CHEMISTRY 103 Help Sheet #4 Chapter 3 (Part II) Prepared by Dr. Tony Jacob http://www.chem.wisc.

.edu/areas/clc (Resource page) Nuggets: Empirical Formulas from Elemental Analysis (combustion); Stoichiometric Calculations; Limiting Reagents; Percent Yield EMPIRICAL FORMULA from mass CO2 and H2O/chemical analysis (most instructors cover this but not all) A. Compound contains C and H only 1. Convert gCO2 mol CO2 mol C 2. Convert gH2O mol H2O mol H 3. Write formula and divide by smallest moles 4. If needed, fractions: 1/2 (0.5) x 2; 1/3 or 2/3 (0.33, 0.66) x 3; 1/4 or 3/4 (0.25, 0.75) x 4 B. Compound contains C, H, and O 1. Convert gCO2 mol CO2 mol C gC (need both mol C and gC) 2. Convert gH2O mol H2O mol H gH (need both mol H and gH) 3. Calculate gO from: total g sample = gC + gH + gO (gO = total g sample - gC - gH) 4. Convert O mol O 5. Write formula and divide by smallest moles 6. If needed, fractions: 1/2 (0.5) x 2; 1/3 or 2/3 (0.33, 0.66) x 3; 1/4 or 3/4 (0.25, 0.75) x 4 STOICHIOMETRY: Given a chemical reaction and the quantity of one of the reagents in the equation, be able to determine the quantities of all the other reagents in the reaction.
atoms or molecules A
1 mol = 6.022 x 10 2 3

atoms or molecules B Chemical Rxn or Chemical Formula

1 mol = 6.022 x 10 2 3

moles A molar mass

moles B molar mass

grams A

grams B

Example: How many grams NH3(g) can be prepared from 84.0g N2(g) using: N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) This is a grams A grams B calculation (see diagram); it requires 3 steps/conversions (the steps are shown in the flow chart)

" 1molN 2 %" 2molNH 3 %"17.0gNH 3 % 84.0gN 2 $ '$ '$ ' = 102gNH 3 # 28.0gN 2 &# 1molN 2 &# 1molNH 3 &

LIMITING REAGENTS: one reagent runs out first this is the limiting reagent; a limiting reagent problem can be identified when 2 reactant quantities are given in the problem; many ways to solve these types of problems - one way: calculate the amount of products possible from each reactant quantity; the smaller product amount produced is the theoretical amount that can be made; the reactant that gives this smaller amount is the limiting reagent
Example: a. How many grams Al2O3(s) can be made from 25.0g Al(s) and 20.0g O2(g) using: 4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s)? b. Which reactant is the limiting reagent? This is a limiting reagent problem since 2 reactant quantities were given in the problem, and can be solved by doing 2 grams A grams B calculations each requiring 3 steps/conversions, and then comparing the two possible amounts of Al2O3(s) produced. " 1molO %" 2molAl O %" 102gAl O % " 1molAl %" 2molAl2O 3 %" 102gAl2O 3 % 2 2 3 2 3 = 42.5gAl O 25.0gAl$ 20.0gO 2 $ '$ ' = 47.2gAl2O 3 '$ '$ ' '$ 2 3 # & 27.0gAl 4molAl 1molAl O 32.0gO 3molO 1molAl # & # # 2 3& 2 &# 2 &# 2O 3 & a. 42.5g Al2O3 (the smaller quantity of Al2O3(s) is how much can theoretically be produced) b. O2(g) is the LR (since it produced the smaller amount Al2O3(s))

