Chapter 56: Hydroplaning Simulation

56 Hydroplaning Simulation


Summary 1114

Introduction 1115

Requested Solution 1115

Modeling Details 1115

Results 1116

Postprocessing with SimXpert 1119

Input File(s) 1129

Video 1130
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Summary
Title Chapter 56: Hydroplaning Simulation
Features • Single Material Hydrodynamic Euler
• General Lagrangian-Eulerian Coupling
• Implicit/Explicit chaining analysis
• Contact with friction
• Body force on Euler elements
Geometry
Road

Water

Tire and Wheel

Material properties • Rubber (Mooney-Rivlin Rubber Material)

Density = 1.13e-6 kg/mm3 = 1,130 kg/m3
Poisson’s Ratio = 0.49
• Euler Zone (Water)
Density = 1.0e-6 kg/mm3 = 1,000 kg/m3
Bulk Modulus = 0.216 kg-mm/ms2/mm2 = 216 MPa
• Road (Rigid)
• Wheel (Rigid)
Analysis characteristics Transient explicit dynamic analysis (SOL700) - Fluid Structure Interaction (FSI)
Boundary conditions • Inflow on the front boundary of Euler mesh
• Outer flow in the boundary of side and read Euler zone
Applied Loads • Body forces on water (only explicit)
X-direction: 0.5 mm/ms2
• Applying acceleration on road (only explicit)
X-direction: 0.5 mm/ms2
• Gravity loading (implicit and explicit)
• Concentration loading on wheel for vehicle weight (implicit and explicit)
4 kg-mm/ms2 = 4,000 N
Element type • 4-node shell element
• 8-node hex element
FE results • Stress Contour of the tire
• Deformation of the tire
• Iso-surface of water flow
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Hydroplaning Simulation

Introduction
Hydroplaning or aquaplaning by a road vehicle occurs when a layer of water builds between the rubber tires of the
vehicle and the road surface. This leads to the loss of traction and prevents the vehicle from responding to control
inputs such as steering, braking, or accelerating. It becomes, in effect, an unpowered and unsteered sled.

Requested Solution
Effective stress and deformation of a tire and flow of water (footprint) are calculated depending on the simulation time.
The contact force between the tire and road and the flow direction of water may be required to study the tire separation
from the road although they are not included in the example.

Modeling Details
MD Nastran SOL700 supports the chaining analysis using implicit and explicit switching. In this example, the initial
loads are applied implicitly first and the results of the implicit run are used as the initial condition in the explicit
analysis.

Implicit Analysis
To reach the static equilibrium of the tire, virtual springs with small stiffnesses are added in y-direction at the center
of wheel. The gravity and the vehicle weight are applied to the center of the wheel. The contact between the tire and
the road is also applied. Figure 56-1 shows the assigned boundary conditions and the location of applied loadings.

Vehicle weight is applied at the center of wheel

Fixed node Fixed node

Y-direction

Only Y translational degrees

of freedom are free at each
wheel center
Tire

Road (fixed)
Figure 56-1 Loading and Boundary Conditions - Implicit Prestress Analysis
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Explicit Analysis
Similar to the prestress example in Chapter 9, the nastin file is used for applying the initial stress and deformation.
While, in reality, the wheel and tire rotate and move forward at the vehicle’s velocity on the wet road, in this example,
we run the wet surface under the free tire and wheel causing them to rotate due to frictional forces (see Figure 56-2).
This technique significantly reduces the simulation time. To rotate the tire under these conditions, high static and
dynamic frictional coefficients (1.2) are applied between the road and the tire. A high acceleration is defined for the
wet road to reduce the total analysis time. In addition, a lower value for the bulk modulus of water, generally 2.2 GPa,
is defined to increase the time step size.

Wheel and Tire

move translationally

Road and water move and

flow and translationally

Real Behavior Simulation

Figure 56-2 Schematic Comparison of the Real Tire Behavior and the Simulation

Results

Implicit Analysis

Start of Implicit Simulation End of Implicit Simulation (After Gravity is Applied)

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Hydroplaning Simulation

Explicit Analysis
Effective stress contour
Since water hits and pushes up the tire, the effective stresses are reduced at the end of simulation. However the contact
area under the tire experiences relatively higher stress levels.

