoch the house eb’ li ochoch the houses
li ac’ach the turkey eb’ li ac’ach the turkeys
li tz’i’ the dog eb’ li tz’i’ the dogs
li ishq the woman eb’ li ishq the women
• Eb’ li Ac’ach cuankheb’ sa’ li B’ee. The turkeys are on the street.
• Tin tyolesii eb’ li Cashlan. SPK I will chase the chicken.
NOTE: Words already in plural include: li cooc’al, li poyanam, li hal.
Count and Non-Count Nouns
Nouns in KC can be counted. Syntax: NUMBER + CHI + NOUN.

NOUN COUNTED NOUN
ochoch house oshib’ chi ochoch three houses
cashlan chicken oob’ chi cashlan five chicken
b’ee road cuib’ chi b’ee two roads
• Tin lok’ oshib’ chi ac’ach. SPK I will buy three turkeys.
• Jun chi ishq ki ok sa’ tz’alam. PRET A woman went to prison.
The following examples are non-count nouns and cannot have a number before them or have
plural forms.
ha’ ik’ ch’ooch’ sahilch’olej sham hab’

water wind, air earth, ground, dirt happiness fire rain
• C’ee li tib’ ut li cuaa sa’ li sham. Put the meat and the tortillas in the fire.
• Tiikil ha’ na moq sa’ li tzuul. Pure water springs from the mountain.

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We use b’ayaq (adj. some) and na’b’al (adj. a lot) as quantifiers for nouns to indicate small
and large amounts respectively. Na’b’al still requires the preposition chi to connect with the noun
when referring to something specific.
EXAMPLES: b’ayaq ha’, some water; b’ayaq atz’am, some salt; b’ayaq cashlan k’een, some pepper
• C’ee b’ayaq atz’am sa’ li tib’elcuaa. Put some salt in the food.
EXAMPLES: na’b’al tumin, much money; na’b’al pim, much grass; na’b’al utz’uuj, much flowers.
• Na’b’al chi utz’uuj na lok’e’ sa’ K’esaant. A lot of flowers are bought on All Saint’s Day.
Noun Substitutes
Athough KC has no indefinite articles (e.g. a, an), a noun can be substituted by jun (NUM.
one), junaq chic (another one; INDEFINITE) or junchic (the other one; DEFINITE). The following
sentences illustrate this feature.
• Ish Nela cuan jun ish ac’ach ut ish Amalia cuan jun re ajcui’.
o Nela has a turkey and Amalia has one too.
• In na’chin ta raj shik sa’ li c’atyil ain ab’an lain tin cuaj shik sa’ junaq chic.
o My grandmother wants to go this market, but I want to go to another one.
• Aj Maco ac cuan jun ish cashlan ab’an tish lok’ junaq chic.
o Maco already has one chicken but he will buy another one.
• Ish na’ ta raj shik sa’ li c’atyib’aal ain ab’an aan ta raj shik sa’ li junchic.
o His/her mother wants to go to this store, but he/she wants to go to the other one.
• Aan na wulak chi ruu li cuesh ain ab’an inc’a’ na wulak chi ruu eb’ li junchic.
o He likes these pants, but he does not like the other ones.
ARTICLES
The main definite article in KC is li. We can use it with all kinds of nouns: singular and plu-
ral; count and non-count. There are two definite articles for the 3rd person singular in KC: aj and
ish for male and female, respectively. There is no a or an indefinite articles in KC such as there
is in other modern languages (e.g., German, English or Spanish).
• Li ishq ish wulak sa’ li c’atyil. The woman went to the market.
• Li ochoch naj ish terram. [NO VERB] The house is tall.
• Shin wulak toj sa’ ishb’een li tzuul. SPK I went to the top of the mountain.
• Aj Miguel cuan sa’ cab’. Miguel is at home.
• Ish Marta nash naw kemok. Marta knows how to weave.
• Lain ut aj Pedro inko tzolok. I and Pedro study.
Although, li is an article it can also be used as a conjunction for that/the one that. The fol-
lowing examples illustrate this.
• Aan li1 cuiinq li2 na c’atyin chacach. That’s the man that sells baskets.
• Ainheb’ li1 cooc’al li2 tyokheb’ raj chi se’ek. These are the kids that were laughing.
1
) li as a definite article; 2) li as a conjunction.

George Max
ADJECTIVES
An adjective in KC describes a noun. It goes before the noun in syntactic terms (e.g., Eng-
lish, German). Study the following examples.
nim b’ee ac’ chacach chaab’il hal ch’ajom cuiinq chaj si’
wide road new basket good corn young man pine wood
tzo’ ac’ach saq tz’i’ tiikil ha’ teelom mes k’eel punit
male turkey white dog pure water male cat old hat
• Jun camenaq mes cuan sa’ li nim b’ee. A dead cat is on the road.
• Li cuiinq na c’atyin chaab’il hal. The man sells good corn.
• Cuib’ chi tzo’ ac’ach taqa lok’ re K’esaant. We will buy two turkeys for All Saints’ Day.
Comparisons
We can use adjectives to compare two people or objects in KC. Adjectives do not undergo
any change during this process.
Comparison pattern 1: SUBJ1 + JWAL + ADJ + PA-NOUN/AUX-VERB + CHIRRUU + SUBJ2
• Ish Berta jwal nim ish terram chirru aj Manuel. Berta is taller than Manuel.
• Li mes jwal naj na pisc’ok chirruu li tz’i’. The cat jumps higher than the dog.
Comparison pattern 2: SUBJ1 + JWAL + AUX-VERB + […] + CHI US + CHIRRUU + SUBJ2
• Laat jwal inkat ch’eok marimba chi us chirruu aj Kal. You play the Marimba better than Karl.
• Aj Marcos jwal nash naw tz’ib’ak chi us chirruu aj Ton. Marcos knows how to write better than Ton.
Superlatives
We can use adjectives to compare three or more people or objects in KC. Adjectives do not
undergo any change during this process.
Comparison pattern: SUBJ1 + K’ASHAL + ADJ/ADV + PA-NOUN/AUX-VERB + CHIRRUU + SUBJ2
• Ish Berta k’ashal nim ish terram chirruu eb’ li oshib’ chi ishq.
o Berta is the tallest of the three women.
• Aj Leo k’ashal ek’laa na cuaclii chirruu eb’ li oob’ chi cooc’al.
o Leo gets up the earliest of the five kids.
Any/Some
Junaq (any, some, a, an) and b’ayaq (some, a little) are commonly used with question, re-
quest or wish statements. In opposition, majun (literally there is/are not/no […] any/not to have)
and mac’a’ (there is not, not to have) are used in a negative sense to denote the lack of or absence
of a possession or thing, including people.
• Ma cuan junaq ish ac’ach ish Julia? Does Julia have any turkeys?
• Ma cuan b’ayaq sak’ee anajcuan? Is there some sun now/today/at this moment?

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• C’ee bayaq ish cuaa li mes. IMP → REQ Give the cat some food.
• Junaq raj in hu re tzolok. WISH I wish I had a book to learn.
• Majun cooc’al cuankheb’ sa’ tzolebaal. There are no children at school.
• Li mes mac’a’ ish cuaa. [NO VERB] The cat does not have food.
Many/A Lot of
Na’b’al (there is many/a lot of, many) and c’ajo’ (there is a lot of) are generally used to ex-
press a large quantity and number for count and non-count nouns.
• Na’b’al chi carr cuan sa’ li nimha’. There are many fish in the river.
• C’ajo’ chi saank cuankheb’ sa’ li pim. There are a lot of ants on the grass.
• Aj Mel ish c’ul na’b’al chi tumin. Mel received a lot of money.
A Little/A Few
B’ab’ay (a little, some) and cach’in (a few, some; little, small) are generally used to express
small quantity, number or measurement.
• Aan cuan b’ab’ay ish tumin. He has some money.

• Cach’in ajcui’ ish may lin jolom. [NO VERB] My head only hurts a little.
PREPOSITIONS
The following table contains a list of prepositions in current use in KC. The most common
are chi, sa’, and re, literally to, in, and for.
K’EQCHI’ PREPOSITIONS TABLE

chalen since, for re for, to,
chi to (for connecting verbs) ric’in with, together with, along with
chirree at the edge/border/mouth of rub’el under
chirrish in the back of, behind of; about, backwards sa’ in, into, at, to
chirruu in front of, during, by, from tak’aa down, below
chisa’ inside, within, in taqek’ up, high, upwards
/sa’/ ishb’een above, on, over, on top of toj[o’] until, as far as (distance), up to
/sa’/ ishb’een cuaa before, first /sa’ ish/ tyaanq in between
nach’ near, close to, in the vicinity /sa’ ish/ tyiitoq in the middle of
• Lin cuas na wulak chi c’anjelak. My older brother goes to work.

• Li pish cuan sa’ ishb’een li cuaheb’aal. The tomatoes are on the table.
• Laesh tesh tzoloq re naq te naw e c’anjel. You will study so that you can learn a skill.
• Aanheb’ sheheb’ cua’ak sa’ li Pa’b’aank. They ate at the party (RELIGIOUS).

George Max
ADVERBS
Adverbs of Frequency
The most common adverbs of frequency in KC include: junelik (always), cuannaq (some-
times), majuncuaa (never, ever), majok’ee (never, not at all; not at any time), and majarruj
(not ever; not in any way).
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + ADV + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
• Ish Teresa junelik na wulak sa’ c’atyil. Teresa always goes to the market.
• Li chiin cuannaq inc’a’ na atzumak. Sometimes the orange tree does not blossom.
Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + ADVNEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT
• Lao majuncuaa inko wulak chi b’eek. We never go out.

• Majok’ee tin taw ru aan. SPK I will never understand that.
Questions Sentence Structure: QA + ADV + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]
• Ma junelik na wulak chi b’atz’uunk aj Gil? Does Gil always go to play? [GAME]
• Ma majarruj na ab’in? Doesn’t he/she ever listen/learn?
Very/Too
We use the intensifier c’ajo’ (very, too) to make an adjective stronger. It has similar meaning
to the word very in English.
INDICATIVE MOOD INDICATIVE MOOD

PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE PREDICATIVE STRESSED PREDICATIVE
Tiq ru li ha’. C’ajo’ ish tiqcual ru li ha’. Li ha’ c’ajo’ ish tiqcual ru.
The water is hot. The water is very hot. Same as left
Kee ru li cutan. C’ajo’ ish keehil ru li cutan. Li cutan c’ajo’ ish keehil ru.
It is cold today. It is very cold today. Same as left
K’eel ru li ochoch. C’ajo’ ish k’eelil ru li ochoch. Li ochoch c’ajo’ ish k’eelil ru.
The house is old. The house is very old. Same as left
The following examples show the use of c’ajo’ to contrast a situation.
• C’ajo’ ish kehil ru li cutan re shik chi b’eek. PRES It is very cold today to go out/for a walk.
• C’ajo’ ish kehil raj ru li cutan re shik chi b’eek. PST It was very cold today to go out/for a walk.
• Ish Natalia c’ajo’ raj ish lub’ik re shik chi c’atyiink. PST Natalia was very tired to go selling.
Already/Yet/Not yet
We often use chican (literally already, yet) with the PSEUDO-PERFECT. It shows that something
has happened. Chican can only go after the verb. In opposition, maji’ (literally not yet) shows
that something has not happened but will possibly happen.
• Aj Mario ac ish cuaklii chican. Mario has already got up.

• Laesh maji’ enke c’ul e tojb’al. You haven’t received your payment yet.

George Max
Since/For
We use chalen (literally since, for, ago) with the pseudo-perfect in KC. It is used to tell from
a particular time until now and also for a period of time.
• Laat ac chalen a ch’ajomal inkat numshik. You have swum since you were a boy.
• Li mes maji’ na cua’ak chalen oshib’ cutan. The cat has not eaten for three days.
DEMONSTRATIVES
The following table presents KC’s demonstratives together with their respective plural forms
and two adverbs of place, arrin and arran; for reference.
ADV DEMONSTRATIVES
SINGULAR PLURAL
arrin ain ← PROXIMAL → ainheb’
here this these
arran aan ← DISTAL → aanheb’
there that those
• Ain li ishim re li ac’ach. This is the maize for the turkey.

• Ainheb’ li cuesh re c’ay. These are the pants for sale.
• Aan li Ishq li na c’atyin c’um. That’s the woman that sells pumpkins.
• Aanheb’ li ishq li tyokheb chi puch’uk. Those are the women that are washing [clothes].
• Arrin cuan li ochoch ut arran cuan li nimha’. Here is the house and there is the river.
BE, HAVE, THERE IS/THERE ARE
The verb cuaank (to be, have, there is/are) in KC may indicate a state of being, occurrence
or possession (to have or to own sth.). The following table shows a derived form of cuaank that
can indicate from physical presence to an emotional state.
SINGULAR lain cuankin laat cuankat aan cuan aan cuan

I am you are he/she is it is
PLURAL lao cuankoo laesh cuankesh aanheb’ cuankheb’
we are you are they are
• Laesh cuankesh raj sa’ li ch’utam. You should be in the meeting.

• Aj Sec cuan sa’ jun ch’aajkilal. Sec is in a hardship.
Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + [AUX] + VERB + COMPLEMENT
• Aj Ton cuan sa’ ish c’anjel. Ton is at work.

• Li tz’i’ cuan sa’ li b’ee. The dog is on the street.
• Ish Chabela cuan jun ish ac’ach. Chabella has a turkey.
• Tesh cuaanq sa’ usilal. FUT [You will] stay in wellness. OR [You will] remain in peace.
• Nab’al chi choq cuan sa’ li choshaa. There are a lot of clouds in the sky.
• Aan ki cuan sa’ tz’oleb’aal. PRET He/she attended school.

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Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + VERB + COMPLEMENT / NEG + SUBJECT + [VERB] + COMPLE-
MENT
Manii (is/are not), mac’a’ (there is/are not) and majun (none, nobody, not one, any) are
used in opposition to cuaank to deny or negate a statement. It denotes the absence and/or lack of
a person, thing or attribute as exemplified below.
• Ish Elena manii [cuan] sa’ ish c’anjel. [OPT] NOT PRESENT Elena is not at his work.
• Aj Mateo majun ish aaq [cuan]. [OPT] LACK OF Mateo does not have any pigs.
• Eb’ li tz’i’ manii cuankheb’ sa’ li b’ee. NOT PRESENT The dogs are not on the street.
• Mac’a’ pim chirrish cab’. [NO VERB] NONEXISTENT There is no weeds outside the house.
• Mac’a’ choq sa’ li choshaa. [NO VERB]ABSENCE OF There is no clouds in the sky.
• Majun chi ch’aat cuankheb sa’ li ochoch. LACK OF There are no beds in the house.
Questions Sentence Structure: QW + [AUX] + VERB + COMPLEMENT
The auxiliary ma goes before the verb cuaank when making a question. Other questions ask-
ing for information use interrogative words such as in the following 3rd and 4th examples (see also
QUESTIONS).
• Ma cuan sa’ ish c’anjel aj Ton? Is Ton at his work?

• Ma cuan junaq ish ac’ach ish Nela? Does Nela have any turkeys?
• Anii cuankheb’ sa’ li ch’utam? Who are at the meeting?
• C’arruu cuan sa’ li sec’? What is in the cup/bowl?
USEFUL TIME EXPRESSIONS
Time expressions are still not extended in KC. The following table presents the most com-
mon time expressions referent to past, present and future times.
ecuer anajcuan, oon kwulaj

yesterday today ↔ now tomorrow
ecuer ek’laa anajcuan ek’laa kwulaj ek’laa
yesterday morning this morning tomorrow morning
ecuer ekwuu anajcuan ekwuu kwulaj ekwuu
yesterday afternoon this afternoon tomorrow afternoon
ecuer chik’eq oon chik’eq kwulaj chik’eq
last night tonight tomorrow night
sa’ li Poo ish nume’ sa’ li Poo ain sa’ li junchic Poo
last month this month next month
sa’ li Chab’ ish nume’ sa’ li Chab’ ain sa’ li junchic Chab’
last year this year next year
The hour can be roughly stated with the word oonal which denotes a certain time of the day.
• Sa’ li oonal ain. [NO VERB] At this hour.

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QUESTIONS
There are two main types of questions in KC: Yes/No Questions and Information Ques-
tions. Tag Questions comprise a less frequently used type of question. Non-Verb Questions
are more frequently used but in spoken KC.
Yes/No Questions
Sentence Structures: QA + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]? / QA + SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + COMPLE-
MENT? / QA + NOUN/ADJECTIVE/OTHER + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT?
Questions under this category use the auxiliary word ma at the beginning of an interrogative
sentence. This makes them semantically like using do as an auxiliary verb for this type of ques-
tions in English. Ma can take on the meanings of the verbs be and have as exemplified below.
• Ma inkat wulak chi auk? Inc’a’. AUX AS DO Do you go to sow? No.

• Ma Carmen ish c’aba’? Ehe’. AUX AS BE Is Carmen her name? Yes.
• Ma ac shat cua’ak? Maji’. AUX AS HAVE Have you eaten? Not yet.
• Ma cham li nimha’? Ehe’. AUX AS BE + ADJ Is the river deep? Yes.
Yes/No Questions as such require an affirmative or negative answer that in KC corresponds to

ehe’ or inc’a’, yes and no respectively.
• Ma te c’at li pim? Ehe’ Are you going to burn the weeds? Yes.
• Ma sha set li tib’? Inc’a’? Did you cut the meat? No.
Information Questions
Questions under this category use interrogative words at the beginning of a sentence. The
following table shows KC’s interrogative words according to the English classification.
CLASSIFICATION OF INTERROGATIVE WORDS

anii c’arruu b’ar c’aput jok’ee chanrruu jarrub’
who what where why when how how many
The vowel repetition for anii, c’arruu and jok’ee resembles that of the English words flee, too, etc.
in intonation, but not in vowel pronunciation.
We combine the word jo’ (how) with a modified adjective to tell to what extent, amount or
degree: jo’ nimal, how many/much, jo’ najtil, how far, jo’ oonal, what time, and so on. Jarrub’
(how many/much) asks for quantity or amount.
• Jo’ oonal ta lok’ chaq li keenk’? What time are you going to buy the beans?
• Jarrub’ chi cooc’al tyokheb’ chi alinak? How many children are running?
Sentence Structures: QI + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]? / QI + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]? /

QI + [PA] + NOUN + [SUBJECT]?

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Interrogative words should always go at the beginning of the question such as shown in the
following examples.
• Anii na c’atyin mol? PRES Who sells eggs?

• C’arruu ish c’anjel aan? [NO VERB] What does he/she do? [AS A JOB, PROFESSION]
• B’ar cuan lin cuesh? Where are my pants?
• C’aput cuankoo arrin? Why are we here?
• Jok’ee tesh shik chi c’anjelak? FUT When do you leave for work?
• Chanrruu na b’ichan aan? PRES How does he sing?
Examples showing the use of interrogative content clauses in yes/no questions:
• – Ma sha ab’ii c’arruu ish tyee? – Ehe’. – Did you hear what he/she said? – Yes.
• – Ma she ril b’ar ish c’am? – Inc’a’. – Did you see where he/she took? – No.
Tag Questions
A tag question in KC uses the word b’etyaal (right, correct) at the end of a sentence. It can
be used in affirmative and negative questions.
• Tyoo chi cuaark a na’chin, b’etyaal? AFF SPK Your grandmother is sleeping, isn’t she?
• Inc’a’ ish coo chi c’anjelak aj Pablo, b’etyaal? NEG SPK Pablo did not go to work, did he?
A negative question tag with an affirmative sentence combines the words malaj (or) + inc’a’
(not) so that it translates more like “or not?” at the end of a sentence. This type of question tag
may be confrontational in that it inquires for the truth.
• Ma inka naw atinak sa’ K’eqchi’, malaj inc’a’? Do you or do you not know how to speak K’eqchi’?
• Ma shesh wulak chi c’alek, malaj inc’a’? Did you or did you not go to graze?
Non-Verb Questions
Non-verb questions are short sentences that inquiry on a person or thing’s properties, charac-
teristics, attributes, look, appearance, condition, and so on. As the title suggests, they do not use
verbs and they rely on the auxiliary word ma or interrogative words to formulate a Yes/No or In-
formation question.
• Ma kee li ha’? Is the water cold?