actual yield PERCENT YIELD = theoretical yield x 100% Actual yield is the actual amount obtained and is always given in the problem; theoretical yield is usually calculated. In a lab setting, if the %yield > 100% then there is in error (e.g., the sample may be wet, etc.) 1. When a compound containing carbon and hydrogen is combusted, 3.38g CO2 and 0.692g H2O are recovered. a. What is the empirical formula? b. The molar mass of the compound is 78.1g/mol. What is the molecular formula? 2. When 5.000g of a compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is combusted, 8.910g CO2 and 3.648g H2O are recovered. a. What is the empirical formula? b. The molar mass of the compound is 74.1g/mol. What is the molecular formula? 3. A compound contains C, H, and O. When 1.0000 gram of this substance is combusted, 2.3744grams CO2 and 1.2153grams of H2O are collected. What is the empirical formula? 4. A 1.257g sample of a compound, BxHy, is reacted in pure oxygen to form 3.163g of B2O3. What is the empirical formula for BxHy? 5. A sample of the compound, Mnx(CO)y, is reacted in pure oxygen to form 2.580g of Mn2O3 and 5.035g of CO2. What is the empirical formula for Mnx(CO)y? 6. If 25.0g N2 reacts with excess H2, how many grams of NH3 would be produced? N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) 7. Calculate the masses (in grams) of Cr2O3 (chromium(III) oxide), N2, and H2O produced from 10.8g of (NH4)2Cr2O7 (ammonium dichromate) in the following balanced reaction: (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) Cr2O3(s) + N2(g) + 4H2O(l)

8. Nitric acid, HNO3, is manufactured by the Oswald process, in which nitrogen dioxide, NO2, reacts with H2O. How many grams of NO2 are required to produce 5.00g HNO3. 3NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2HNO3(aq) + NO(g) a. 7.50 b. 15.0 c. 3.65 d. 0.120 e. 5.48 9. When 9.20g of C2H6O are reacted with 40.6g of PBr3, what mass of C2H5Br is produced? 3C2H6O + PBr3 3C2H5Br + H3PO3 10. Tungsten metal, W, is used to make incandescent bulb filaments. The metal is produced from the yellow tungsten oxide, WO3, by reaction with hydrogen. WO3(s) + 3H2(g) W(s) + 3H2O(l) How many grams of tungsten can be obtained from 1.25 x 105g H2 and 6.55 x 106 g WO3? 11. If 75.0g of SiO2 and 30.0g C react according to the equation below, what is the maximum number of moles of CO that can be produced? SiO2 + C CO + SiO a. 1.25 b. 1.67 c. 2.25 d. 2.50 e. none of these

ANSWERS 1. a. CH b. C6H6

2.

{3.38g CO2 x (1mol CO2/44.01g CO2) x (1mol C/1mol CO2) = 0.07680mol C; 0.692g H2O x (1mol H2O/18.02g H2O) x (2mol H/1mol H2O) = 0.07680mol H; write formula: C0.07680H0.07680 divide by 0.07680 C1H1; molar massMF/molar massEF = 78.1/13.02 = 5.998 = 6; CH x 6 = C6H6} a. C3H6O2 {8.910g CO2 x (1mol CO2/44.01g CO2) x (1mol C/1mol CO2) = 0.2025mol C; 3.648g H2O x (1mol H2O/18.02g H2O) x (2mol H/1mol H2O) = 0.4049mol H; gsample = gO + gC + gH solve for gC and gH gH = 0.4049mol H x (1.008g H/1mol H) = 0.4081g H; gC = 0.2025mol C x (12.01g C/1mol C) = 2.4320g C; solve for gO: gO = gsample gC gH = 5.00 2.4320 0.4081 = 2.1599g O x (1mol O/16.00g O) = 0.1350mol O; C0.2025H0.4049O0.1350; divide by 0.1350; = C1.500H2.999O1; since 0.5 x2 = C3H5.998O2 = C3H6O2} {molar massMF/molar massEF = 74.1/74.08 = 1.000; C3H6O2 x 1 = C3H6O2} {2.3744g CO2 x (1mol CO2/44.01g CO2) x (1mol C/1mol CO2) = 0.053951mol C; 1.2153g H2O x (1mol H2O/18.02g H2O) x (2mol H/1mol H2O) = 0.13488mol H; gsample = gO + gC + gH solve for gC and gH gH = 0.13488mol H x (1.008g H/1mol H) = 0.13596g H; gC = 0.053951mol C x (12.01g C/1mol C) = 0.64795g C; solve for gO: gO = gsample gC gH = 1.0000 0.64795 0.13596 = 0.21609g O x (1mol O/16.00g O) = 0.013506mol O; C0.053951H0.13488O0.013506; divide by 0.013506; = C3.9946H9.9867O1 = C4H10O1 = EF} 0.09086mol B x (10.81g B/1mol B) = 0.9822g B; find grams H: gsample = gB + gH; gH = 1.257 0.9822 = 0.2748g H; find mol H: 0.2748g H x (1mol H/1.008g H) = 0.2726mol H; write formula: B0.09086H0.2726 and divide by smallest number of moles: B1H3.024 = BH3}