Time: 0 ms Time: 80 ms

Deformation
The tire deformations correlate well with the stress results showing deformations at bottom contact areas where water
hits the tire.

Time: 0 ms Time: 80 ms
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Iso-surface of water flow (FMAT Material fraction) = 0.5)

Time: 0ms Time: 20ms

Time: 40ms Time: 60ms

Time: 80ms
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Hydroplaning Simulation

Postprocessing with SimXpert

After the job is finished, there are two types of results: ARC and d3plot files. Both files are attached to SimXpert and
are shown on the following pages.

a. For Default Workspace select MD Explicit

a
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Attach the Analysis Results File

a. File: Attach Results

b. For File Path, select the results file (attaching the d3plot file first)
c. Select the d3plot file.
d. Attach Options: click Both
e. Click Apply
f. Observe that the Lagrangian results are attached

a
b
c
d

f
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Hydroplaning Simulation

Attach the Analysis Results File (continued)

a. For File Path, select the results file (to attach the ARC file)
b. Select the DYTR_EULER_0.ARC file
c.Attach Options: click Both
d. Click OK
e. Observe that the Outer Euler results are attached

a
c b

e
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Display the Deformation Results

The object of this step is to create a deformation plot of the Lagrangian results.

a. Model Browser: Delete S-7:demo_model as it is the dummy elements for the coupling between
Lagrangian and Euler elements and does not include any results.
b. Model Browser: Hide all EULER elements
c.Observe that all the Euler elements are hidden
d. Results tab: Deformation
e. For Result Cases, select all the Times in the dytr.d3plot tree
f. For Results type, select Displacement Component
g. Target entities, change to Elements
h. From Main Window, select all Lagangian elements
i. Plot Data, click Deformation

j
d
g
f h

i
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Hydroplaning Simulation

Display the Deformation Results (continued)

a. Deformed display scaling, click True

b. Click Update
c.Check the deformation plot

a b

c
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Display the Stress Results

The object of this step is to create a stress fringe plot of the Lagrangian results.

a. Model Browser: Show only Part H-1 and S-2 as Part3 and 4 are rigid and have not stress results.
b. Change Plot type to Fringe
c.Check the Result Cases to see that all the Times in the dytr.d3plot tree are selected
d. For Result type, select Stress Components
e. For Derivation, select von Mises
f. For Results entities, select Target entities

f
e
d

c
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Hydroplaning Simulation

Display the Stress Results (continued)

a. Target entities, change to Elements

b. Select all the Lagangian Elements in the Main Window
c. Plot Data: Select Fringe
d. Element edge display: Display, select Element edges
e. Click Update
f. Check the stress fringe plot in the Main Window

f
d e
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Display the Euler Pressure Iso-surface Results

This step creates a pressure iso-surface plot of the Eulerian results.

a. Target entities, change to Elements

b. Model Browser: Show Only the EULER elements
c. Check the Main Window to see that the Eulerian elements are shown
d. Plot type: Click IsoSurface
e. Select the all the Time in the DYTR_EULER.ARC tree
f. Result type, select FMAT
g. Click Update
h. Check the iso-surface plot in the Main Window

h
g
f

e
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Hydroplaning Simulation

Display the Euler Pressure Iso-surface Results (continued)

a. FE Display: FE Shaded
b. Change the Transparency

a
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Make Animation

a. Click: Animation
b. Click Forward

a
b

T= 0 ms T= 20 ms

Animation (continued)
T= 40 ms
T= 80 ms
Input File(s)
File
Hydro_planning_explicit.dat
Hydro_planning_explicit.pre_dytr.nastin
Hydro_planning_implicit.bdf
Hydro_planning_implicit.dat
CHAPTER 56 1129
Hydroplaning Simulation
T= 60 ms
Description
MD Nastran explicit input
MD Nastran initial stress and configuration
information of explicit analysis for input to implicit
analysis which is included in
Hydro_planning_explicit.dat
MD Nastran implicit model input which is included in
Hydro_planning_explicit.dat
MD Nastran implicit input
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Video
Click on the image or caption below to view a streaming video of this problem; it lasts approximately five minutes and
explains how the post processing steps are performed.

Road

Water

Tire and Wheel

Figure 56-3 Video of the Above Steps