• Ma tz’aj ru li uc’al? Is the pot dirty?
• Anii raj lish c’ab’a’? What was his/her/its name?
• C’arruu lish c’aush aan? What does he/she worry about? / What is his/her concern?
SPELLING
Transitive and Intransitive Verb Forms
These verb forms are widely used in phrases and sentences in KC. So, in order to derive
transitive and intransitive verb forms, one must consider that all verbs end in v+k or v+nk; where
v = vowel and k, nk = end consonants.

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Transitive Verb Form
We apply a simple, general rule to derive a transitive verb from the basic form whereby if the
verb ends in -v+k, the verb drops both letters. If it ends with -v+nk, the verb drops the -nk BUT
there is an exception to this general rule for certain verbs and is explained further below.
Dropping of -v+k ending Verb: sac’ok – to hit

SINGULAR lain AUX sac’ laat AUX sac’ aan AUX sac’ aan AUX sac’
ALL TENSES
Plural lao AUX sac’ laesh AUX sac’ aanheb’ AUX sac’
LIKEWISE: b’oqok, cutuk, chupuk, sachok, tojok, utz’uk, tyamok, tyuluk, etc.
Dropping of -nk ending Verb: numsiink – to pass
SINGULAR lain AUX numsii laat AUX numsii aan AUX numsii aan AUX numsii
ALL TENSES
PLURAL lao AUX numsii aanheb’ AUX numsii aanheb’ AUX numsii
LIKEWISE: cuartesiink, hasb’aank, keloonk, c’irrisiink, taqsiink, etc.
IMPORTANT:
From the two rules defined above to change infinitive verbs into transitive verb forms, a group of verbs need special atten-
tion. These verbs show a -v+b+v+nk ending pattern and thus drop their -v+nk ending. Therefore, ach’ab’aank →
ach’aab’, buyub’aank → buyub’, canab’aank → canab’, ch’utub’aank →ch’utub’, and so on.
• Aanheb’ enkesh buyub’ li si’ sa’ li b’ee. PRES They are piling up the wood on the street.
• Aj Luis ish ch’utub’ ish tumin re Ralankil. PAST Luis saved money for Christmas.
Intransitive Verb Form
We apply a general rule to derive an intransitive verb from the basic form whereby if the verb
ends with -v+k, it is used in its basic form. If the verb ends with -v+nk, the verb drops the k and
ends in n. Refer to TENSE MARKERS for the list of tense markers that are used with intransitive
verbs.
No change in verb ending Verb: lochok – to turn/switch on, light up

PRESENT, PAST, SINGULAR lain AUX lochok laat AUX lochok aan AUX lochok aan AUX lochok
PRETERITE
PLURAL lao AUX lochok laesh AUX lochok aanheb’ AUX lochok
Likewise: b’oqok, cutuk, chupuk, sachok, tojok, utz’uk, tyamok, tyuluk, etc.
Dropping of the k Verb: tolob’aank - to lay down
PRESENT, PAST, SINGULAR lain AUX tolob’an laat AUX tolob’an aan AUX tolob’an aan AUX tolob’an
PRETERITE
PLURAL lao AUX tolob’an laesh AUX tolob’an aanheb’ AUX tolob’an
LIKEWISE: ajlaank, cuartesiink, hasb’aank, pumub’aank, keloonk, salab’aank, etc.
The future uses an inflected verb form where all verbs change their k ending into q. This
change is valid according to the separate sounds currently assigned to these consonants.
Change of k ending for q for verbs ending in -v+k Verb: uc’ak - to drink
SINGULAR lain tin uc’aq laat tat uc’aq aan ta uc’aq aan ta uc’aq
PLURAL lao to uc’aq laesh tesh uc’aq aanheb’ teheb’ uc’aq
LIKEWISE: quemoq, nuk’uq, topoq, tzoloq, etc.
Change of k ending for q for verbs ending in -v+nk Verb: nimaank - to grow up
SINGULAR lain tin nimaanq laat tat mimaanq aan ta nimaanq aan ta nimaanq
PLURAL lao to nimaanq laesh tesh nimaanq aanheb’ teheb’ nimaanq

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LIKEWISE: tolob’aanq, mesuunq, salab’aanq, etc.
Present Participle
All infinitive verbs can be used for intransitive constructions in the continuous and progres-
sive aspects (see CONTINUOUS AND PROGRESSIVE.), but for transitive constructions, we use a present
participle. Consequently, the -v+k ending of all verbs is replaced by -b’al. EXAMPLES: cutuk -
cutb’al; cuosok - cuosb’al; chupuk - chupb’al. All verbs ending with -v+nk are added the suffix -
il. EXAMPLES: hasb’aank - hasb’ankil; mesuunk - mesunkil; pajiink - pajinkil.
• Eb’ li cuiinq tyokheb’ ish c’amb’al li hal. PROG The men are taking the corn.
• Li Acuab’ejilal tyoo ish k’ajsinkil li ch’ooch’ re li poyaman. CONT The government is returning
the lands to the people.
Past Participle
In KC, we use the past participle to build the Passive Voice only. This verb form shows sev-
eral variations according to TAM and whether the inflexion is possible or likely for a certain verb
and the given case.
Present, Past and Preterite
As a rule, verbs ending in -v+k should be replaced by -e’, -man or both. Those concerned
may be mono- and two-syllable verbs having this ending pattern.
EXAMPLES: tzolok → tzole’/tzolman; c’uluk → c’ule’/c’ulman; rumuk → rume’; kemok → keme’; pejok → pe-
je’/pejman, etc.
• Li ismal na tz’ulman ric’in eb‘ li uk’. PRES The hair is braided with the hands.
• Li t’zi’ ish tz’ole’ chi c’ojlaak. PST The dog was taught to seat.
Similarly, verbs ending in -v+nk keep the long vowel and lose the n OR they lose their -nk
ending and add -man. This rule applies strictly for verbs with two, three or more syllables having
this end pattern.
EXAMPLES: anab’aank → anab’aak/anab’man; cub’siink → cub’siik/cub’siman; numsiink → numsi-

ik/numsiman; jilosiink → jilosiik/jilosiman; mesuunk → mesuuk/mesuman, etc.
• Li tz’alam-che’ ish anab’aak chirruu li tz’ak. The plank was reclined against the wall.
Future
Two variations happen here. Verbs ending in -v+k should be replaced by -ek’ or -maanq.
Those concerned may be mono- and two-syllable verbs having this end pattern.
EXAMPLES: rumuk → rumek’; cuotzok → cuotzek’/cuotzmaanq, tyuluk → tyulek’/tyulmaanq, etc.
• Li ch’aat ta rumek’ sa’ li mul. The bed will be thrown into the trash/garbage.
For verbs with two or more syllables, the rule follows that of the present and past tenses for
verbs ending in -v+nk except that the k changes to q and there is only one variation.

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EXAMPLES: ch’olaniink → ch’olaniiq, cuartesiink → cuartesiiq, etc.
• Li c’ulal ta ch’olaniiq b’an lish na’chin. The baby will be nursed by his/her grandmother.
Continuous and Progressive
Here we have one variation of the past participle for the passive voice whereby verbs ending
in -v+k are replaced with -ec’. This applies for mono- and two-syllable verbs having this end
pattern.
EXAMPLES: hamok → hamec’; jutuk → jutec’, etc.
• Lish ochoch tyoo chi c’amec’ b’an li b’uut’. PROG His/her house is being dragged by the flood.
Similarly, verbs ending in -v+nk keep the long vowel and lose the n. This rule applies for
verbs with two or more syllables with this end pattern.
EXAMPLES: k’ashtesiink → k’ashtesiik; tolob’aank → tolob’aak, etc.
• Rochochil li c’atyil tyoo chi seb’aak. CONT The market’s building is being rushed.
Imperative
Since the imperative mood is expressed in the second person singular and plural, it uses sev-
eral verb forms. The verb for the imperative in the second person singular can use both the tran-
sitive and the intransitive verb form in affirmative sentences.
• Tyolesii li imul. TNS Chase the rabbit.

• Ishimaa li hal. TNS Thresh the corncobs.
• C’oshlan b’ayaq. INT Think a little.
The verb for the imperative in the second person plural is generally modified with the suffix -
omaq for verbs ending in -ok or -v+nk or -umaq for verbs ending in -uk or -unk. Also, intransi-
tive verb forms can form the imperative by adding the suffix -qesh (see examples 3 and 4).
• Tzuqumaq b’ayaq ha’ sa’ li ree. TNS Drip some water in its mouth.
• Sutumaq li ochoch! TNS Surround the house.
• Alinanqesh! INT Run!
• Kelonqesh arrin! INT Pull here!
CAPITAL LETTERS
The main rules for word capitalization in KC include the following:
• The first word in a sentence Aan na wulak chirruu alinak.

• The name of a person Elena, Abel, Sofia
• A nationality or language K’iche’, Ingles, Mam
• Titles of people Qana’ Belinda, Qacua’ Eliberto
• The names of cities, provinces, states, countries Chisec, Purulha, Kiche’, Guatemala
• The names of buildings Poopol, Iglesia, Hospital

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• The names of holidays Rahil Cutan, K’esaant, Ralanquil
• Religious words Jesus, Maria
Titles
Most words in titles must be capitalized. The following rules apply:
• Always use a capital letter on the first word of a title.

• Use a capital letter on all the important words.
• Do not use a capital letter on the following if they are not at the beginning of a sentence
o Prepositions (sa’, re, chi, ishb’een, chirruu, etc.)
o Connecting words (ut, ab’an, malaj)
o Articles (ish, aj, li)
COMBINING SENTENCES
Method 1: Use of the conjunction ut (literally and)
We can join two or more verbs in one sentence with ut.
• Li c’uulal na aj. Li c’uulal na ok chi tyab’ak. The baby wakes up. The baby starts to cry.
• Li c’uulal na aj ut na ok chi tyab’ak. The baby wakes up and starts to cry.
We can also combine verbs and phrases with ut into one compound sentence. The components
(verbs, phrases) can be transitive1 and intransitive2.
• Ish Adelia na jalok2, nash chap1 ish chacach ut na shik2 sa’ c’atyil.
o Adelia changes, grabs her basket and goes to the market.
Method 2: Use of the conjunction ab’an (literally but)
We can join two phrases/clauses or sentences with ab’an to present a contrasting pattern.
• Sho wulak raj chi b’eek. Tyoo raj li hab’. SPK We wanted to go out. It was raining.
• Sho wulak raj chi b’eek, ab’an tyoo raj li hab’. SPK We wanted to go out but it was raining.
• Aan ish lok’ raj chaq li ishim. Mac’a’ raj chic ishim He had to buy maize. There was not any maize.
• Aan ish lok’ raj chaq li ishim, ab’an mac’a’ raj chic. He had to buy maize but there wasn’t any.
Method 3: Use of the combination ut ... ajcui’ (literally and … too)
• Aj Juan na wulak chi tzolok. Ish Marina na wulak chi tzolok.

o Juan goes to school. Marina goes to school.
• Aj Juan na wulak chi tzolok ut ish Marina na wulak ajcui’.
o Juan goes to school and Marina goes too.
Use in modal sentences:
• Aj Rob’ na ruu atinak sa’ Poqomchi’. Aj Ton na ruu atinak sa’ Poqomchi’.
o Rob knows how to talk in Poqomchi’. Ton knows how to talk in Poqomchi’.

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• Aj Rob’ na ruu atinak sa’ Poqomchi’ ut aj Ton na ruu ajcui’.
o Rob can talk in Poqomchi’ and Ton can too.
Method 4: Use of the combination manii ... ut … ajcui’ (literally not … and ... either)
In this sentence construction method, we use ajcui’ at the end of the sentence to mean either since
it can also be used in a negative clause.
• Ish Alicia manii raj sa’ cab’ ecuer. Aj Gil manii raj sa’ cab’ ecuer.
o Alicia was not at home yesterday. Gil was not at home yesterday.
• Ish Alicia manii raj sa’ cab’ ecuer ut aj Gil manii raj ajcui’.
o Alicia was not at home yesterday and Gil was not either.
Method 5: Use of the conjunction naq (literally when)
When using naq to join two clauses, the subject of the second clause is displaced at the end.
• Ac shin aj. Li tz’o’shul ki tyab’aak. I have wakened up. The rooster crowed.
• Ac shin aj naq ki tyab’aak li tz’o’shul. SPK I have wakened up when the rooster crowed.
• Ac sho ok sa’ cab’. Li hab’ ki chal. We had got home. It began to rain.
• Ac sho ok sa’ cab’ naq ki chal li hab’. SPK We had got home when it began to rain.
• Lain ac shin raqe’ chi shorrok. Lain in tyiib’ li tzacaemq.

o I have finished making tortillas. I prepare the meal.
• Ac shin raqe’ chi shorrok naq in tyiib’ li tzacaemq. SPK
o I had finished making tortillas when I prepare the meal.
Use of naq with combined events in the pseudo-perfect, preterite, progressive and past tense.
• Ish Natalia ac lajeb’ chab’ cuan re naq ki ok chi tzolok. PPERF - PRET
o Natalia was already five years old when she started school.
• Tyokin raj chi cua’ak naq shin esh b’oq chi b’atz’uunk. PROG-PAST, SPK
o I was eating when they called me to play.
Method 6: Use of the conjunction ishb’an naq (literally because)
• Tin tyiib’ in cuaa. Ac cualeb’ chic. I will make tortillas. It is noon already.
• Tin tyiib’ in cuaa ishb’an naq ac cualeb’ chic. SPK I will make tortillas because it is noon already.
• Aj Mario inc’a’ ish wulak sa’ tzoleb’aal. Aj Mario cualeb’ ish cuaklii.
o Mario did not go to school. Mario got up late.
• Aj Mario inc’a’ ish wulak sa’ tzoleb’aal ishb’an naq cualeb’ ish cuaklii.
o Mario did not go to school because he got up late.
Method 7: Use of jo’can naq for cause and result sentences (literally that is why OR because →
at the beginning of a sentence in English)
• Ish Delia mac’a’ ish tumin. Ish Delia inc’a’ na shik sa’ c’atyil.
o Delia does not have money. Delia does not go to the market.
• Ish Delia mac’a’ ish tumin jo’can naq inc’a’ na shik sa’ c’atyil.
o Delia does not have money, which is why she does not go to the market. OR
o Because Delia does not have money, she does not go to the market.
Method 8: Use of ishb’en-cuaa (before, first) and chirrish aan (then, after that)

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• Ishb’en-cuaa in cuaklii, chirrish aan in tyiib’ in Cuaa. First, I get up then I make tortillas.
WRITING GOOD SENTENCES
• Writing good and accurate sentences according to KC syntax and grammatical rules out-
lined throughout this grammar guide is mandatory.
• Every sentence must have a subject and a verb. (Imperatives do not necessarily have a
subject.) Some short statements or questions describing/asking for a person’s or thing’s
properties, characteristics, attributes, look, appearance, etc., however, DO NOT require a
verb.
EXAMPLES:
o Li ch’ajom naj ish terram. The young boy is tall.

o Anii a c’ab’a’? What is your name?
o Mac’a’ ish cuaa li tz’i’. The dog does not have any food.
• Some sentences have a direct object (DO) which goes directly after the verb. The direct
object is usually a noun, always preceded by a singular or plural article (li y eb’ li). An
adjective can go between the article and the noun.
SUBJ AUX VERB DO

Aanheb’ enkesh shok li si’. They pick up the wood.
SUBJ AUX VERB DO

Aan ish mesuu li nimla na’jej. He/she swept the large place.
• A list of consecutive actions or things in a sentence is separated by commas. Ut (and) or

malaj (or) is written before the last action or thing in the list. Examples:
o Lain in cuaclii, in cua’ak ut in shik sa’ tzolebaal. I get up, eat breakfast and go to school.
o Aan na awok ishim, Keenk’ ut Pish sa’ lish ch’ooch’. He grows corn, black beans and toma-
toes in his plot.
WRITING GOOD COMPOSITIONS
• Every composition must have a title as stated earlier in TITLES under CAPITAL LETTERS.
• A good composition has an introductory sentence. It introduces the composition to the
reader and gives the general idea of the composition. It should also have a concluding
sentence like the introductory sentence in mind.
• Follow each of the rules for creating compound sentences found in COMBINING SENTENCES.
Esteban aj Tzolonel
Aj Esteban na c’anjelak sa’ jun tzoleb’aal. Toje’ ish c’ul rib’ re aj tzolonel ut anajcuan ac ish taw ish
c’anjel. Aan tish tzol jun ch’uut chi cooc’al, li toj ishb’een chab’ teheb’ oq sa’ tzoleb’aal. Sa’ lish c’anjel cuan
ish c’utb’al eb’ aan chi tz’ib’ak ut ilok ru hu chirruu jun chab’. Jo’can ajcui’, tish c’ut eb’ li cooc’al jalanq, jal-
anq chi na’leb’ li na ajman sa’ tzoleb’al ut sa’ ochoch.

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Ishb’an naq li tzoleb’aal cuan chirree tenamit, aj Esteban junelic na shik sa’ ik’lamb’il-ch’iich’ re naq
ek’laa na ok sa’ lish c’anjel. Sa’ li tzoleb’aal nash ch’utub’ rib’ ric’in rech aj c’anjelil, li enkheb’ c’utuk sa’ eb’ li
junjunk’ chi na’jej. Naq na tiklaa li tzolok, aj Esteban na ok sa’ lish c’eeb’il na’jej ut nash b’oq eb’ lish c’ab’a’
eb’ li junjunq’ chi tzolom. Chirrish aan, na tiklaa li tzolok ut na raqe’ toj cua’leb’.
Aj Esteban tish tzol nim aj tzolom naq ac ish taw ish na’leb’ chi us chirrish tzolok cooc’al. Anajcuan
tyoo ish tzolb’al jun ch’uut chi ch’ina-al ut ch’ina ishqaal li toj shesh tikib’ chi tz’ib’ak ut ilok ru hu. Aan ajcui’
na tzolok reheb’ chi c’anjelak sa’ komonil ut cuaank sa’ tuqtukilal. Jo’can b’i’ lish c’anjel aj Esteban re ish
tzolb’al jalanq, jalanq chi tzolom sa’ li tzoleb’aal ut junelik sah sa’ ish ch’ool ish b’anunkil rajlal cutan.
Esteban the Teacher

Esteban works in a school. He just graduated as a teacher and now he has found a job. He will teach
a group of kids that will enter school for the first time. It is his job to teach them to write and read for one
year. Also, he will teach the children different skills that are needed in the school and at home.
Because the school is in the suburbs, Esteban always goes by bicycle so that he gets early at his work.
At the school, he joins with his colleagues that teach in the different classrooms. When teaching starts,
Esteban enters his assigned classroom and takes attendance of each student. After that, the class starts
and finishes until noon.
Esteban will teach young students when he gets good experience after teaching children. Now he
teaches a group of kids and girls that just started to write and read. He also teaches them to work in com-
munity and in harmony. That is the job of Esteban in teaching different students at the school and he is al-
ways happy of doing it every day.