b. C3H6O2 3. C4H10O

4. BH3 {find mol B: 3.163g B2O3 x (1mol B2O3/69.62g B2O3) x (2mol B/1mol B2O3) = 0.09086mol B; find grams B:

5. Mn2(CO)7

6. 7.

{find mol Mn: 2.580g Mn2O3 x (1mol Mn2O3/157.88g Mn2O3) x (2mol Mn/1mol Mn2O3) = 0.03268mol Mn; find mol CO: 5.035g CO2 x (1mol CO2/44.01g CO2) x (1mol CO/1mol CO2) = 0.1144mol CO; write formula: Mn0.03268(CO)0.1144 and divide by smallest number of moles: Mn1(CO)3.50; multiply by 2 to get rid of fraction: Mn1(CO)3.50 x 2 = Mn2(CO)7} " 1molN %" 2molNH %" 17.0gN % 2 3 30.4g NH3 { 25.0gN 2 $ '$ '$ ' = 30.36gNH 3 } # 28.0gN 2 &# 1molN 2 &# 1molNH 3 & 6.52g Cr2O3 {10.8g (NH4)2Cr2O7 x (1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7/252.08g (NH4)2Cr2O7) x (1mol Cr2O3/1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7) x (152.00g Cr2O3/1mol Cr2O3) = 65.12g Cr2O3} !N2 {10.8g (NH4)2Cr2O7 x (1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7/252.08g (NH4)2Cr2O7) x (1mol N2/1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7) x 1.20g (28.02g N2/1mol N2) = 1.200g N2}

3.09g H2O

{10.8g (NH4)2Cr2O7 x (1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7/252.08g (NH4)2Cr2O7) x (4mol H2O/1mol (NH4)2Cr2O7) x (18.02g H2O/1mol H2O) = 3.088g H2O}

8. e {5.00g HNO3 x (1mol HNO3/63.02g HNO3) x (3mol NO2/2mol HNO3 x (46.01g NO2/1mol NO2) = 5.476g NO2} 9. 21.8g C2H5Br {limiting reagent problem since 2 reactant quantities are given;
9.20g C2H6O x (1mol C2H6O/46.07g C2H6O) x (3mol C2H5Br/3mol C2H6O) x (108.96g C2H5Br/1mol C2H5Br) = 21.76g C2H5Br; 40.6g PBr3 x (1mol PBr3/270.67g PBr3) x (3mol C2H5Br/1mol PBr3) x (108.96g C2H5Br/1mol C2H5Br) = 49.03g C2H5Br; the smaller amt of C2H5Br is the theoretical yield that can be made} 3.80 x 106g W {limiting reagent problem since 2 reactant quantities are given; 1.25 x 105g H2 x (1mol H2/2.016g H2) x (1mol W/3mol H2) x (183.9g W/1mol W) = 3.801 x 106g W; 6.55 x 106g WO3 x (1mol WO3/231.9g WO3) x (1mol W/1mol WO3) x (183.9g W/1mol W) = 5.194 x 106g W; the smaller amt of W is the theoretical yield that can be made} a {limiting reagent problem since 2 reactant quantities are given; 75.0g SiO2 x (1mol SiO2/60.09g SiO2) x (1mol CO/1mol SiO2) = 1.248mol CO; 30.0g C x (1mol C/12.01g C) x (1mol CO/1mol C) = 2.498mol CO; the smaller amt of CO is the theoretical yield that can be made}

10.

11.