George Max
APPENDIX 1
Alphabetical List of K’eqchi’ Infinitive Verbs and Various Forms (from

Sedat, 1955)
A – alphabet letter
Verb ▪ TYPE
INT – INTRANSITIVE FORM ▫ TNS – TRANSITIVE FORM ▫ PP – PAST PARTICIPLE
IRR – IRREGULAR INTRANSITIVE FORM
English definition of verb
LEGEND: SINT – strictly intransitive verb; VINT – variable intransitive verb; so./sth. – someone/something
A ajok ▪ SINT
to want, desire
aauk ▪ SINT ajsiink ▪ VINT
TNS - au INT - ajsin TNS - ajsii PP - ajsiik / ajsiman
to sow, plant to wake so. up; awaken, arouse
ab’enaank ▪ VINT ajtesib’k ▪ SINT
INT - ab’enan ▫ TNS - ab’enaa ▫ PP - ab’enaak
to amuse, make laugh; entertain
to commission, order; ask, request; entrust
ajtesiink [u] ▪ VINT
ab’iink ▪ VINT
INT - ajtesin TNS - ajtesii PP - ajtesiik
INT - ab’in TNS - ab’ii PP - ab’iik / ab’iman
to amuse, make laugh
to hear, listen to; pay attention, obey
ak’iink ▪ VINT
acanak ▪ SINT
INT - ak’in TNS - ak’ii PP - ak’iik
to have a nightmare; bogey, bad dream
to weed, clean
ach’ab’aank ▪ VINT
ak’tiink ▪ SINT
INT - ach’ab’an TNS - ach’aab’ PP - ach’ab’aak
to burn; be parched
to release, free; drop; let loose, set free; untie; let go
ak’tirk ▪ SINT
ac’ob’resiink ▪ VINT
See ak’tiink
INT - ac’ob’resin TNS - ac’ob’resii PP - ac’ob’resiik
to renew, renovate, update; refurbish, revamp ak’uniink ▪ VINT
INT - ak’unin TNS - ak’unii PP - ak’uniik
acuasiink ▪ VINT
to dress, get dressed, clothe; wear; cover, wrap up
INT - acuasin TNS - acuasii PP - acuasiik
to get rid of bad luck; cure from bad luck ak’uunk ▪ VINT
INT - ak’un TNS - ak’uu PP - ak’uuk
ajajnak ▪ SINT
See ak’uniink
to clear up; get light
alaank ▪ VINT
ajk ▪ SINT
INT - alan TNS - alaa PP - alaak
IRR - aj
to give birth, have a baby; weigh sth.
to awaken, wake up, arouse
alab’te’ik ▪ SINT
ajlaank ▪ VINT
to sprout, burgeon, shoot
INT - ajlan TNS - ajlaa PP - ajlaak
to count, enumerate; count up alaliink ▪ VINT
INT - alalin TNS - alalii PP - alaliik

George Max
to give birth (animals: pup, litter, calve, lamb, farrow) INT - atz’aman TNS - atz’amaa PP - atz’amaak
See atz’amiink
aleenk ▪ VINT
INT - alen TNS - alee PP - aleek atz’amiink ▪ VINT
to tempt (the evil); entice, lure; tempt so. to do sth. INT - atz’amin TNS - atz’amii PP - atz’amiik
to salt, season, put salt in/on; make sth. salty
alib’ak ▪ SINT
to become daughter in law atz’ok ▪ SINT
to split, slit, cleave; crack; slit/split open
alinaank ▪ VINT
INT - alinan TNS - alinaa PP - alinaak atz’umaank ▪ VINT
to run, race; hurry, rush; go quickly/fast INT - atz’uman TNS - atz’umaa PP - atz’umaak
to flower, bloom, blossom; fluorish
alinak ▪ SINT
to run; go fast; hurry, rush atz’umak ▪ SINT
to flower, effloresce, bloom, blossom
alinasiink ▪ VINT
INT - alinasin TNS - alinasii PP - alinasiik ayaynak ▪ SINT
to chase; run around, run about to groan, moan; whine
alob’resiink ▪ VINT aylok ▪ SINT
INT - alob’resin TNS - alob’resii PP - alob’resiik/ alob’resiman to complain, moan; whine
to increase weight; affect, move (to pity); relent, give in
amak’iink ▪ VINT B’
INT - amak’in TNS - amak’ii PP - amak’iik b’aayk ▪ SINT
to live; reside, dwell to delay, hold up, put off; slow down
anab’aank ▪ VINT b’ac’ok ▪ VINT
INT - anab’an TNS - anab’ PP - anab’aak TNS - b’aac’ PP - b’ac’e’ / b’ac’man
to rest, lean; recline to tie, bind, fasten; leash, rope
apusiink ▪ VINT b’ach’ok ▪ VINT
INT - apusin TNS - apusii PP - apusiik / apusiman TNS - b’aach’ PP - b’ach’e’ / b’ach’man
to play a wind instrument to twist, coil, curl; turn, bend, curve
apuunk ▪ VINT b’ajok ▪ VINT
INT - apun TNS - apuu PP - apuuk TNS - b’aj PP - b’aje’
to blow, exhale, inflate; blow out/off/away to hit with a stick or branch
atacuaank ▪ VINT b’ak’leenk ▪ VINT
INT - atacuan TNS - atacuaa PP - atacuaak INT - b’ak’len TNS - b’ak’lee PP - b’ak’leek
to covet, lust after, crave See b’anleenk
atesiink ▪ VINT b’akok ▪ VINT
INT - atesin TNS - atesii PP - atesiik / atesiman TNS - b’ak PP - b’ake’ / b’akman
to bathe so./sth.; give so. a bath; dip; coat, cover, plate to twist, bend, skew
atiink ▪ SINT b’alab’aank [ib’] ▪ VINT
IRR - atin
INT - b’alab’an TNS - b’alab’ PP - b’alab’aak
to shower, bathe; take a shower; coat, cover; swim
to hide behind sth.; stand on the street
atinaank ▪ VINT
b’alak’iink ▪ VINT
INT - atinan TNS - atinaa PP - atinaak
INT - b’alak’in TNS - b’alak’ii PP - b’alak’iik
to talk, speak; converse, chat
to cheat, deceive, swindle; mislead; trick, fool
atinak ▪ SINT
b’alak’ik ▪ SINT
to speak, talk; communicate; chat
to cheat, deceive, mislead, swindle; betray, trick, fool
atisiink ▪ VINT
b’alk’usiink ▪ VINT
INT - atisin TNS - atisii PP - atisiik / atisiman
INT - b’alk’usin TNS - b’alk’usii PP - b’alk’usiik / b’alk’usiman
See atesiink
to rotate, wheel, tip sth. over, turn over/around
at’isimak ▪ SINT
b’alk’uunk ▪ VINT
to sneeze
INT - b’alk’un TNS - b’alk’uu PP - b’alk’uuk
atz’amaank ▪ VINT to turn over/around; flip over, overturn

George Max
b’anleenk ▪ VINT b’eresiink ▪ VINT

INT - b’anlen TNS - b’anlee PP - b’anleek INT - b’eresin TNS - b’eresii PP - b’eresiik
to shake the head to drive, ride; pilot; carry, bring; run
b’anok ▪ VINT b’esok ▪ VINT
TNS - b’an PP - b’ane’ / b’anman TNS - b’es PP - b’ese’ / b’esman
to cure, treat; heal; preserve to cut/trim hair
b’antioshiink ▪ VINT b’ichaank ▪ VINT
INT - b’antioshin TNS - b’antioshii PP - b’antioshiik INT - b’ichan TNS - b’ichaa PP - b’ichaak
to thank; show so. gratitude for; be grateful for to sing, perform, chant, chirp
b’anuunk ▪ VINT b’iomob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - b’anun TNS - b’anuu PP - b’anuuk / b’anuman INT - b’iomobresin TNS - b’iomob’resii PP - b’iomob’resiik
to do, make to enrich oneself, become/get/grow rich, prosper
b’aqob’resiink ▪ VINT b’iqiink ▪ VINT
INT - b’aqob’resin TNS - b’aqob’resii PP - b’aqob’resiik INT - b’iqin TNS - b’iqii PP - b’iqiik / b’iqman
to make so. thin; lose weight; get thin; slim so. down to scour
b’asok ▪ VINT b’irrirriink ▪ VINT
TNS - b’as PP - b’ase’ / b’asman INT - b’irrirrin TNS - b’irrirrii PP - b’irrirriik
to fold, bend, enfold; turn to rub, scrub
b’atashiink ▪ VINT b’iqok ▪ VINT
INT - b’atashin TNS - b’atashii PP - b’atashiik TNS - b’iq PP - b’iqe’ / b’iqman
to wrap, cover; envelop; enclose to rub, scrape, scrub; scour
b’atok ▪ VINT b’irrok ▪ VINT
TNS - b’at PP - b’ate’ / b’atman TNS - b’irr PP - b’irre’ / b’irrman
to wrap, envelop; enclose, shroud, drape to roll, make cylindrical sth.
b’atz’uneenk ▪ VINT b’isok ▪ VINT
INT - b’atz’unen TNS - b’atz’unee PP - b’atz’uneek TNS - b’is PP - b’ise’ / b’isman
to play; fool around; toy/fidget with to measure (length, weight, volume); quantify, size
b’atz’uunk ▪ SINT b’itoonk ▪ VINT
IRR - b’atz’un INT - b’iton TNS - b’itoo PP - b’itook
to play; play a sport/game; gamble; mate (animals) to carry on/over the head; carry weight over the head
b’ayok ▪ VINT b’itzb’itziink ▪ VINT
TNS - b’ay PP - b’aye’ / b’ayman INT - b’itzb’itzin TNS - b’itzb’itzii PP - b’itzb’itziik
to delay, detain; hold up; be/arrive late to wag its tail
b’eek ▪ SINT b’itz’ok ▪ VINT
to walk, stride, stroll TNS - b’itz’ PP - b’itz’e’
to grimace, make gestures
b’ekiink ▪ VINT
INT - b’ekin TNS - b’ekii PP - b’ekiik b’iyok ▪ VINT
to dig; uncover, unearth; scratch (dirt) TNS - b’iy PP - b’iye’
to feel, palpate; squeeze; probe
b’ekok ▪ VINT
TNS - b’ek PP - b’eke’ / b’ekman b’ocoonk ▪ VINT
to dig, shovel, scratch, scrabble INT - b’ocon TNS - b’ocoo PP - b’ocook
to puff; exhale, blow out; infect, transmit
b’elaank ▪ VINT
INT - b’elan TNS - b’elaa PP - b’elaak b’ojok ▪ VINT
to carry, transport; move, lug, haul TNS - b’oj PP - b’oje’ / b’ojman
to sew up/on, stitch; suture
b’elomiink ▪ VINT
INT - b’elomin TNS - b’elomii PP - b’elomiik b’okiink ▪ VINT
to get a husband (the woman) INT - b’okin TNS - b’okii PP - b’okiik
to abound, flourish
b’eniink ▪ VINT
INT - b’enin TNS - b’enii PP - b’eniik b’ok’ok ▪ VINT
to travel around, go all over; invite TNS - b’ok’ PP - b’ok’e’

George Max
to loosen; release, free; slip off, come off b’ut’iink ▪ VINT

INT - b’ut’un TNS - b’ut’ii PP - b’ut’iik
b’olaank ▪ SINT
to pile, heap, mound
IRR - b’olan
to work, slog away, persevere; agonize, fade b’ut’irk ▪ SINT
to flood, inundate
b’ololiink ▪ VINT
INT - b’ololin TNS - b’ololii PP - b’ololiik b’ut’uk ▪ VINT
to whistle, hiss TNS - b’uut’ PP - b’ut’e’ / b’ut’man
to fill; pack; populate, crowd
b’onok ▪ VINT
TNS - b’on PP - b’one’ b’ut’uunk ▪ SINT
to paint, colour, draw; varnish; infect, pass on, transmit to fill up, flood
b’oqok ▪ VINT b’uyb’utk ▪ SINT
TNS - b’oq PP - b’oqe’ / b’oqman to pile up; overflow, spill over
to call so./sth., shout, cry, provoke; name, phone
b’uyub’aank ▪ VINT
b’orrok ▪ VINT INT - b’uyub’an TNS - b’uyub’ PP - b’uyubaak
TNS - b’orr PP - b’orre’ / b’orrman to hoard, lump, heap, stack; pile
to develop; open, open out (flower)
b’otob’aank ▪ VINT C
INT - b’otob’an TNS - b’otob’ PP - b’otob’aak
c’ab’aiink ▪ VINT
to put/place/lay a rolled object
INT - c’ab’ain TNS - c’ab’aii PP - c’ab’aiik
b’otok ▪ VINT to name, appoint; call
TNS - b’ot PP - b’ote’ / b’otman
cab’laank ▪ VINT
to roll up; coil, wind; curl up
INT - cab’lan TNS - cab’laa PP - cab’laak
b’otz’ok ▪ VINT to construct, build (a house); erect
TNS - b’otz’ PP - b’otz’e’ / b’otz’man
cab’lak ▪ SINT
to extract, get so./sth. out; pull out, pull sth. away
to build; construct; erect, set up
b’uchiink ▪ VINT
cac’ab’k ▪ SINT
INT - b’uchin TNS - b’uchii PP - b’uchiik
to add an attic
to cook maize with lime
c’ac’aleenk ▪ VINT
b’uchlaak ▪ SINT
INT - c’ac’alen TNS - c’ac’alee PP - c’ac’aleek
IRR - b’uchlaa
to guard, watch for; spy
to lie down, lie face down
c’ach’ab’aank ▪ VINT
b’uchub’aank ▪ VINT
INT - c’ach’ab’an TNS - c’ach’ab’ PP - c’ach’ab’aak
INT - b’uchub’an TNS - b’uchub’ PP - b’uchub’aak
to bend down, crouch down
to lay face down
c’achi’iink [ib’] ▪ VINT
b’ukuk ▪ VINT
INT - c’achi’in TNS - c’achi’ii PP - c’achi’iik
TNS - b’uk PP - b’uke’ / b’ukman
to make an effort, endeavor; go to great lengths
to beat, whir, flap
c’achi’ik ▪ SINT
buk’ub’aank ▪ VINT
to agonize, go through agonies
INT - b’uk’ub’an TNS - b’uk’ub’ PP - b’uk’ub’aak
to bulge, get big; make bulge/bulky cach’inob’resiink [u] ▪ VINT
INT - cach’inob’resin TNS - cach’inob’resii PP - cach’inob’resiik
b’ulik ▪ SINT
to reduce, decrease, shorten; shrink
to dice
c’achlik ▪ SINT
b’uluk ▪ SINT
to crouch, bend over/down; stoop
See b’ulik
c’ajtesiink [u] ▪ VINT
b’uqiink ▪ VINT
INT - c’ajtesin TNS - c’ajtesii PP - c’ajtesiik
INT - b’uqin TNS - b’uqii PP - b’uqiik
to learn one’s lesson
to smoke, give off smoke; fume
cak’aank ▪ VINT
b’ushluk ▪ SINT
INT - cak’an TNS - cak’aa PP - cak’aak
to exude, ooze
to add an attic

George Max
cakwuuk ▪ SINT canob’resiink [u] ▪ VINT

to recover, get better, improve INT - canob’resin TNS - canob’resii PP - canob’resiik
to drive mad, drive crazy; go crazy
cakwuunk ▪ SINT
IRR - cakwuu canok ▪ VINT
to get ready; prepare; gear up TNS - can PP - cane’
to rope, lasso
calaak ▪ SINT
IRR - calaa c’aob’resiink ▪ VINT
to get drunk INT - c’aob’resin TNS - c’aob’resii PP - c’aob’resiik
c’aleenk ▪ VINT to make bitter, sour, embitter; become/get bitter
INT - c’alen TNS - c’alee PP - c’aleek c’apab’aank [e] ▪ VINT
to graze, clear (the land) INT - c’apab’an TNS - c’apab’ PP - c’apab’aak
c’alek ▪ SINT to open the mouth
to graze; clear the land; scrub c’aplisiink ▪ VINT
caltesiink ▪ VINT INT - c’aplisin TNS - c’aplisii PP - c’aplisiik
INT - caltesin TNS - caltesii PP - caltesiik
to reach the summit/peak
to get so. drunk, get drunk caqaliink ▪ VINT
caamk ▪ SINT INT - caqalin TNS - caqalii PP - caqaliik
IRR - cam to envy; be envious/jealous of
to die; die out, pass away, perish; be dying caqmoqiink ▪ VINT
c’amak ▪ SINT INT - caqmoqin TNS - caqmoqii PP - caqmoqiik
to spin to make red-hot; redden, turn red; make so. blush
c’amchi’iink ▪ VINT carrib’k ▪ SINT

INT - c’amchi’in TNS - c’amchi’I PP - c’amchi’iik to fish, catch fish
to agree, agree on, agree upon; reach an agreement c’ashoonk ▪ VINT ▪ INT - c’ashon TNS - c’ashoo PP - c’ashook
c’amok ▪ VINT to carry stuff. in the mouth (dogs); grab with the mouth
TNS - c’am PP - c’ame’ cashucutiink ▪ VINT
to take, bring; carry; get married (the man); wear INT - cashucutin TNS - cashucutii PP - cashucutiik
c’ampaqoonk [u] ▪ VINT to square, square off
INT - c’ampaqon TNS - c’ampaqii PP - c’ampaqiik c’asok ▪ VINT
to gossip; chat TNS - c’as PP - c’ase’ / c’asman
camsiink ▪ VINT to sell/buy on credit; give credit
INT - camsin TNS - camsii PP - camsiik c’ate’eenk ▪ VINT
to kill, murder, slaughter; destroy INT - c’ate’en TNS - c’ate’ee PP - c’ate’eek
canaak ▪ SINT to watch over, look out for; guard against, protect, safe-
IRR - canaa guard
to stay, remain; become c’atok ▪ VINT
canab’aank ▪ VINT TNS - c’at PP - c’ate’ / c’atman
INT - canab’an TNS - canab’ PP - canab’aak to burn, set fire to; incinerate; sear; scorch
to leave, go away from, cease ca’tyaank ▪ VINT
c’anasiink ▪ VINT INT - ca’tyan TNS - ca’tyaa PP - ca’tyaak
INT - c’anasin TNS - c’anasii PP - c’anasiik to stare
to imitate, follow as an example c’atyiink ▪ VINT
c’aniink ▪ VINT INT - c’atyin TNS - c’atyii PP - c’atyiik / c’atyiman
INT - c’anin TNS - c’anii PP - c’aniik to sell, trade; market; place
to wedge c’atzab’aank ▪ VINT
c’anjelaank ▪ VINT INT - c’atzab’an TNS - c’atzab’ PP - c’atzab’aak
INT - c’anjelan TNS - c’anjelaa PP - c’anjelaak to slit, break, rupture
to work, function catzok ▪ SINT
c’anjelak ▪ SINT to itch, tickle
to work, labor; act

George Max
c’atzok ▪ SINT chak’b’eenk ▪ VINT

to grind the teeth INT - chak’b’en TNS - chak’b’ee PP - chak’b’eek
to answer, respond, reply; agree, convene
c’aushlaank ▪ VINT
INT - c’aushlan TNS - c’aushlaa PP - c’aushlaak chak’ok ▪ SINT
to worry, preoccupy, concern; fret to answer, reply
cawresiink ▪ VINT chak’rab’iink ▪ VINT
INT - cawresin TNS - cawresii PP - cawresiik / cawresiman INT - chak’rab’in TNS - chak’rab’ii PP - chak’rab’iik
to prepare, get ready to say goodbye, bid so. farewell; see off
c’ayk ▪ SINT chamob’resiink ▪ VINT
IRR - c’ay INT - chamob’resin TNS - chamob’resii PP - chamob’resiik
to accustom, get used to; inure to deepen; make sth. deeper
c’aytesiink ▪ VINT ch’anaak ▪ SINT
INT - c’aytesin TNS - c’aytesii PP - c’aytesiik to silence, mute
to accustom, inure; get used to; familiarize/inure so. to
ch’anab’aank ▪ VINT
c’ehok ▪ VINT INT - ch’anab’an TNS - ch’anab’ PP - ch’anab’aak
TNS - c’eh PP - c’ehman to cease; stop doing sth.
to give, bring; hand; hand over
ch’aok ▪ SINT
c’eleenk ▪ VINT to open with a machete
INT - c’elen TNS - c’elee PP - c’eleek
to preach; predicate chapok ▪ VINT
TNS - chap PP - chape’ / chapman
ch’aajkiink ▪ VINT to catch, grab, grasp, take; hold, get hold of
INT - ch’aajkin TNS - ch’aajkii PP - ch’aajkiik
to bother; cause difficulty chaqik ▪ SINT
to dry up/out; get dry, run dry
chaalk ▪ SINT
IRR - chal chaqob’resiink ▪ VINT
to come [to/over]; arrive, turn up INT - chaqob’resin TNS - chaqob’resii PP - chaqob’resiik
to dry, dry up; make dry, wipe dry
ch’ahab’aank ▪ VINT
INT - ch’ahab’an TNS - ch’ahab’ PP - ch’ahab’aak ch’ehok ▪ VINT
to open de door TNS - ch’eh PP - ch’ehman
to touch, feel; palpate; be busy
chairk ▪ SINT
IRR - chair ch’emok ▪ VINT
to turn into ash; become ash TNS - ch’em PP - ch’eme’
to break a piece of sth.
cha’b’eenk ▪ VINT
INT - cha’b’en TNS - cha’b’ee PP - cha’b’eek ch’epok ▪ VINT
to scatter, spill; spread, disperse TNS - ch’ep PP - ch’epe’ / ch’epman
to thresh with the hands (corn); dekernel
chachuunk ▪ VINT
INT - chachun TNS - chachuu PP - chachuuk ch’ich’iink ▪ VINT
to sift, sieve INT - ch’ich’iin TNS - ch’ich’ii PP - ch’ich’iik
to annoy, bother, disturb, bug; be a nuisance
ch’ajb’ilob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - ch’ajb’ilob’resin TNS - ch’ajb’ilob’resii PP - ch’ib’eenk ▪ VINT
ch’ajb’ilob’resiik INT - ch’ib’en TNS - ch’ib’ee PP - ch’ib’eek
to purify, clean See ch’ich’iink
chajok [e] ▪ VINT ch’ikok ▪ VINT
TNS - chaj PP - chajman TNS - ch’ik PP - ch’ike’ / ch’ikman
to scream, yell, shout, call out to put into; go into; get in
ch’ajok ▪ VINT chik’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - ch’aj PP - ch’aje’ / ch’ajman TNS - chik’ PP - chik’e’ / chik’man
to wash, clean sth.; launder; wash off/up/away to shake, touch, move; scare
chak’ak ▪ SINT ch’ilaank ▪ VINT
to ripen, mellow; cook INT - ch’ilan TNS - ch’ilaa PP - ch’ilaak

George Max
to scold, tell off, reprimand; yell at INT - ch’olob’an TNS - ch’olob’ PP - ch’olob’aak
to explain, clarify, declare
chilchiliink ▪ VINT
INT - chilchilin TNS - chilchilii PP - chilchiliik ch’olok ▪ VINT
to shake, wave TNS - ch’ol PP - ch’ole’ / ch’olman
to broaden, widen; open trail
ch’ilib’aank ▪ VINT
INT - ch’ilib’an TNS - ch’ilib’ PP - ch’ilib’aak cho’ok ▪ VINT
See ch’irrib’aank TNS - cho’ PP - choe’ / cho’man
to operate on; make a surgery
ch’iloonk ▪ VINT
INT - ch’ilon TNS - ch’iloo PP - ch’ile’ choqiink ▪ VINT
to take by the hand INT - choqin TNS - choqii PP - choqiik
to scold, reprimand, cheer, nag
chinaank ▪ VINT
INT - chinan TNS - china PP - chinaak choqleenk ▪ VINT
to sun sth., dry in the sun; put in the sun; sun-cure/dry INT - choqlen TNS - choqlee PP - choqleek
to singe, scorch
ch’iqch’iqiink ▪ VINT
INT - ch’iqch’iqin TNS - ch’iqch’iqii PP - ch’iqch’iqiik ch’oshleenk ▪ VINT
to move INT - ch’oshlen TNS - ch’oshlee PP - ch’oshleek
to beat with a stick
chiqok ▪ VINT
TNS - chiq PP - chiqe’ / chiqman ch’oshok ▪ VINT
to cook; boil; stew TNS - ch’osh PP - ch’oshe’ / ch’oshman
to clobber, beat up, pound
ch’iqok ▪ VINT
TNS - ch’iq PP - ch’iqe’ / ch’iqman ch’otok ▪ VINT
to crave; wish to eat good things TNS - ch’ot PP - ch’ote’ / ch’otman
to pick fruit; finish
chi’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - chi’resin TNS - chi’resii PP - chi’resiik choyok ▪ VINT
to admonish, reprimand TNS - choy PP - choye’ / choyman
to finish, end, conclude
chirrib’aank ▪ VINT
INT - chirrib’an TNS - chirrib’ PP - chirrib’aak chub’aank ▪ VINT
to extend, stretch, spread INT - chub’an TNS - chub’aa PP - chub’aak
to spit; cough up
ch’irrib’aank ▪ VINT
INT - ch’irrib’an TNS - ch’irrib’ PP - ch’irrib’aak chub’ak ▪ SINT
to hang, hang up, suspend to spit (up/out), belch out
chirrok ▪ VINT ch’uch’iink ▪ VINT
TNS - chirr PP - chirre’ INT - ch’uch’in TNS - ch’uch’ii PP - ch’uch’iik
to extend clothes to joke, play/joke around
ch’itaak ▪ SINT chuk’chuk’iink ▪ VINT
IRR - ch’itaa INT - chuk’chuk’in TNS - chuk’chuk’ii PP - chuk’chuk’iik
to bore, tire, annoy, irritate; become/get bored to agitate, shake; wriggle, jiggle
choc’ob’aank [ib’] ▪ VINT chuk’ub’ak ▪ SINT
INT - choc’ob’an TNS - choc’ob’ PP - choc’ob’aak to hiccup
to squat down
ch’ulakiink ▪ VINT
ch’okok ▪ VINT INT - ch’ulakin TNS - ch’ulakii PP - ch’ulakiik
TNS - ch’ok PP - ch’oke’ / ch’okman to get dirty, mess up; taint, stain, spot
to pick fruit
chuniink ▪ VINT
ch’olaak ▪ SINT INT - chunin TNS - chunii PP - chuniik
to clear, clarify to whitewash, blanch, lime
ch’olaniink ▪ VINT chunub’aank ▪ VINT
INT - ch’olanin TNS - ch’olanii PP - ch’olaniik INT - chunub’an TNS - chunub’ PP - chunub’aak
to feed, nourish, nurture; care for, nurse; take care of to sit down so./sth.
ch’olob’aank ▪ VINT chupuk ▪ VINT

George Max
TNS - chup PP - chupe’ / chupman c’imuunk ▪ VINT

to turn off (fire, light, appliances, etc.); blow out; put out INT - c’imun TNS - c’imuu PP - c’imuuk
to thatch, cover over with straw, fill with straw
ch’upuk ▪ VINT
TNS - ch’up PP - ch’upe’ / ch’upman c’ipib’aank ▪ VINT
to pick (flowers, fruit, leaves) INT - c’ipib’an TNS - c’ipib’ PP - c’ipib’aak
to turn upside down, invert
ch’ukiink ▪ VINT
INT - ch’ukin TNS - ch’ukii PP - ch’ukiik c’irraak ▪ SINT
to spy, peep IRR - c’irraa
to heal, cure; get better, recover
chunlaak ▪ SINT
to sit down; seat oneself, sit, settle c’irrasiink ▪ VINT
INT - c’irrasin TNS - c’irrasii PP - c’irrasiik
chupk ▪ SINT to cure, heal
to go out, fade (out), go off; dull
c’irrisiink ▪ VINT
ch’uqub’aank ▪ VINT INT - c’irrisiin TNS - c’irrisii PP - c’irrisiik
INT - ch’uqub’an TNS - ch’uqub’ PP - ch’uqub’aak to bring up; raise children/animals; parent, nurture
to settle; seat, sit down
c’ishok ▪ VINT
ch’uqib’k ▪ SINT TNS - c’ish PP - c’ishe’ / c’ishman
to beg (for) to untie, loosen, unbind; let sth. loose; undo
ch’uqlaak ▪ SINT c’ob’iink ▪ VINT
to seat, place in a seat; settle INT - c’ob’in TNS - c’ob’ii PP - c’obiik
ch’urrurriink ▪ VINT to peck
INT - ch’urrurrin TNS - ch’urrurrii PP - ch’urrurriik c’ob’ok ▪ VINT
to pour liquid like a little stream TNS - c’ob PP - c’ob’e’ / c’ob’man
ch’utlaak ▪ SINT to make holes in; pierce, perforate, puncture
to gather; join, unite; coalesce coclaak ▪ SINT
ch’utub’aank ▪ VINT IRR - coclaa
INT - ch’utub’an TNS - ch’utub’ PP - ch’utub’aak to start, begin; commence; tie; sit down
to gather, collect, put together; group, accrue, earn c’ochlaank ▪ VINT
chu’uk ▪ SINT INT - c’ochlan TNS - c’ochlaa PP - c’ochlaak
to urinate, wet oneself; leak to alight, land, sit
chu’unk ▪ VINT c’ochob’aank ▪ VINT

INT - chu’un TNS - chu’u PP - chu’e’ INT - c’ochob’an TNS - c’ochob’ PP - c’ochob’aak
to urinate, piss, wet to place an object
ch’uyuk ▪ VINT cocob’aank ▪ VINT

TNS - ch’uy PP - ch’uye’ / ch’uyman INT - cocob’an TNS - cocob’ PP - cocob’aak
to nip, pinch; to nibble, pick at to hitch, tie up, lash
c’iaank ▪ SINT cocot ▪ SINT

IRR - c’ian to follow so.
to abound, be plentiful c’ojlaak ▪ SINT
c’iik ▪ SINT IRR - c’ojlaa
IRR - c’ii to sit down, sit oneself, sit; settle down
to grow, expand, flourish; increase cojleenk ▪ VINT
c’ilaak ▪ SINT INT - cojlen TNS - cojlee PP - cojleek
IRR - c’ilaa to beat with a stick
to dry up/out
c’ojleenk [ib’] ▪ VINT
c’iliink ▪ VINT INT - c’ojlen TNS - c’ojlee PP - c’ojleek
INT - c’ilin TNS - c’ilii PP - c’iliik to wriggle, wank, shake; wag, waggle
to fry, brown; roast, toast; turn golden
c’ojob’aank ▪ VINT
c’imub’k ▪ SINT- INT - c’ojob’an TNS - c’ojob’ PP - c’ojob’aak
to thatch, cover over with straw, fill with straw to sit, seat; put, settle, clear up

George Max
cok’ok ▪ SINT TNS - cot PP - cote’ / cotman

to release, drop, free to tie with a ribbon; tope, lasso
colb’etaank ▪ VINT c’otoonk ▪ VINT
INT - colb’etan TNS - colb’etaa PP - colb’etaak INT - c’oton TNS - c’otoo PP - c’otook
to save; defend, protect; get off, get out of to heap, pile, stack; hoard
colb’etak ▪ SINT cotzk ▪ SINT
to reserve, keep; set aside to relieve, ease, lessen; moderate; loosen
c’oloch’iink ▪ VINT cotzok ▪ VINT
INT - c’olochin TNS - c’olochii PP - c’olochiik TNS - cotz PP - cotze’ / cotzman
to get frizzy hair; curl, ripple, ruffle; get rough to reduce, ease, relent; let up
colok ▪ VINT c’otzok ▪ VINT
TNS - col PP - cole’ / colman TNS - c’otz PP - c’otze’ / c’otzman
to defend, free, save; protect to prick, peck; perforate
c’olok ▪ VINT c’oyok ▪ VINT
TNS - c’ol PP - c’ole’ / c’olman TNS - c’oy PP - c’oye’ / c’oyman
to hitch sth. up, bunch up, roll up to chew (like a gum)
coloniink ▪ VINT cuaklesiink ▪ VINT
INT - colonin TNS - colonii PP - coloniik INT - cuaklesin TNS - cuaklesii PP - cuaklesiik / cuaklesiman
to overcome, beat; to win through to lift, hoist; pick up; raise; erect, put up
coloonk ▪ SINT cuajb’aank ▪ VINT
IRR - colon INT - cuajb’an TNS - cuajb’aa PP - cuajb’aak
to defeat, beat; overcome; win to play music (harp, marimba, guitar, flute)
c’onlak ▪ SINT cua’ak ▪ VINT
to bend, incurve; hook; bend down/over TNS - cua’ PP - cuae’ / cua’man
to eat; consume; take a meal
c’opiink ▪ VINT
INT - c’opin TNS - c’opii PP - c’opiik cuaank ▪ SINT
to peck IRR - cuan
to be; have, possess; carry
c’opok ▪ VINT
TNS - c’op PP - c’ope’ / copman cuaark ▪ SINT
to peck, prick IRR - cuar
to sleep; fall asleep; spend the night; rest, repose
c’oshlak ▪ SINT
to think, feel; consider, reflect; assume, believe cuacliik ▪ SINT
IRR - cuaclii
c’oshlaank ▪ VINT to get up, arise; rise
INT - c’oshlan TNS - c’oshlaa PP - c’oshlaak
to think, consider, reflect; intend, plan; believe cuajb’ak ▪ SINT
to play music with an instrument
c’osk ▪ SINT
to shorten, curtail; reduce, decrease cualuunk ▪ VINT
INT - cualun TNS - cualuu PP - cualuuk
c’osok ▪ VINT to blow/review fire with a fan
TNS - c’os PP - c’ose’ / c’osman
to shorten, reduce; decrease, diminish; lower cua’ok ▪ SINT
to eat; destroy; wear away; corrode
c’otaank ▪ VINT
INT - c’otan TNS - c’otaa PP - c’otaak cub’eek ▪ SINT
to defecate; evacuate (empty bowels) to go/step down; drop, fall, come down; get off/out of
c’otak ▪ SINT cuartesiink ▪ VINT

to defecate, evacuate (empty bowls) INT - cuartesin TNS - cuartesii PP - cuartesiik
to lull/put so. to sleep; numb; anesthetize; make sleepy
cotob’aank ▪ VINT
INT - cotob’an TNS - cotob’ PP - cotob’aak cua’tesiink ▪ VINT
to roll, wind, coil INT - cua’tesin TNS - cua’tesii PP - cua’tesiik
to cause, give rise to (witchcraft); arouse, propitiate
cotok ▪ VINT

George Max
c’ub’aank ▪ VINT c’uluunk ▪ SINT

INT - c’ub’an TNS - c’ub’aa PP - c’ub’aak IRR - c’ulun
to prepare, arrange; cook to arrive, come (back), return
c’ub’laak ▪ SINT cuob’aank ▪ VINT
to come to terms, settle; get ready/by INT - cuob’an TNS - cuob’aa PP - cuob’aak
to bark, yap
cub’siink ▪ VINT
INT - cub’sin TNS - cub’sii PP - cub’siik / cub’siman cuob’ak ▪ SINT
to lower, decrese, reduce; put/take/bring down to bark, yap; speak; yell
cuechok ▪ VINT cuoqshiink ▪ VINT
TNS - cuech PP - cueche’ / cuechman INT - cuoqshin TNS - cuoqshii PP - cuoqshiik
to break a piece away to boil; simmer, bubble
cuech’ok ▪ VINT cuosok ▪ VINT
TNS - cuech’ PP - cuech’e’ / cuech’man TNS - cuos PP - cuose’ / cuosman
to argue, complain loudly; allege to chill, cool; quench, dampen; fall ill, catch a fever
cue’ejiink ▪ VINT cuotzok ▪ VINT
INT - cue’ejin TNS - cue’ejii PP - cue’ejiik TNS - cuotz PP - cuotze’ / cuotzman
to starve; lack food to share, divide, partake, split
cui’aank ▪ VINT cuoyoynak ▪ SINT
INT - cui’an TNS - cui’aa PP - cui’aak to swarm, pullulate
to abound, flourish; multiply, be plentiful
cupub’aank ▪ VINT
cuik’ib’aank [ib’] ▪ VINT INT - cupub’an TNS - cupub’ PP - cupub’aak
INT - cuik’ib’an TNS - cuik’ib’ PP - cuik’ibaak to shorten (a dress)
to kneel, kneel down (for)/before; bow and scrape
c’upub’aank ▪ VINT
cuik’laak ▪ SINT INT - c’upub’an TNS - c’upub’ PP - c’upub’aak
IRR - cuik’laa to bend, bend down, bend over
to kneel (down); get down on knees
cupusiink ▪ VINT
cuinqob’resiink ▪ VINT INT - cupusiin TNS - cupusii PP - cupusiik
INT - cuinqob’resin TNS - cuinqob’resii PP - cuinqob’resiik to shorten
to create, form
curleenk ▪ VINT
cui’tesiink ▪ VINT INT - curlen TNS - curlee PP - curleek
INT - cui’tesin TNS - cui’tesii PP - cui’tesiik to cut
to increase, make abound
curruk ▪ VINT
cujuk ▪ VINT TNS - curr PP - curre’ / currman
TNS - cuj PP - cuje’ / cujman to chop; slice; cut into pieces
to insert, put sth. in; thread; get into, get in
c’urrushiink ▪ VINT
cuk’uk ▪ VINT INT - c’urrushin TNS - c’urrushii PP - c’urrushiik
TNS - cuk’ PP - cuk’man to become rough
to pour water; serve water
c’ushuk ▪ VINT
c’ukuk ▪ VINT TNS - c’ush PP - c’ushe’ / c’ushman
TNS - c’uk PP - c’uke’ / c’ukman to chew (to eat hard things like corn), munch, masticate
to slacken, loosen; root up, pull up
cutanob’resiink ▪ VINT
c’ulaank ▪ VINT INT - cutanob’resin TNS - cutanob’resii PP - cutanob’resiik
INT - c’ulan TNS - c’ulaa PP - c’ulaak to manifest; reveal; lighten, get/go lighter, clear up
to save, preserve; keep, protect
cutlaak ▪ SINT
c’ulub’aank ▪ VINT IRR - cutlaa
INT - c’ulub’an TNS - c’ulub’ PP - c’ulub’aak to stand up
to convene, accept
cutub’aank ▪ VINT
c’uluk ▪ VINT INT - cutub’an TNS - cutub’ PP - cutub’aak
TNS - c’ul PP - c’ule’ / c’ulman to rest against; slant
to receive, get; agree, concur; accept; consent

George Max
cutuchiink ▪ VINT IRR - eleok’in

INT - cutuchin TNS - cutuchii PP - cutuchiik to germinate, develop; sprout, bud
to focus on; have interest on
elk’aank ▪ VINT
cutuk ▪ VINT INT - elk’an TNS - elk’aa PP - elk’aak
TNS - cut PP - cute’ / cutman to steal, rob, take away
to throw; shoot; discard
elk’ak ▪ SINT
c’utuk ▪ VINT to steal, rob; draw; walk away
TNS - c’ut PP - c’ute’ / c’utman
elk’eiink ▪ VINT
to show, display, exhibit; present; teach, instruct
INT - elk’ein TNS - elk’eii PP - elk’eiik
cutuunk ▪ VINT to abstain from, refrain, restraint, fasting
INT - cutun TNS - cutuu PP - cutuuk
elk’eik ▪ SINT
to underpin, support; brace, strut; protect
to fast; diet
c’utzlaak ▪ SINT
eqajiink ▪ VINT
IRR - c’utzlaa
INT - eqajin TNS - eqajii PP - eqajiik
to bend, squat; overwhelm, oppress
to give back, compensate; pay, renumerate; reward
c’utzub’aank ▪ VINT
eqajuunk ▪ VINT
INT - c’utzub’an TNS - c’utzub’ PP - c’utzub’aak
INT - eqajun TNS - eqajuu PP - eqajuuk
to bend; overwhelm, burden
See eqajiink
cuyuk ▪ VINT
etaank ▪ VINT
TNS - cuy PP - cuye’ /cuyman
INT - etan TNS - etaa PP - etaak
to put up with; bear, endure; tolerate
to mark, indicate, signal; measure
E etz’uunk ▪ VINT
INT - etz’un TNS - etz’uu PP - etz’uuk
ec’aank ▪ VINT to make fun, joke, banter; mock, ridicule
INT - ec’an TNS - ec’aa PP - ec’aak
to move, shift; feel, guess H
ec’asiink ▪ VINT
hab’ok ▪ VINT
INT - ec’asin TNS - ec’asii PP - ec’asiik / ec’asiman
TNS - hab’ PP - hab’e’
to move; stir; work, power
to chew; scrunch; bite
ech’ajatiink ▪ VINT
hach’ok ▪ VINT
INT - ech’ajatin TNS - ech’ajatii PP - ech’ajatiik
TNS - hach’ PP - hach’e’
to imitate; look like
to bite, champ; take a bite
echaniink ▪ VINT
ha’lesiink ▪ VINT
INT - echanin TNS - echanii PP - echaniik
INT - ha’lesin TNS - ha’lesii PP - ha’lesiik / ha’lesiman
to own; appropriate
to melt, thaw; melt down
eelk ▪ SINT
IRR - el hamok ▪ VINT
to get out, exit, leave; go/come out TNS - ham PP - hame’
to wear away; fall apart
ekwuuk ▪ SINT
IRR - ekwuu ha’ob’resiink ▪ VINT
to be late; delay INT - ha’ob’resin TNS - ha’ob’resii PP - ha’ob’resiik
to turn into liquid
ela’ank ▪ VINT
INT - ela’an TNS - ela’a PP - ela’aak hasb’aank ▪ VINT
to be left over INT - hasb’an TNS - hasb’aa PP - hasb’aak
to whisper; speak softly; murmur, rustle, sough
elajiink [u] ▪ VINT
INT - elajin TNS - elajii PP - elajiik hasb’ak ▪ SINT
to urge; beg, plead to whisper; speak softly; murmur, rustle, sough
elelik ▪ SINT haslok ▪ SINT

to run away, flee, escape; fly by to speak quietly (a multitude)
eleok’iink ▪ SINT hech’oonk ▪ VINT

George Max
INT - hech’on TNS - hech’oo PP - hech’ook to spill, scatter; discard sth. liquid
to carry a bowl in the hand
humuk ▪ SINT
heleb’aank ▪ VINT to burn, sting
INT - heleb’an TNS - heleb’ PP - heleb’aak
huplaank ▪ VINT
to extend, spread, stretch
INT - huplan TNS - huplaa PP - huplaak
hellok ▪ VINT to lie down; turn upside down, invert
TNS - hell PP - hellman
hupub’aank ▪ VINT
to extend, stretch; spread
INT - hupub’an TNS - hupub’ PP - hupub’aak
hesok ▪ SINT to turn upside down, invert
to grind corn again
hetaank ▪ VINT I
INT - hetan TNS - hetaa PP - hetaak ichajik ▪ SINT
to move, wag; sway to eat or search for herbs
hilaank ▪ SINT ▪ IRR - hilan ilok ▪ VINT
to rest TNS - il PP - ile’ / ilman
hiltasiink ▪ VINT to see, look; examine (by a Dr.)
INT - hiltasin TNS - hiltasii PP - hiltasiik iluunk ▪ SINT
to let so./sth. lay/repose/rest IRR - ilun
hirrok ▪ VINT to see/look everywhere
TNS - hir PP - hirre’ / hirrman iqaank ▪ VINT
to spill or scatter (not water) INT - iqan TNS - iqaa PP - iqaak
hitok ▪ VINT to carry so./sth. on the back
TNS - hit PP - hite’ / hitman iqaniink ▪ VINT
to unloose, unbind, untie INT - iqanin TNS - iqanii PP - iqaniik
hob’aank ▪ VINT to carry the blame, take responsibility
INT - hob’an TNS - hob’aa PP - hob’aak iqlaank ▪ VINT
to blow with open mouth INT - iqlan TNS - iqlaa PP - iqlaak
hob’ok ▪ VINT to ride (e.g. a horse)
TNS - hob’ PP - hob’e’ ishimaank ▪ VINT
to insult, mistreat verbally INT - ishiman TNS - ishimaa PP - ishimaak / ishiman
homok ▪ VINT to thresh, dekernel, cut the kernels off (corn)
TNS - hom PP - home’ ishimak ▪ SINT
to break; crack; fail; tear to flail, thresh (corn); shed grains; dekernel
hopok ▪ VINT ishqeniink ▪ VINT
TNS - hop PP - hope’ INT - ishqenin TNS - ishqenii PP - ishqeniiik
to open a hole; bore, drill to free oneself; leave behind
hopoonk ▪ SINT isiink ▪ VINT
IRR - hopon
INT - isin TNS - isii PP - isiik / isiman
to hole, perforate; bore through to take out; remove; extract
hot’ok ▪ VINT it’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - hot’ PP - hot’e’ / hot’man TNS - it’ PP - it’e’
to gnaw, chew, pick to break, explode (pottery)
hoyb’aank ▪ VINT itz’ok ▪ VINT
INT - hoyb’an TNS - hoyb’aa PP - hoyb’aa TNS - itz’ PP - itz’e’ / itz’man
to shout, yell, scream to split, come apart; crack, split; slit, tear, rip
hoyb’ak ▪ SINT ityajiink ▪ VINT
to shout, yell, scream INT - ityajin TNS - ityajii PP - ityajiik
hoyok ▪ VINT to seed, give seed
TNS - hoy PP - hoye’

George Max
J TNS - jeb’ PP - jeb’o’ / jeb’man

to thin, thin down; make thinner
ja’ab’aank ▪ VINT jech’eb’aank ▪ VINT
INT - ja’ab’an TNS - ja’ab’ PP - ja’ab’aak INT - jech’eb’an TNS - jech’eb’ PP - jech’eb’aak
to straighten; stand up, stand straight to twist, skew; distort
jachiink ▪ VINT jec’iink ▪ VINT
INT - jachin TNS - jachii PP - jachiik INT - jec’in TNS - jec’ii PP - jec’iik
to split, cut; share out, divide up to distribute, deliver; share; spread out, split up; give out
jachok ▪ VINT jec’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - jach PP - jache’ / jachman TNS - jec’ PP - jec’e’ / jec’man
to split, cut; slit, slash; separate, divide to reduce, shorten; lowe
jakok ▪ VINT jekok ▪ VINT
TNS - jak PP - jake’ / jakman TNS - jek PP – jekman
to open See jikok
jalb’eniink ▪ VINT jeloonk ▪ VINT
INT - jalb’enin TNS - jalb’enii PP - jalb’eniik INT - jelon TNS - jeloo PP - jelook
to change direction/way/road to carry on the shoulder
jalb’etaank ▪ VINT jichok ▪ VINT
INT - jalb’etan TNS - jalb’etaa PP - jalb’etaak TNS - jich PP - jiche’
to lend, borrow to scratch with a sharp object
jalmuqaank ▪ VINT jikok ▪ VINT
INT - jalmuqan TNS - jalmuqaa PP - jalmuqaak TNS - jik PP - jikman
to hide, conceal to put sth. against, put sth. next to, bring over
jalok ▪ VINT jik’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - jal PP - jale’ / jalman TNS - jik’ PP - jik’e’
to change, exchange; shed; move; get changed to sigh; asphyxiate, suffocate
jalpaqiink ▪ VINT jilib’aank ▪ VINT
INT - jalpaqin TNS - jalpaqii PP - jalpaqiik INT - jilib’an TNS - jilib’ PP - jilib’aak
to overlap to lay down, lay out, lay horizontally
jaluchiink ▪ VINT jilok ▪ VINT
INT - jaluchin TNS - jaluchii PP - jaluchiik TNS - jil PP - jile’ / jilman
to change; set an example to come close to, approach, near, get closer; massage, rub
japiink [e] ▪ SINT jiloonk ▪ SINT
IRR - japin IRR - jilon
to yawn to come close
japok [e] ▪ VINT jilosiink ▪ VINT
TNS - jap PP - jape’ INT - jilosin TNS - jilosii PP - jilosiik / jilosiman
to yell, scream; shout, call out; open the mouth to put sth. against, put sth. next to, bring over
jat’at’iink ▪ VINT ji’ok ▪ VINT
INT - jat’at’in TNS - jat’at’ii PP - jat’at’iik TNS - ji’ PP - j’ie’ / ji’man
to grind (the teeth), gnash to iron, press; sharpen
jatz’uchiink ▪ VINT jisok ▪ VINT
INT - jatz’uchin TNS - jatz’uchii PP - jatz’uchiik TNS - jis PP - jise’ / jisman
to hate; bear malice, harbor to thread
jayob’resiink ▪ VINT jitok ▪ VINT
INT - jayob’resin TNS - jayob’resii PP - jayob’resiik TNS - jit PP - jite’ / jitman
to thin, thin down; make thinner to accuse; claim, demand
jeb’k ▪ SINT jit’ok ▪ VINT
to reduce, shorten; lower TNS - jit’ PP - jit’e’ / jit’man
jeb’ok ▪ VINT to fasten, tie up; lash; moor

George Max
job’eenk [sa’] ▪ VINT juchuk ▪ VINT

INT - job’en TNS - job’ee PP - job’eek TNS - juch PP - juche’ / juchman
to scoop out, hollow out to scratch, scrape
jocaank ▪ VINT juch’uk ▪ VINT
INT - jocan TNS - jocaa PP – jocaak TNS - juch’ PP - juch’e’ / juch’man
to scrape to scratch, underline; vote
jochok ▪ VINT jucub’iink ▪ VINT
TNS - joch PP - joche’ / jochman INT - jucub’in TNS - jucub’ii PP - jucub’iik
to scratch, scrape; steal, robe to channel, groove, furrow; make channels/grooves
jok’aank ▪ SINT juc’uk ▪ VINT
IRR - jok’an TNS - juc’ PP - juc’e’ / juc’man
to snore to undo, destroy; break sth. apart
jokok ▪ VINT jucuunk ▪ VINT
TNS - jok PP - joke’ / jokman INT - jucun TNS - jucuu PP - jucuuk
to graze; scrape; scratch to drag, haul; be pulled; trail
jolc’ok ▪ SINT julticaank ▪ VINT
to slip, skid; sideslip; slide INT - jultican TNS - julticaa PP - julticaak
to remind; recall, remember
jolc’osiink ▪ VINT
INT - jolc’osin TNS - jolc’osii PP - jolc’osiik jumluk ▪ SINT
to drag, slide, slip to chew with noise
jolomiink ▪ VINT junajiink ▪ VINT
INT - jolomin TNS - jolomii PP - jolomiik INT - junajin TNS - junajii PP - junajiik
to lead, head, head up to join; combine, mix, mess up
jo’ok ▪ VINT juntak’etiink ▪ VINT
TNS - jo’ PP - jo’e’ / jo’man INT - juntak’etin TNS - juntak’etii PP - juntak’etii
to shave; scrape to equal, match; equalize
jorraank ▪ VINT jutuk ▪ VINT
INT - jorran TNS - jorraa PP - jorraak TNS - jut PP - jute’ / jutman
to brown, fry, toast to insert; introduce
jorriink ▪ VINT jutzuk ▪ VINT
INT - jorrin TNS - jorrii PP - jorriik TNS - jutz PP - jutze’ / jutzman
to brown, fry to insert, get into
jorrok ▪ VINT juyuk ▪ VINT
TNS - jor PP - jorre’ / jorrman TNS - juy PP - juye’ / juyman
to break, smash; crack; tear to stir, shake; paddle
K
josk’ob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - josk’ob’resin TNS - josk’ob’resii PP - josk’ob’resiik
to enrage, infuriate; get/become rough
k’aak ▪ SINT
jot’ok ▪ VINT IRR - k’aa
TNS - jot’ PP - jot’e’ / jot’man to decay, putrefy; rot, decompose
to scrape, graze; bother, disturb; comb hair k’ab’aak ▪ SINT
jotzok ▪ VINT TNS - k’ab’aa
TNS - jotz PP - jotze’ / jotzman to slander, defame
to graze; scrape; rasp k’ab’aiink ▪ VINT
juchleenk ▪ VINT INT - k’ab’ain TNS - k’ab’aii PP - k’ab’aiik
INT - juchlen TNS - juchlee PP - juchleek to accuse, place blame; incriminate
to scratch; stripe, streak; scrawl, scribble k’ab’chiniink ▪ VINT
juch’uch’iink ▪ VINT INT - k’ab’chinin TNS - k’ab’chinii PP - k’ab’chiniik
INT - juch’uch’in TNS - juch’uch’ii PP - juch’uch’iik to excuse oneself with lies
to scribble, scrawl; stripe, streak k’ajk ▪ SINT

George Max
IRR - k’aj k’ehiink ▪ VINT
to return, move backward, go back INT - k’ehin TNS - k’ehii PP - k’ehiik
to guess; predict, foresee
k’ajcamuunk [u] ▪ VINT
INT - k’ajcamun TNS - k’ajcamuu PP - k’ajcamuuk k’ehik ▪ SINT
to reward, thank, acknowledge to guess, predict; foresee, foretell; solve
k’ajsiink ▪ VINT kehob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - k’ajsin TNS - k’ajsii PP - k’ajsiik / k’ajsiman INT - kehob’resin TNS - kehob’resii PP - kehob’resiik
to return, give/send back; restore to cool down, cool off, turn cold
k’aluunk ▪ VINT kejib’k ▪ SINT
INT - k’alun TNS - k’aluu PP - k’aluuk / k’aluman to hunt deer
to hug; embrace; hold; cuddle
keloonk ▪ VINT
k’anb’irrink ▪ VINT INT - kelon TNS - keloo PP - kelook
INT - k’anb’irin TNS - k’anb’irrii PP - k’anb’irriik to pull, tug; haul in
to clean
kemok ▪ VINT
k’anob’resiink ▪ VINT TNS - kem PP - keme’
INT - k’anob’resin TNS - k’anob’resii PP - k’anob’resiik to weave, knit; crochet
to ripen; make/turn yellow
ke’ok ▪ SINT
k’aob’resiink ▪ VINT to grind, mill; crush
INT - k’aob’resin TNS - k’aob’resii PP - k’aob’resiik
to rotten kerreb’aank ▪ VINT
INT - kerreb’an TNS - kerre’b’ PP - kerreb’aak
k’apliik ▪ SINT to put in line
to reach the top (of a mountain; hill)
k’errok ▪ SINT
k’aplisiink ▪ VINT to cluck (chicken), cackle
INT - k’aplisin TNS - k’aplisii PP - k’aplisiik
to reach the top (of a mountain) k’esnaank ▪ VINT
INT - k’esnan TNS - k’esnaa PP - k’esnaak
k’arresiink ▪ VINT to sharpen; make sharp/pointed, hone
INT - k’arresin TNS - k’arresii PP - k’arresiik
to let rot/decay k’etk’etiink [ib’] ▪ VINT
INT - k’etk’etin TNS - k’etk’etii PP - k’etk’etiik
k’ashoonk ▪ SINT to make vain; be proud
IRR - k’ashon
to relocate; move (in); shift, transfer ketok ▪ VINT
TNS - ket PP - ketman
k’ashtesiink ▪ VINT to hit; belt so./sth., strike, smack
INT - k’ashtesin TNS - k’ashtesii PP - k’ashtesiik / k’artesiman
to deliver, convey; give/hand over k’etok ▪ VINT
TNS - k’et PP - k’etman
k’ashok ▪ VINT to break off with the hands; tear off
TNS - k’ash PP - k’ashe’ / k’ashman
to exceed; pass by ketzoonk ▪ VINT
INT - ketzon TNS - ketzoo PP - ketzook
k’eche’iink ▪ VINT to carry in one’s arms
INT - k’eche’in TNS - k’eche’ii PP - k’eche’iik
to fence with long sticks k’ichok ▪ VINT
TNS - k’ich PP - k’iche’ / k’ichman
ke’ek ▪ VINT to tear/split clothes or fabric
TNS - ke’ PP - ke’man
to grind, mill, pound; crush kihob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - kihob’resin TNS - kihob’resii PP - kihob’resiik
k’ehaank ▪ VINT to sweeten
INT - k’ehan TNS - k’ehaa PP - k’ehaak
to kick; kick one’s legs k’ilaank ▪ VINT
INT - k’ilan TNS - k’ilaa PP - k’ilaak
k’eheb’aank ▪ VINT to thicken; make dense; become thick
INT - k’eheb’an TNS - k’eheb’ PP - k’eheb’aak
to put across; cross k’ilaak ▪ SINT
to thicken; become thick, make dense

George Max
k’ilasiink ▪ VINT k’oleenk ▪ SINT

INT - k’ilasin TNS - k’ilasii PP - k’ilasiik IRR - k’olen
to thicken, become thick/dense to oxidize
k’inok ▪ VINT k’olib’k ▪ SINT
TNS - k’in PP - k’ine’ to slack off, hang out
to wind (into a ball / on to a spool)
k’olik ▪ SINT
k’iok ▪ VINT See k’olib’k
TNS - k’i’ PP - k’ie’ / k’iman
k’olok ▪ VINT
to straighten, straighten out, unbend; stretch
TNS - k’ol PP - k’ole’ / k’olman
k’ioonk ▪ SINT to harvest corn/maize
IRR - k’ion
k’otob’aank ▪ VINT
to straighten, unbend, flatten out; iron
INT - k’otob’an TNS - k’otob’ PP - k’otob’aak
kirkisiink ▪ VINT to make curve/arch
INT - kirkisin TNS - kirkisii PP - kirkisiik
k’otok ▪ VINT
to shake, dust
TNS - k’ot PP - k’ote’ / k’otman
k’irk’irriink ▪ VINT to roll, wind; fold, bend; turn around, go around, rotate
INT - k’irk’irrin TNS - k’irk’irrii PP - k’irk’irriik
k’otoonk ▪ VINT
to scratch (the cat with its claws)
INT - k’oton TNS - k’otoo PP - k’otook
k’irrok ▪ VINT to turn around
TNS - k’irr PP - k’irre’ / k’irrec’
k’oyok ▪ VINT
to tear apart, tear to pieces; rip
TNS - k’oy PP - k’oye’ / k’oyman
k’ishb’ak ▪ SINT to scratch, peel
to eructate, burp, belch
k’ujuk ▪ VINT
k’ishiink ▪ VINT TNS - k’uj PP - k’uje’ / k’ujman
INT - k’ishin TNS - k’ishii PP - k’ishiik to demolish, knock down/over
to warm up; heat up
k’unaank ▪ SINT
k’ishnaank ▪ VINT IRR - k’unaa
INT - k’ishnan TNS - k’ishnaa PP - k’ishnaak to soften; ease up, abate; relax
to heat up/warm up; put on fire
k’unb’eenk ▪ VINT
kisik ▪ SINT INT - k’umb’en TNS - k’umb’ee PP - k’umb’eek
to fart; pass gas, expel gas See k’unb’esiink
kitz’ok ▪ VINT k’unb’esiink ▪ VINT
TNS - kitz’ PP - kitz’e’ / kitz’man INT - k’umb’esin TNS - k’umb’esii PP - k’umb’esiik
to bruise, crush, press to pamper; persuade; win the love of
k’ochaak ▪ SINT k’unuk ▪ SINT
IRR - k’ochaa to carry a baby
to soften, relent; relieve, ease, soothe
k’usaank ▪ SINT
k’ochiink ▪ VINT IRR - k’usan
INT - k’ochin TNS - k’ochii PP - k’ochiik to snore; pant; snort
to coil, wind; roll up
k’usuk ▪ VINT
k’ochleenk ▪ VINT TNS - k’us PP - k’use’ / k’usman
INT - k’ochlen TNS - k’ochlee PP - k’ochleek to reprimand, tell off; scold
to wrestle (boys)
k’utuunk ▪ VINT
k’ochok ▪ VINT INT - k’utun TNS - k’utuu PP - k’utuuk
TNS - k’och PP - k’oche’ / k’ochman to make a mud hut/mud wall
to roll, wind; fold, bend
kwulc’usiink ▪ VINT
k’okoonk ▪ VINT INT - kwulc’usin TNS - kwulc’usii PP - kwulc’usiik
INT - k’okon TNS - k’okoo PP - k’okook to skim, froth, foam; lather
to pay (a punishment, penalty)
kwu’te’ek ▪ SINT
to howl

George Max
k’uyuk ▪ VINT let’ok ▪ VINT

TNS - k’uy PP - k’uye’ / k’uyman TNS - let’ PP - let’e’ / let’man
to pull up soft weeds to engrave, cut (wood); notch, cut a slot/groove in; etch
L letzok ▪ VINT
TNS - letz PP - letze’ / letzman
lab’aliink ▪ VINT to glue, stick, paste; join, fix together
INT - lab’alin TNS - lab’alii PP - lab’aliik lik’ok ▪ VINT
to envy; harm, injure TNS - lik’ PP - lik’e’ / lik’man
lach’ab’aank ▪ VINT to bend; bow down; break, yield, give in
INT - lach’ab’an TNS - lach’ab’ PP - lach’ab’aak lit’ok ▪ VINT
to grab/grasp with pliers TNS - lit’ PP - lit’e’ / lit’man
lach’oonk ▪ VINT to lock, obstruct; wedge shut; jam, get jammed
INT - lach’on TNS - lach’oo PP - lach’ook litz’ok ▪ VINT
to grab/grasp with pliers or pincers TNS - litz’ PP - litz’e’ / litz’man
lajk ▪ SINT to rework (ground/milled corn), go through
IRR - laj lochob’aank ▪ VINT
to come to an end, end, finish, be scarce INT - lochob’an TNS - lochob’ PP - lochob’aak
lik’aank ▪ SINT to hang, suspend
IRR - lik’an locob’aank ▪ VINT
to sway, balance INT - lokob’an TNS - lokob’ PP - lokob’aak
lak’ab’aank ▪ VINT to burden, bend
INT - lak’ab’an TNS - lak’ab’ PP - lak’ab’aak
locochiink ▪ VINT
to pair, match; mate, couple INT - locochin TNS - locochii PP - locochiik
lanok ▪ VINT to grab with a hook
TNS - lan PP - lane’ / lanman
lochok ▪ VINT
to wrap, pack; cover; enfold TNS -loch PP - loche’ / lochman
lapashiink ▪ VINT to light, start, ignite; turn on, switch on
INT - lapashin TNS - lapashii PP - lapashiik lochte’ek ▪ SINT
to insert to climb, scale; claw/make your way up
lapok ▪ VINT lochte’eenk ▪ VINT
TNS - lap PP - lape’ / lapman
INT - lochte’en TNS - lochte’e PP - lochte’eek
to stick into the ground; kick to climb, scale; claw/make your way up
latz’aank ▪ VINT lok’ok ▪ VINT
INT - latz’an TNS - latz’aa PP - latz’aak
TNS - lok’ PP - lok’e’ / lok’man
to hinder, obstruct, disturb; tighten, narrow; take up to buy, purchase; get; invest in
lecok ▪ VINT lok’oniink ▪ VINT
TNS - lec PP - lecman
INT - lok’onin TNS - lok’onii PP - lok’oniik
to draw out/extract with a spoon or bowl to esteem, respect; appreciate; take/receive communion
lemaank ▪ VINT lotzok ▪ VINT
INT - leman TNS - lemaa PP - lemaak
TNS - lotz PP - lotze’ / lotzman
to stare to grab/grip/grasp with the fingers
lepeb’aank ▪ VINT lowok ▪ VINT
INT - lepeb’an TNS - lepeb’ PP - lepeb’aak
TNS - low PP - lowe’ / lowman
to lay objects or roof in a tilted position to eat (soft food)
lepok ▪ VINT lub’k ▪ SINT
TNS - lep PP - lepe’ / lepman IRR - lub’
to throw water to weary, tire; exhaust; get tired/bored
let’iink ▪ VINT lub’tesiink ▪ VINT
INT - let’in TNS - let’ii PP - let’iik INT - lub’tesin TNS - lub’tesii PP - lub’tesiik
to make cuts like skewed lines to tire out, exhaust, weary; make/get tired

George Max
luctaak ▪ SINT matyejak ▪ SINT

to jam, lock; bind; tangle to offer up; give, contribute, make offer
luctasiink ▪ VINT matyusiink ▪ VINT
INT - luctasin TNS - luctasii PP - luctasiik INT - matyusin TNS - matyusii PP - matyusiik
to jam, get stuck to touch/feel with the hands; palpate
lucub’aank ▪ VINT matyuunk ▪ VINT
INT - lucub’an TNS - lucub’ PP - lucub’aak INT - matyun TNS - matyuu PP – matyuuk
to hang up, suspend, put up See matyusiink
lucuk ▪ VINT mausilaank ▪ VINT
TNS - luc PP - lucman INT - mausilan TNS - mausilaa PP - mausilaak
to bend (small coffee bushes); overwhelm, burden to curse, damn, swear; put a curse/spell on
luhaak ▪ SINT mayib’k ▪ SINT
IRR - luhaa to smoke cigarettes
to warm up
mayiink ▪ VINT
luhob’resiink ▪ VINT INT - mayin TNS - mayii PP - mayiik
INT - luhob’resin TNS - luhob’resii PP - luhob’resiik to smoke
to warm up; cool down/off; become lukewarm
mec’oonk ▪ VINT
M INT - mec’on TNS - mec’oo PP - mec’ook
to embrace, cuddle; hold
macob’k ▪ SINT memirk ▪ SINT
to sin to mute, fall silent, be dumbstruck, go dumb
maconiink ▪ VINT memob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - maconin TNS - maconii PP - maconiik INT - memob’resin TNS - memob’resii PP - memob’resiik
to sin, fail; be in breach of; violate, force to mute, fall silent, be dumbstruck, go dumb
machleenk ▪ VINT mesok ▪ VINT
INT - machlen TNS - machlee machleek TNS - mes PP - mese’ / mesman
to not to do the work well to clean, wipe, dust; shake (dust); polish
majecuaank ▪ VINT mesuunk ▪ VINT
INT - majecuan TNS - majecuaa PP - majecuaak INT - mesun TNS - mesuu PP - mesuuk / mesuman
to despise, disregard, pay no attention to; insult to sweep; sweep away; clear out, throw out, brush
mak’ok ▪ VINT metz’ecuaank ▪ VINT
TNS - mak’ PP - mak’e’ / mak’man INT - metz’ecuan TNS - metz’ecua PP - metz’ecuaak
to take away, take sth. from, remove; pick; grab from to exert; strain, make an effort
mashiink ▪ SINT metz’ecuak ▪ SINT
IRR - mashin
to exert oneself, strain
to get old (wood); get moth-eaten
metzoonk ▪ VINT
mataniink ▪ VINT
INT - metzon TNS - metzoo PP - metzook
INT - matanin TNS - matanii PP - mataniik
to cuddle, curl up; nestle
to get/receive presents or gifts
mich’ok ▪ VINT
matanik ▪ SINT TNS - mich’ PP - mich’e’ /mich’man
to get/receive presents or gifts to root up, pull up; extract; strip sth. from; rip out
matc’eenk ▪ VINT minok ▪ VINT
INT - matc’en TNS - matc’ee PP - matc’eek
TNS - min PP - mine’
to dream, dream about/of; imagine; be dreaming to force, oblige
matc’ek ▪ SINT mikisiink ▪ VINT
to dream, dream about/of; imagine; be dreaming INT - mikisin TNS - mikisii PP - mikisiik
matyejaank ▪ VINT to push, shove, hustle
INT - matyejin TNS - matyejii PP - matyejiik mochob’aank ▪ VINT
to offer up, give offering, contribute; sacrifice INT - mochob’an TNS - mochob’ PP - mochob’aak

George Max
to shrink, shrivel; contract to cook under ash

mochok ▪ VINT muquk ▪ VINT
TNS - moch PP - moche’ TNS - muq PP - muqe’ / muqman
to shrink to hide, conceal; bury, inter
mocob’aank ▪ VINT murriink ▪ VINT
INT - mocob’an TNS - mocob’ PP - mocob’aak INT - murrin TNS - murrii PP - murriik
to bend, curve; slouch to shred; crumble
moc’ob’aank ▪ VINT mushuk ▪ VINT
INT - moc’ob’an TNS - moc’ob’ PP - moc’obaak TNS - mush PP - mushe’
to undress; extort; strip; deprive, robe so. of to desecrate, pollute, profane; devalue, profane, defile
molb’ek ▪ SINT musik’aank ▪ VINT
to lay eggs INT - musik’an TNS - musik’aa PP - musik’aak
to breathe, inhale and exhale
molc’aank ▪ VINT
INT - molc’an TNS - molc’aa PP - molc’aak musik’ak ▪ SINT
to collect, gather, pick up to respire, breathe, inhale and exhale
molok ▪ VINT mu’uniink ▪ VINT
TNS - mol PP - mole’ / molman INT - muunin TNS - mu’unii PP - mu’uniik
to sort out, pick out to make seedlings
mo’oonk ▪ SINT mutz’mutz’iink ▪ VINT
IRR - mo’on INT - mutz’mutz’in TNS - mutz’mutz’ii PP - mutz’mutz’iik
to oxidize, rust to blink, wink
moqk ▪ SINT mutz’uchiink ▪ VINT
IRR - moq INT - mutz’uchin TNS - mutz’uchii PP - mutz’uchiik
to germinate, develop; sprout, bud; be born, hatch to close eyes briefly to show anger
motzoiink ▪ SINT
IRR - motzoin N
to decompose, decay
na’ajiink ▪ VINT
moyk ▪ SINT INT - na’ajin TNS - na’ajii PP - na’ajiik
IRR - moy to live, reside; settle down, establish; take root
to get/go dark; darken; dim
nach’ok ▪ SINT
much’uk ▪ VINT to approach, approximate, come near
TNS - much’ PP - much’e’
to shred, crumble; mince, finely chop najtob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - najtob’resin TNS - najtob’resii PP - najtob’resiik
muc’ub’aank ▪ VINT to stretch out, extend
INT - muc’ub’an TNS - muc’ub’ PP - muc’ub’aak
to bend down; get down; crouch down na’leb’aank ▪ VINT
INT - na’leb’an TNS - na’leb’aa PP - na’leb’aak
muheenk ▪ SINT to reason, think, argue, know; think up, come up with
IRR - muhen
to get cover; protect oneself from weather nat’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - nat’ PP - nat’e’ / nat’man
muleenk ▪ VINT to tighten, press, squeeze; block, bar, lock up
INT - mulen TNS - mulee PP - muleek
to make trash; cover road with dirt nawok ▪ VINT
TNS - naw PP - nawe’ / nawman
mululiink ▪ VINT to know; realize; can, be able; learn
INT - mululin TNS - mululii PP - mululiik
to crowd; incite, agitate; disrupt nimaank ▪ SINT
IRR - niman
muqb’esiink ▪ VINT to grow up; rise; become big
INT - muqb’esin TNS - muqb’esii PP - muqb’esiik
to talk in secret; disappear nimk’ehiink ▪ VINT
INT - nimk’ehin TNS - nimk’ehii PP - nimk’ehiik
muqchahiink ▪ VINT to celebrate, hold; party, have a party
INT - muqchahin TNS - muqchahin PP - muqchahiik

George Max
nimk’ehik ▪ SINT to enter, cooperate, join, take part; support, get involved
to celebrate, hold; party, have a party
okesiink ▪ SINT
nimob’resiink ▪ VINT IRR - okesin
INT - nimob’resin TNS - nimob’resii PP - nimob’resiik to leak (water); drip
to make bigger, enlarge; enhance; worsen, get worse
oksiink ▪ VINT
nimqaank ▪ SINT INT - oksin TNS - oksii PP - oksiik / oksiman
IRR - nimqan to get sth./so in; enter; use, employ; wear
to grow
oshlok’iink ▪ VINT
nujak ▪ SINT INT - oshlok’in TNS - oshlok’ii PP - oshlok’iik
to become full; fill; satisfy to value, price, esteem, cherish; appreciate, respect
nujob’resiink ▪ VINT osob’tesiink ▪ VINT
INT - nujob’resin TNS - nujob’resii PP - nujob’resiik INT - osob’tesin TNS - osob’tesii PP - osob’tesiik
to fill sth. to bless, praise; wish well; sanctify; thank, give thanks
nuk’leenk ▪ VINT otocuaank ▪ VINT
INT - nuk’len TNS - nuk’lee PP - nuk’leek INT - otocuan TNS - otocuaa PP - otocuaak
to eat fast to desire, wish
nuk’uk ▪ VINT oyb’eniink ▪ VINT
TNS - nuk’ PP - nuk’e’ / nuk’man INT - oyb’enii TNS - oyb’enii PP - oyb’eniik
to swallow; suck down; gulp down to wait; stay; watch
nuk’uunk ▪ SINT
IRR - nuk’un P
to disappear; conceal, cover up
pab’aank ▪ VINT
numeenk ▪ SINT INT - pab’an TNS - paab’ PP - pab’aak
IRR - numen to believe, obey, follow; have faith, religious party; effect
to pass, go by, cross; go beyond
pac’ab’aank ▪ VINT
numshik ▪ SINT INT - pac’ab’an TNS - pac’ab’ PP - pac’ab’aak
to swim; float, pladdle to lay face up; put face up
numsiink ▪ VINT pach’ok ▪ VINT
INT - numsin TNS - numsii PP - numsiik / numsiman TNS - pach’ PP - pach’e’
to pass; translate; move, transfer, get sth. for so. to splash, splatter
numtaak ▪ SINT pac’ok ▪ VINT
IRR - numtaa TNS - pac’ PP - pac’e’ / pac’man
to exceed to make pottery/earthenware
O pajiink ▪ VINT
INT - pajin TNS - pajii PP - pajiik
ob’enak ▪ SINT to spill; scatter
to make tamales pahok ▪ VINT
ochb’eniink ▪ VINT TNS - pah PP - pahe’ / pahman
INT - ochb’enin TNS - ochb’enii PP - ochb’eniik to clear, clear of scrub
to accompany; join, attach pak’leenk ▪ VINT
ochochiink ▪ VINT INT - pak’len TNS - pak’lee PP - pak’leek
INT - ochochin TNS - ochochii PP - ochochiik to slap, smack
to live in a house pak’ok ▪ VINT
ojob’ak ▪ SINT TNS - pak’ PP - pak’e’ / pak’man
to cough; loudly expel air from the lungs to break, smash; bend, twist
ok ▪ SINT paqoonk ▪ VINT

to start, begin; commence, initiate; enter INT - paqon TNS - paqoo PP - paqook
to carry weight (on the shoulders); lift, weightlift
okeenk ▪ SINT
IRR - oken parrashiink ▪ VINT
INT - parrashin TNS - parrashii PP - parrashiik

George Max
to scorch, singe pisc’oonk ▪ VINT

INT - pisc’on TNS - pisc’oo PP - pisc’ook
parrok ▪ VINT
to jump, bounce; skip, leap; hop
TNS - parr PP - parre’
to scratch, scrape; claw pishok ▪ VINT
TNS - pish PP - pishe’ / pishman
patz’ab’aank ▪ VINT
to tie; secure
INT - patz’ab’an TNS - patz’ab’ PP - patz’ab’aak
to flatten; crush, squash pitz’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - pitz’ PP - pitz’e’ / pitz’man
patz’ok ▪ VINT
to squeeze, crush, squish; press
TNS - patz’ PP - patz’e’ / patz’man
to ask, question, inquire; request; mention; order poch’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - poch’ PP - poch’e’ / poch’man
payok ▪ VINT
to crush maize
TNS - pay PP - paye’ / payman
to commission; order, ask, request pohiink ▪ VINT
INT - pohin TNS - pohii PP - pohiik
pech’eb’aank ▪ VINT
to have epilepsy/zeisures
INT - pech’eb’an TNS - pech’eb’ PP - pech’eb’aak
to open; unbutton, unfasten pojc’osiink ▪ VINT
INT - pojc’osin TNS - pojc’osii PP - pojc’osiik
pechok ▪ VINT
to slide
TNS - pech PP - peche’ / pechman
to roll up, wind, coil pojcueenk ▪ SINT
IRR - pojcuen
pech’ok ▪ VINT to fester, ooze; suppurate
TNS - pech’ PP - pech’e’ / pech’man
to carve (wood); do woodwork, do carpentry/carpentry pojleenk ▪ VINT
work; shell, opening pods INT - pojlen TNS - pojlee PP - pojleek
to bang; make noise
pejok ▪ VINT
TNS - pej PP - peje’ / pejman po’jok ▪ SINT
to tear, split, rip; tear up, tear to pieces to slacken, loosen; ease
pek’ok ▪ VINT pok’leenk ▪ VINT
TNS - pek’ PP - pek’e’ / pek’man INT - pok’len TNS - pok’lee PP - pok’leek
to splatter, splash, spatter to touch, finger, handle
pelok ▪ VINT pok’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - pel PP - pele’ / pelman TNS - pok’ PP - pok’e’ / pok’man
to lift, raise (e.g. clothe) to castrate
perreb’aank ▪ VINT pok’oonk ▪ SINT
INT - perreb’an TNS - perreb’ PP - perreb’aak IRR - pok’on
to extend, stretch flat, spread out See pok’leenk
petzeb’aank ▪ VINT pok’pok’iink ▪ VINT

INT - petzeb’an TNS - petzeb’ PP - petzeb’aak INT - pok’pok’in TNS - pok’pok’ii PP - pok’pok’iik
to kneel to clap (the hands)
pic’aank ▪ VINT poleenk ▪ VINT

INT - pic’an TNS - pic’aa PP - pic’aak INT - polen TNS - polee PP - poleek
to strike, hit; knock; beat to singe
pikok ▪ VINT pomok ▪ VINT

TNS - pik PP - pike’ / pikman TNS - pom PP - pome’
to dig; delve; scratch; scrabble; pick to roast, broil grill; barbecue
pik’ok ▪ VINT pomresiink ▪ VINT

TNS - pik’ PP - pik’e’ INT - pomresin TNS - pomresii PP - pomresiik
to scrape off/out to roast; heat
pisc’ok ▪ SINT po’ok ▪ VINT

to jump; skip; leap, hop; spring TNS - po’ PP - poe’
to break up, split, tear

George Max
popoliink ▪ VINT purruk ▪ VINT

INT - popolin TNS - popolii PP - popoliik TNS - purr PP - purre’
to argue; go to court` to grind grains; mill
poqleenk ▪ VINT pushiink ▪ VINT
INT - poqlen TNS - poqlee PP - poqleek INT - pushin TNS - pushii PP - pushiik / pushiman
to search; stir; move round to dust; shake off, clean
posaank ▪ SINT putz’iink ▪ VINT
IRR - posan INT - putz’in TNS - putz’ii PP - putz’iik
to pant, puff and pant, breath heavily/noisily to tear apart/to pieces
potz’ok ▪ VINT putzuk ▪ VINT
TNS - potz’ PP - potz’e’ / potz’man TNS - putz PP - putze’ / putzman
to hit with the fist to add a pinch of salt
pub’aank ▪ VINT putz’uk ▪ VINT
INT - pub’an TNS - pub’aa PP - pub’aak TNS - putz’ PP - putz’e’ / putz’man
to fire, shoot, discharge to crush, squash, bruise; grind
pucaank ▪ VINT puub’ak ▪ SINT
INT - pucan TNS - pucaa PP - pucaak to shoot, fire, discharge
to increase
pucasiink ▪ VINT Q
INT - pucasin TNS - pucasii PP - pucasiik
qachok ▪ VINT
to spread, disseminate, scatter
TNS - qach PP - qache’
puc’iink ▪ VINT to bite, champ; take, cut; take a bite; hack; chop; slice
INT - puc’in TNS - puc’ii PP - puc’iik
qishb’aank ▪ VINT
to shread, crumble
INT - qishb’an TNS - qishb’aa PP - k’ishb’aak
puctaak ▪ SINT to eructate, burp, belch
to multiply, increase in number/quantity
qishb’ak ▪ SINT
puctasiink ▪ VINT to burp, belch
INT - puctasin TNS - puctasii PP - puctasiik
to increase, multiply, augment R
puc’uk ▪ VINT rahob’tesiink ▪ VINT
TNS - puc’ PP - puc’e’ / puc’man INT - rahob’tesin TNS - rahob’tesii PP - rahob’tesiik
to blow up; break; burst, pop to make so. suffer
puch’uk ▪ VINT rachok ▪ VINT
TNS - puch’ PP - puch’e’ / puch’man TNS - rach PP - rache’ / rachman
to wash clothes; rinse, cleanse to splash, sprinkle; dot, fleck
puk’uk ▪ VINT rahiink ▪ VINT
TNS - puk’ PP - puk’e’ / puk’man INT - rahin TNS - rahii PP - rahiik
to beat; whir; flap to wish, desire; covet
puk’uunk ▪ VINT rahok ▪ VINT
INT - puk’un TNS - puk’uu PP - puk’uuk TNS - rah PP - rahe’
to touch, finger, handle to love, want, wish; like; feel like
pumlaak ▪ SINT ra’leenk ▪ VINT
to gather (water on the ground); pool INT - ra’len TNS - ra’lee PP - ra’leek
pumub’aank ▪ VINT to trap, snare
INT - pumub’an TNS - pumub’ PP - pumub’aak ramok ▪ VINT
to fill; cover; crowd; occupy TNS - ram PP - rame’
puquk ▪ VINT to tacke, halt, cut across; stop, interrupt; catch
TNS - puq PP - puqe’ / puqman rant’iniink ▪ VINT
to sprinkle, scatter, dust INT - rant’inin TNS - rantinii PP - rantiniik
to throw stones with a slingshot

George Max
rapleenk ▪ VINT
INT - raplen TNS - raplee PP - rapleek
S
to whip; clear the ground saak ▪ SINT
rapok ▪ VINT to be scarce; diminish
TNS - rap PP - rape’ / rapman sachleenk ▪ VINT
to hit; whip; beat INT - sachlen TNS - sachlee PP - sachleek
raqok ▪ VINT to waste; throw away
TNS - raq PP - raqe’ / raqman sachk ▪ SINT
to finish; end, conclude IRR - sach
rashok ▪ SINT to lose; mislay, misplace; fail
to turn green, go green sachok ▪ VINT
raylaank ▪ VINT TNS - sach PP - sache’ / sachman
INT - raylan TNS - raylaa PP - raylaak to lose; waste; miss, fade; destroy; leak
to do a thing with difficulty sac’ok ▪ VINT
rec’ob’tasiink ▪ VINT TNS - sac’ PP - sac’e’ / sac’man
INT - rec’ob’tasin TNS - rec’ob’tasii PP - rec’ob’tasiik to hit, beat; knock; smack
to go over one thing sacunaank ▪ VINT
rek’ok ▪ VINT INT - sacunan TNS – sacunaa PP - sacunaak
TNS - rek’ PP - rek’e’ / rek’man to search again; search/look carefully
to lick; lap against (waves) sahb’esiink ▪ VINT
repok ▪ VINT INT - sahb’esin TNS - sahb’esii PP - sahb’esiik
TNS - rep PP - repe’ / repman to clean; tidy up, spruce up
to splatter, splash, spatter; shine brightly sahesiink ▪ VINT
rik’rik’iink ▪ VINT INT - sahesin TNS - sahesii PP - sahesiik
INT - rik’rik’in TNS - rik’rik’ii PP - rik’rik’iik to diminish
to blink, twitch sahok ▪ SINT
rinok ▪ VINT to make thin, slim, slender; reduce
TNS - rin PP - rine’ sahuchiink ▪ VINT
to stretch, fasten, tighten, tauten INT - sahuchin TNS - sahuchii PP - sahuchiik
rotzob’aank ▪ VINT to grow fond of
INT - rotzob’an TNS - rotzob’ PP - rotzob’aak salab’aank ▪ VINT
to lay a cloth on the ground INT - salab’an TNS - salab’ PP - salab’aak / salab’man
rotzok ▪ VINT to tilt, lean; tip, incline; cock
TNS - rotz PP - rotze’ / rotzman salk’uuk ▪ SINT
to throw a clothe IRR - salk’uu
ruaank ▪ SINT to turn over/upside down; turn around
IRR - ruan sapaank ▪ VINT
to be able; can INT - sapan TNS - sapaa PP - sapaak
rumb’eenk ▪ VINT to kick, stamp
INT - rumb’en TNS - rumb’ee PP - rumb’eek sapleenk [ib’] ▪ VINT
to throw objects one after another INT - saplen TNS - saplee PP - sapleek
rumuk ▪ VINT to hasten; hurry, rush
TNS - rum PP - rume’ sapuunk ▪ VINT
to throw, toss over; waste INT - sapun TNS - sapuu PP - sapuuk
rupupik ▪ SINT to snatch, grab (in the air)
to fly saqeuk ▪ SINT
IRR - saqeu
ruuk ▪ SINT
IRR - ruu to dawn; to wake up; daybreak
to be able (can, may, might); be ready; finish saqob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - saqob’resin TNS - saqob’resii PP - saqob’resiik

George Max
to make clean; bleach, whiten shaqliik ▪ SINT

IRR - shaqlii
sasob’resiink ▪ VINT to stand up; stop, halt; stall
INT - sasob’resin TNS - sasob’resii PP - sasob’resiik
to thicken shaqtyaank ▪ SINT
IRR - shaqtyan
saylaank ▪ VINT to walk in circles
INT - saylan TNS - saylaa PP - saylaak
to be proud; arrogant she’enk ▪ SINT
IRR - she’en
seb’aank ▪ VINT to take root
INT - seb’an TNS - seb’aa PP - seb’aak
to hurry; speed up; quicken she’enirk ▪ SINT
IRR - she’enir
seb’esiink ▪ VINT to establish, settle; strike; take root
INT - seb’esin TNS - seb’esii PP - seb’esiik
to scare, frighten; alarm, startle, take fright shek’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - shek’ PP - shek’e’ / shek’man
se’eenk ▪ VINT to butt, gore
INT - se’en TNS - se’e PP - se’eek
to smile; giggle; laugh at shelaank ▪ VINT
INT - shelan TNS - shelaa PP - shelaak
se’ek ▪ SINT to start eating sth. without finishing it
to laugh; laugh at so. or sth.
shelok ▪ VINT
semok ▪ VINT TNS - shel PP - shele’ / shelman
TNS - sem PP - seme‘ to crack, split; slit, gash; tear, rip
to feel like eating good things
sherriink ▪ VINT
serak’iink ▪ VINT INT - sherrin TNS - sherrii PP - sherriik
INT - serak’in TNS - serak’ii PP - serek’iik to make smaller, reduce; lessen
to talk, converse; chat, tell
sherrok ▪ VINT
serak’ik ▪ SINT TNS - sherr PP - sherre’ / sherman
to talk, converse; chat, tell to chop, mince; cut into pieces
setok ▪ VINT sheyaank ▪ SINT
TNS - set PP - sete’ / setman IRR - sheyan
to cut; chop; slice to gasp; pant, wheeze
set’ok ▪ VINT shic’aank ▪ SINT
TNS - set’ PP - set’e’ / set‘man IRR - shic’an
to cut; gnaw, chew to fly (birds)
se’tyaank ▪ VINT shich’ok [u] ▪ VINT

INT - se’tyan TNS - se’tayaa PP - se’tayaak TNS - shich’ PP - shich’e’ / shich’man
to smile to oblige, compel; coerce
sha’cuaank ▪ VINT shic’uchiink ▪ VINT

INT - sha’cuan TNS - sha’cuaa PP - sha’cuaak INT - shic’uchin TNS - shic’uchii PP - shic’uchiik
to vomit, puke, throw up to hate, have malice
sha’cuak ▪ SINT shik ▪ SINT

to throw up, vomit; puke; repeat to go, remove oneself, leave, depart
shajok ▪ VINT shipc’osiink ▪ VINT

TNS - shaj PP - shaje’ / shajman INT - shipc’osin TNS - shipc’osii PP - shipc’osiik
to dance; spin; go out dancing to push forward; stumble
shajtesiink ▪ VINT shipc’ok ▪ SINT

INT - shajtesin TNS - shajtesii PP - shajtesiik to fall over; tip over
to make so./sth. dance
shiqaank ▪ SINT
shaqab’aank ▪ VINT IRR - shiqan
INT - shaqab’an TNS - shaqab’ PP - shaqab’aak to doze, nod off
to stand; raise, elevate, lift shitiink ▪ VINT

George Max
INT - shitin TNS - shitii PP - shitiik to whistle; hiss; sing

to darn, mend; repair; patch
shutiink ▪ VINT
shokok ▪ VINT INT - shutin TNS - shutii PP - shutiik
TNS - shok PP - shoke’ / shokman to wrap, envelop, enfold
to save; collect, gather
shutuk ▪ VINT
sholb’ak ▪ SINT TNS - shut PP - shute’ / shutman
to play the flute (from shoolb’ – flute) to wrap; cover; envelope, enfold
shorrok ▪ VINT sib’eenk ▪ VINT
TNS - shorr PP - shorre’ / shorrman INT - sib’en TNS - sib’ee PP - sib’e’
to make tortillas; flatten, roll, shape to make/become smoky
shotaank ▪ VINT sib’te’eenk ▪ VINT
INT - shotan TNS - shotaa PP – shotaak INT - sib’te’en TNS - sib’te’ee PP - sib’te’eek
See shotoonk to smoke
shotc’ok ▪ SINT sic’lik ▪ SINT
to choke, suffocate; smother to smoke (cigarettes)
shotoonk ▪ VINT sic’ok ▪ VINT
INT - shoton TNS - shotoo PP - shotook TNS - sic’ PP - sic’e’ / sic’man
to confess a sin to search; seek, look, ask for; pursue
shoyiink ▪ VINT sihaank ▪ SINT
INT - shoyin TNS - shoyii PP - shoyiik IRR - sihan
to decorate (with leaves) to originate in, come from
shucuaank ▪ VINT sihak ▪ SINT
INT - shucuan TNS - shucuaa PP - shucuaak to start, originate
to scare, frighten, be afraid of; fear, fright, freak out
sihiink ▪ VINT
shucuak ▪ SINT INT - sihin TNS - sihii PP - sihiik
to fear, dread; be afraid of; frighten to give gifts/presents
shucuunk ▪ VINT sihok ▪ VINT
INT - shucun TNS - shucuu PP - shucuuk TNS - sih PP - sihman
to corner to give a gift/present to so.
shujuk ▪ VINT sikiirk ▪ SINT
TNS - shuj PP - shuje’ / shujman IRR - sikir
to break, smash; crack; fail; tear to become paralyzed
shujiink ▪ VINT sik’ok ▪ VINT
INT - shujin TNS - shujii PP - shujiik TNS - sik’ PP - sik’e’ / sik’man
to break into pieces to twist, sprain (injure ligaments)
shulc’upiink ▪ VINT sila’aank ▪ VINT
INT - shulc’upin TNS - shulc’upii PP - shulc’upiik INT - sila’an TNS - sila’aa PP - sila’aak
to stumble, misstep to burn with hot water
shulc’upik ▪ SINT silok ▪ VINT
to fall forward; overturn, overthrow TNS - sil PP - sile’ /silman
to flay, skin, peel off
shulk’ik ▪ SINT
to bend, bow, lean; incline, slope, tilt sipook ▪ SINT
IRR - sipoo
shulub’aank ▪ VINT to swell up; become swollen, distend
INT - shulub’an TNS - shulub’ PP - shulub’aak
to turn head upside down sirrib’aank ▪ VINT
INT - sirrib’an TNS - sirrib’ PP - sirrib’aak
shushb’aank ▪ VINT to make or put in a circular shape
INT - shushb’an TNS - shushb’aa PP - shushb’aak
to whistle; hiss; sing sisaank ▪ VINT
INT - sisan TNS - sisaa PP - sisaak
shushb’ak ▪ SINT to roast/grill in the fire

George Max
sisb’ak ▪ SINT to become/get rounded

to whistle with the teeth and tongue
surrub’aank ▪ VINT
sitok ▪ VINT INT - surrub’an TNS - surrub’ PP - surrub’aak
TNS - sit PP - site’ / sitman to circulate; make a round thing
to take off a skirt or pants
sutuk ▪ VINT
siyaank ▪ SINT TNS - sut PP - sute’ / sutman
IRR - siyan to enclose, surround, circle, encompass; go around
See sihaank
sut’uk ▪ VINT
sob’ok ▪ VINT TNS - sut’ PP - sute’ / sut’man
TNS - sob’ PP - sobe’ / sob’man to blow the nose
to eat dry tortillas or bread; plunge, push down, sink
sutuunk ▪ SINT
socueenk ▪ SINT IRR - sutun
to envy, begrudge; be jealous of. See also socuenaank to surround, encircle; turn over/around
socuenaank ▪ VINT
INT - socuenan TNS - socuenaa PP - socuenaak
T
to envy, begrudge; desire, covet; be jealous of taamk ▪ SINT
sok’ob’aank ▪ VINT IRR - tam
INT - sok’ob’an TNS - sok’ob’ PP - sok’ob’aak to join, unite; gather; coalesce
to throw (leave sth. thrown) tach’ab’aank ▪ VINT
solok ▪ VINT INT - tach’ab’an TNS - tach’ab’ PP - tach’ab’aak
TNS - sol PP - sole’ to level; straighten, even out
to undress; remove clothing tachki’ink ▪ VINT
sotlaak ▪ SINT INT - tachki’in TNS - tachki’I PP - tachki’ik
IRR - sotlaa to give bad advice or suggestion
to lie down, lay back tacuaak ▪ SINT
sotob’aank ▪ VINT IRR - tacuaa
INT - sotob’an TNS - sotob’ PP - sotob’aak to tire, weary, exhaust; get tired
to tuck in; lay down; lean, bend tacuasiink ▪ VINT
sub’uk ▪ VINT INT - tacuasin TNS - tacuasii PP - tacuasiik
TNS - sub’ PP - sub’e’ to tire, weary, fatigue; get tired
to sink, submerge; plunge, go down taktakiink ▪ SINT
IRR - taktakin
suk’iik ▪ SINT
IRR - suk’ii to wobble
to return, come back tamok ▪ SINT
suk’isiink ▪ VINT to gather, collect, accumulate
INT - suk’isin TNS - suk’isii PP - suk’isiik tamresiink ▪ VINT
to return, give back; go back; revert INT - tamresin TNS - tamresii PP - tamresiik
suluk ▪ VINT to gather, collect, accumulate
TNS - sul PP - sule’ / sulman t’anab’aank ▪ VINT
to wear/use for the first time INT - t’anab’an TNS - t’anab’ PP - t’anab’aak
sumeenk ▪ VINT to put/place/lay sth. down
INT - sumen TNS - sumee PP - sumeek t’anliik ▪ SINT
to reply, answer back; protest; respond IRR - t’anlii
sumlaak ▪ SINT to fall sick/ill (in bed)
IRR - sumlaa t’anok ▪ VINT
to get married, wed, marry TNS - t’an PP - t’ane’ / t’anman
sumub’aank ▪ VINT to throw down, knock down, take down; drop; tumble
INT - sumub’an TNS - sumub’ PP - sumub’aak tapib’k ▪ SINT
to marry, wed; get married to catch crabs
surlaak ▪ SINT

George Max
t’aqaak ▪ SINT TNS - t’e PP - t’e’ / t’eman

IRR - t’aqaa to comb hair
to get wet; dampen, moisten; drench, soak
terk’usiink ▪ VINT
taqeenk ▪ VINT INT - terk’usin TNS - terk’usii PP - terk’usiik / terk’usiman
INT - taqen TNS - taqee PP - taqeek to raise the price of; speculate prices; put up the price of
to follow; chase; pursue; keep track of; go up, climb, get
on terk’uuk ▪ SINT
IRR - terk’uu
taqlaank ▪ VINT to put up the price of; get dearer, speculate prices
INT - taqlan TNS - taqlaa PP - taqlaak
ticaank ▪ VINT
to send; oversee; order/command so.
INT - tican TNS - ticaa PP - ticaak
t’aqresiink ▪ VINT to look for the direction, aim
INT - t’aqresin TNS - t’aqresii PP - t’aqresiik
tichc’ok ▪ SINT
to wet; moisten; get wet; water
to trip, stumble, fall over
taqsiink ▪ VINT
tichcosiink ▪ VINT
INT - taqsin TNS - taqsii PP - taqsiik / taqsiman
INT - tichcosin TNS - tichcosii PP - tichcosiik
to go up, ascend, climb; upload, lift
to trip against sth., trip over
tasc’uunk ▪ VINT
tichok ▪ VINT
INT - tasc’un TNS - tasc’uu PP - tasc’uuk
TNS - tich PP - tiche’
to put some things over other
to prick sth.; jab, thrust, poke
tasiink ▪ VINT
ticob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - tasin TNS - tasii PP - tasiik
INT - ticob’resin TNS - ticobresii PP - ticob’resiik/ticob’resiman
to take out by bunches
to straighten, unbend; set upright; rectify
tasok ▪ VINT
tic’ti’ik ▪ SINT
TNS - tas PP - tase’ / tasman
to start, begin; commence
to take a little bit; shell
tic’ti’ink ▪ VINT
tatzab’aank [ib’] ▪ VINT
INT - tic’ti’in TNS - tic’ti’I PP - tic’ti’ik
INT - tatzab’an TNS - tatzab’ PP - tatzab’aak
to lie, prevaricate, tell a falsehood
to stand up, get up
t’iilk ▪ SINT
tawok (also ta’ok, tauok) ▪ VINT
IRR - t’il
TNS - taw PP - tawe’ / tawman
to interlock; jam; lock; get stuck
to find, discover; come across, meet; reach
tijok ▪ VINT
tehok ▪ VINT
TNS - tij PP - tije’ / tijman
TNS - teh PP - tehman
to pray; teach, educate; preach; praise or appeal to God
to open; spread out; extend
tikib’aank ▪ VINT
teleb’aank ▪ VINT
INT - tikib’an TNS - tikib’ PP - tikib’aak
INT - teleb’an TNS - teleb’ PP - teleb’aak
to begin, initiate, start; commence
to extend the arm (to give or receive)
tikisiink ▪ VINT
tencab’aank ▪ VINT
INT - tikisin TNS - tikisiik PP - tikisiik
INT - tencab’an TNS - tencab’ PP - tencab’aak
to push, shove aside
to ask a favor; bother for sth.
tiklaak ▪ SINT
teneb’aank ▪ VINT IRR - tiklaa
INT - teneb’an TNS - teneb’ PP - teneb’aak to lie, prevaricate, tell a falsehood
to oblige, compel; commit oneself
t’ilok ▪ VINT
tenk’aank ▪ VINT TNS - t’il PP - t’ile’ / t’ilman
INT - tenk’an TNS - tenk’aa PP - tenk’aak to lock, fasten, jam
to help, aid, assist; support
t’i’ok ▪ VINT
tenok ▪ VINT TNS - t’i’ PP - t’ie’ / t’iman
TNS - ten PP - tene’ to kick, stamp; punch, poke
to strike, hit; knock; beat against sth.
tioshiink ▪ VINT
t’eok ▪ VINT INT - tioshin TNS - tioshii PP - tioshiik

George Max
to thank, give thanks; appreciate, acknowledge to pity; feel sorry for, feel for; empathize with, fit with
tiqcuasiink ▪ VINT t’okok ▪ VINT
INT - tiqcuasin TNS - tiqcuasii PP - tiqcuasiik TNS - t’ok PP - t’oke’ / t’okman
to heat, make hot; warm to knock
tiqib’aank ▪ VINT tolc’osiink ▪ VINT
INT - tiqib’an TNS - tiqib’ PP - tiqib’aak INT - tolc’osin TNS - tolc’osii PP - tolc’osiik / tolc’osiman
to clothe, dress up; adorn, decorate to roll; knock down/over; wallow
tiqlaak ▪ SINT tolc’ok ▪ SINT
to dress up; get ready/dressed to roll; stumble, fall forward
tiqob’aank ▪ VINT tolob’aank ▪ VINT
INT - tiqob’an TNS - tiqob’aa PP - tiqob’aak INT - tolob’an TNS - tolob’ PP - tolob’aak
to sweat, perspire; exude to extend; lay down, stretch out
tiqob’ak ▪ SINT to’niink ▪ VINT
to sweat, perspire; exude INT - to’nin TNS - to’nii PP - to’niik
to borrow, lend; loan
tiqok ▪ VINT
TNS - tiq PP - tiqe’ / tiqman topok ▪ VINT
to add; append; attach, connect TNS - top PP - tope’ / topman
to jab, thrust, poke
tishk ▪ SINT
IRR - tish toqok ▪ VINT
to age, grow older, mature TNS - toq PP - toqe’ / toqman
to break, smash; snap
titz’k ▪ SINT
IRR - titz’ t’oqok ▪ VINT
to bore, tire; get/become bored; annoy, irritate TNS - t’oq PP - t’oqe’ / t’oqman
titz’ok ▪ VINT to throw away; discard
TNS - titz’ PP - titz’e’ / titz’man t’orrob’aank ▪ VINT
to bother; borrow sth. INT - t’orrob’an TNS - t’orrob’ PP - t’orrob’aak
tiwok (also ti’ok) ▪ VINT to round, round off; make round
TNS - tiw PP - tiwe’ / tiwman t’otzok ▪ VINT
to bite, eat hard things like meat TNS - t’otz PP - t’otze’ / t’otzman
tob’ok ▪ VINT to touch gently; caress
TNS - tob’ PP - tob’e’ / tob’man tub’aank ▪ VINT
to loosen; release, free; remove, detach INT - tub’an TNS - tub’aa PP - tub’aak / tub’man
t’ob’ok ▪ VINT to heap, pile up, stack; accumulate, bank up, lump
TNS - t’ob’ PP - t’ob’e’ / t’ob’man tub’laak ▪ SINT
to eat into, eat away; wear away to build up; accumulate; collect
toch’ok ▪ VINT t’ujik [u] ▪ SINT
TNS - toch’ PP - toch’e’ / toch’man to get ready; tidy up; put in order
to touch, feel; hit, strike
tulaank ▪ VINT
t’ojob’aank ▪ VINT INT - tulan TNS - tulaa PP - tulaak
INT - t’ojob’an TNS - t’ojob’ PP - t’ojob’aak to bewitch, charm, enchant; entice, put a spell on, curse
to peel; bare, skin
tulaak ▪ SINT
tojok ▪ VINT to bewitch, charm, enchant; entice, put a spell on, curse
TNS - toj PP - toje’ / tojman
to pay, pay for, pay down, pay back tuluk’iink ▪ VINT
INT - tuluk’in TNS - tuluk’ii PP - tuluk’iik
tok’iink ▪ VINT to swallow (liquid)
INT - tok’in TNS - tok’ii PP - tok’iik
to chew gum; masticate tunlaak ▪ SINT
IRR - tunlaa
tok’ob’aank [u] ▪ VINT to lie down (the dog)
INT - tok’ob’an TNS - tok’ob’ PP - tok’ob’aak
tuntuniink ▪ VINT

George Max
INT - tuntunin TNS - tuntunii PP - tuntuniik INT - tyab’on TNS - tyab’oo PP - tyab’ook
to play sth. like a drum to press sth. with the hand
t’upuk ▪ VINT tyajerk ▪ SINT
TNS - t’up PP - t’upe’ / t’upman to fall sick/ill; sicken; be taken ill
to tear, rip, rend
tyakok ▪ VINT
tupusiink ▪ VINT TNS - tyak PP - tyake’ / tyakman
INT - tupusin TNS - tupusii PP - tupusiik to treat; bargain; deal, negotiate
to shorten, take up, cut short
tyalok ▪ VINT
tuqlaak ▪ SINT TNS - tyal PP - tyale’ / tyalman
IRR - tuqlaa to try, taste; test, attempt
to come to terms, settle; get by
tyamaak ▪ SINT
tuqub’aank ▪ VINT to vacate; empty; evacuate; clear out
INT - tuqub’an TNS - tuqub’ PP - tuqub’aak
to fix; level, even out; arrange tyamtesiink ▪ VINT
INT - tyamtesin TNS - tyamtesii PP - tyamtesiink
t’urrub’aank ▪ VINT to vacate; empty; evacuate; clear
INT - t’urrub’an TNS - t’urrub’ PP - t’urrub’aak
to strip, undress, get undressed tyamok ▪ VINT
TNS - tyam PP - tyamo’
tushmek ▪ SINT to pour liguid (into a cup)
to sprout, shoot; reappear, recur
tyatz’ok ▪ VINT
t’uslaak ▪ SINT TNS - tyatz’ PP - tyatz’e’ / tyatz’man
to get naked; impoverish; strip, denude to squeeze; press; wring out
t’usub’aank ▪ VINT tyechi’ink ▪ VINT
INT - t’usub’an TNS - t’usub’ PP - t’usub’aak INT - tyechi’in TNS - tyechi’i PP - tyechi’ik
Same as t’urrub’aank to offer, suggest; tender, bid
tusuk ▪ VINT tyehok ▪ VINT
TNS - tus PP - tuse’ / tusman TNS - tyeh PP - tyehman
to order; arrange; sort, classify to say, utter; tell; call; mention
tutz’uk ▪ VINT tyek’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - tutz’ PP - tutz’e’ / tutz’man TNS - tyek’ PP - tyek’e’ / tyek’man
to extend, lengthen, stretch to step on, stamp on
tutz’ub’aank ▪ VINT tye’ok ▪ VINT
INT - tutz’ub’an TNS - tutz’ub’ PP - tutz’ub’aak TNS - tye’ PP - tye’man
to make even; extend, stretch to reach sth.; get sth.
tu’uk ▪ SINT tyib’aank ▪ VINT
to breastfeed, suckle; suck INT - tyib’an TNS - tyiib’ PP - tyib’aak
to fix, repair; compose, write; make, create, build, manu-
t’uylaak ▪ SINT
facture
to hang, put up/down; suspend
tyib’ok ▪ SINT
t’uyub’aank ▪ VINT
to disgust; dislike; sicken; revolt
INT - t’uyub’an TNS - t’uyub’ PP - t’uyubaak
to hang up; suspend, droop tyo’b’aank ▪ VINT
INT - tyo’b’an TNS - tyo’b’aa PP - tyo’b’aak
tyab’aank ▪ VINT
to begin, start, commence
INT - tyab’an TNS - tyab’aa PP - tyab’aak
to scream, call; to cry, weep; wine tyob’ok ▪ VINT
TNS - tyoob’ PP - tyob’man
tyab’ak ▪ SINT
to drink, take a sip
to cry, weep; lament; sound, ring
tyob’tesiink ▪ VINT
tyab’asiink ▪ VINT
INT - tyob’tesin TNS - tyob’tesii PP - tyob’tesiik
INT - tyab’asin TNS - tyab’asii PP - tyab’asiik
to give life
to play a musical inst.; announce
tyocob’aank ▪ VINT
tyab’oonk ▪ VINT

George Max
INT - tyocob’an TNS - tyocob’ PP - tyocob’aak TNS - tyul PP - tyule’ / tyulman

to tuck in; lay down; put to bed; lean to spread; smear; anoint
tyoc’ok ▪ VINT tyutuk ▪ VINT
TNS - tyoc’ PP - tyoc’e’ / tyoc’man TNS - tyut PP - tyute’ / tyutman
to cut; chop; slice; saw to wrap, pack; cover; envelop, enfold
tyocosiink ▪ VINT tyu’uk ▪ VINT
INT - tyocosin TNS - tyocosii PP - tyocosiik TNS - tyu’ PP - tyu’man
to twist, turn; wring; warp, bend to stretch, extend, elongate; reach out
tyohok ▪ SINT tz’ab’ok ▪ VINT
to hunt TNS - tz’ab’ PP - tz’ab’e’ / tz’ab’man
to poke/stoke the fire
tyokb’aank ▪ VINT
INT - tyokb’an TNS - tyokb’aa PP - tyokb’aak tzacaank ▪ VINT
to step on; step of the foot INT - tzacan TNS - tzacaa PP - tzacaak
to eat, feed
tyoklaak ▪ SINT
IRR - tyoklaa tz’acab’k ▪ SINT
to lay down; go/put to bed; lean, bend to do masonry works; build a house of blocks and concrete
tyo’laak ▪ SINT tz’ahok ▪ VINT
IRR - tyo’laa TNS - tz’ah PP - tz’ahe’ / tz’ahman
to be born, hatch; sprout, bud; originate to dip; wet, soak in water, saturate
tyo’leenk ▪ VINT tz’ajniink ▪ VINT
INT - tyo’len TNS - tyo’lee PP - tyo’leek INT - tz’ajnin TNS - tz’ajnii PP - tz’ajniik
to keep vigil over; keep watch over to make/get dirty; taint, contaminate, pollute
tyo’leek ▪ SINT tz’amaank ▪ VINT
to keep vigil; watch, keep watch over INT - tz’aman TNS - tz’amaa PP - tz’amaak
tyo’oniink ▪ VINT to ask for, request; propose to; plead for, beg
INT - tyo’onin TNS - tyo’onii PP - tyo’oniik tz’apok ▪ VINT
to wait for; expect; hope TNS - tz’INT PP - tz’ape’ / tz’apman
tyo’onik ▪ SINT to close, shut, seal; cover; turn off
to expect, hope; wait for sth.; anticipate tz’aqk ▪ SINT
IRR - tz’aq
tyotaak ▪ SINT
to have a turn, take part of
to heal, form a scar; heal a wound; harden, stiffen
tz’aqlok ▪ SINT
tyotishiink ▪ VINT
to complete, finish, make whole, fill out; be enough
INT - tyotishin TNS - tyotishii PP - tyotishiik
to fill with patches (clothe) tz’aqob’resiink ▪ VINT
INT - tz’aqob’resin TNS - tz’aqob’resii PP - tz’aqob’resiik
tyotok ▪ VINT
to adjust; fill out
TNS - tyot PP - tyote’ / tyotman
to make a seam in a cloth tz’aqoonk ▪ SINT
IRR - tz’aqon
tyot’ok ▪ SINT
to participate, take part of; intervene
to burn, feel pain
tz’arrab’aank ▪ VINT
tyuc’iink ▪ VINT
INT - tz’arrab’an TNS - tz’arrab’ PP - tz’arrab’aak
INT - tyuc’in TNS - tyuc’ii PP - tyuc’iik
to smash, squash, crush
to mix, blend, combine
tzemok ▪ VINT
tyuc’usiink ▪ VINT
TNS - tzem PP - tzeme‘
INT - tyuc’usin TNS - tyuc’usii PP - tyuc’usiik
See semok
to swing in a hammock; rock, swing
tz’eqok ▪ VINT
tyuk’leenk ▪ VINT
TNS - tz’eq PP - tz’eqe’ / tz’eqman
INT - tyuk’len TNS - tyuk’lee PP - tyuk’leek
to lose; waste, leak; throw, drop, dispose of
to bruise, maul; crumple, rumple
tz’eqtanaank ▪ VINT
tyuluk ▪ VINT

George Max
INT - tz’eqtanan TNS - tz’eqtanaa PP - tz’eqtanaak INT - tz’utujin TNS - tz’utujii PP - tz’utujiik
to despise, scorn; spurn, reject to flower (the corn)
tz’ib’aank ▪ VINT tz’uyaak ▪ SINT
INT - tz’ib’an TNS - tz’ib’aa PP - tz’ib’man to become tenacious; stubborn
to write; spell; type on a keyboard; put, author, print
tz’uyiink ▪ VINT
tz’ib’ak ▪ SINT INT - tz’uyin TNS - tz’uyii PP - tz’uyiik
to write; compose; type in keyboard to whine, howl
tz’ikib’k ▪ SINT
to have sex/intercourse U
tz’ilok ▪ VINT uc’ak ▪ SINT
TNS - tz’il PP - tz’ile’ / tz’ilman TNS - uuc’ PP - uc’e’ / uc’man
to strain, sieve, drain, filter; leak, slip through to drink; drinking; consume liquids; booze
tz’irrok ▪ VINT uchiink ▪ SINT

TNS - tz’irr PP - tz’irre’ / tz’irrman IRR - uchin
to split wood; slit, slice, cut; chop up to bear/yield fruit
tz’ob’ok ▪ VINT uc’miink ▪ VINT

TNS - tz’ob’ PP - tz’ob’e’ / tz’ob’man INT - uc’min TNS - uc’mii PP - uc’miik
to sip; slurp; suck up; puff at/on (cigarette, pipe) to commence, begin, start; initiate
tz’ocaak ▪ SINT uc’tasiink ▪ VINT

IRR - tz’ocaa INT - uc’tasin TNS - uc’tasii PP - uc’tasiik
to be hungry; hunger, starvation to give to drink; water; watering
tzolob’aank ▪ VINT uk’uk ▪ VINT

INT - tzolob’an TNS - tzolob’ PP - tzolob’aak TNS - uuk’ PP - uk’e’ / uk’man
to align, line up; put into line to fall in, cave in, tear down, demolish; collapse
tzolok ▪ VINT ula’ak ▪ SINT

TNS - tzol PP - tzole’ / tzolman to visit, come over; spend time with so.
to learn, study; educate oneself; teach, instruct, train ula’aniink ▪ VINT
tz’oyok ▪ VINT INT - ula’anin TNS - ula’anii PP - ula’aniik
TNS - tz’oy PP - tz’oye’ / tz’oyman to visit, visit each other; receive guests
to warm sth. ula’ank ▪ SINT
tz’ub’uk ▪ VINT IRR - ula’an
TNS - tz’ub’ PP - tz’ub’e’ / tz’ub’man to visit, visit each other; receive guests
to kiss, touch with the lips; suck, slurp umuunk ▪ SINT
IRR - umun
tz’ucasiink ▪ VINT
INT - tz’ucasin TNS - tz’ucasii PP - tz’ucasiik
to have sth. in the mouth
to wet, moisten, damp usaak ▪ SINT
IRR - usaa
tzucleenk ▪ VINT
to improve; get well/better; alleviate, relieve, ease soothe
INT - tzuclen TNS - tzuclee PP - tzucleek
to tangle, mess up; fiddle with sth.; disarrange, disorganize ushk ▪ SINT
IRR - ush PP - ushman
tz’uluk ▪ VINT
to do, make; perform; how to be done
TNS - tz’ul PP - tz’ule’ / tz’ulman
to braid, plait; twist; weave ushtanaank ▪ VINT
INT - ushtanan TNS - ushtanaa PP - ushtanaak
tz’umaark ▪ SINT
IRR - tz’umar
to have mercy, compassion
to wither, dry up; fade, die out usilaank ▪ VINT
tz’uquk ▪ VINT INT - usilan TNS - usilaa PP - usilaak
TNS - tz’uq PP - tz’uqe’ / tz’uqman
to favor; be fond of
to drip, drizzle, dribble; drop; leak utz’uk ▪ VINT
tz’utujiink ▪ VINT TNS - uutz’ PP - utz’e’ / utz’man
to smell; pry; smell out; sniff; kiss

George Max
W to arrive, come; reach
wulak ▪ SINT
FIRST DATE PUBLISHED: November 2010 / LAST UPDATE AS OF: Sept. 2023

K'EQCHI' GRAMMAR - An Introduction by George Max, 2020

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2020

Ish Tz’ib’ankil ru K’eqchi’

COPYRIGHT © GEORGE MAX, 2010, 2020; GUATEMALA, MIDDLE AMERICA

NO PRINTED VERSION YET.

INHOUSE PRODUCTIONS, 2014 | GUATEMALA, MIDDLE AMERICA

K’EQCHI’ – An Extended Grammar Book

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................5

SUBJECT PRONOUNS .................................................................................................................................1

TENSE MARKERS ...........................................................................................................................................3

CONTINUOUS AND PROGRESSIVE .........................................................................................................6

PASSIVE VOICE .............................................................................................................................................8

IMPERATIVE MOOD ...................................................................................................................................11

PLURAL NOUNS ..........................................................................................................................................13

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY .......................................................................................................................... 17

BE, HAVE, THERE IS/THERE ARE ............................................................................................................. 18

USEFUL TIME EXPRESSIONS.................................................................................................................... 19

YES/NO QUESTIONS ................................................................................................................................ 20

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERB FORMS .............................................................................................. 21

CAPITAL LETTERS ....................................................................................................................................... 24

COMBINING SENTENCES ....................................................................................................................... 25

WRITING GOOD SENTENCES ................................................................................................................ 27

WRITING GOOD COMPOSITIONS ....................................................................................................... 27

ESTEBAN AJ TZOLONEL .............................................................................................................................. 27

First, it begins with a brief presentation of subject pronouns and an introduc-

Overview of KC’s grammar:

K’EQCHI’ SUBJECT PRONOUNS

• Li ch’oo na alinak sa’ jumpaat. The mouse runs very fast.

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Transitive and Intransitive Verb Forms

Transitive Verb Form

Intransitive Verb Form

• Lain in b’atz’un ric’in lin cuitz’in. I play with my little brother.

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CLASIFICATION OF TRANSITIVE TENSE MARKERS

CLASSIFICATION OF INTRANSITIVE TENSE MARKERS

Verb: jalok – to change; Verb form: intransitive (infinitive)

Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

• Li ch’ina-al nash sac’ li tz’i’. The kid hits the dog.

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Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?

Verb: b’onok – to paint; Verb form: transitive (derived)

Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

• Laesh she b’on li ochoch. You painted the house. [PL]

Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?

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Verb: awok – to sow; Verb form: intransitive (infinitive)

Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + [RAJ] + COMPLEMENT

• Lain kin c’ul in b’an re li rashkehob’. I received a vaccine against malaria.

Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + [RAJ] + COMPLEMENT

Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?

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Verb: atinak – to talk, speak; Verb form: inflected, intransitive

Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Negative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + NEG + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?

CONTINUOUS AND PROGRESSIVE

SINGULAR lain tyokin laat tyokat aan tyoo aan tyoo

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Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AUX + [RAJ] + CHI/ISH + VERBINF/PART + COMPLEMENT

• Lain tyokin chi ilok ru hu. PRES PROG I am reading.

Questions Sentence Structure: QW + AUX + [RAJ] + CHI/ISH + VERBINF/PART + COMPLEMENT + [SUBJECT]?

Affirmative Sentence Structure: SUBJECT + AC + AUX + VERB + COMPLEMENT