Module2

GeneralandTopographicAnatomy

TheCell

1.1 TheCell

HumandevelopsfromSINGLEcellcalledZYGOTE ZYGOTEisresultoffusionofovum(femaleeggcell)andspermatozoon(malegermcell)
1.2 CellStructure

LivingcellsaremadeupofsubstancecalledPROTOPLASM PROTOPLASM:slightlyopaque,colourless,softjellylikesubstanceconsistingof: Water Organicandinorganicsalts Carbohydrates Lipids(fattysubstance) NitrogenousSubstance(aminoacidsobtainedfromproteins) Compoundsofabovesubstances

1.3 CellMembrane

PROTOPLASMofthecelliscontainedwithinFINEMEMBRANEconsistingofproteinthreadsandlipids Substancespassinto/outofcellthroughmembrane ThismembraneisSELECTIVELYPERMEABLEonlyallowscertainsubstancestoenterandleave

1.4 Cytoplasm

CYTOPLASMisthePROTOPLASMINSIDEcellbutOUTSIDENUCLEUS Thefollowingstructuresorganellesarecontainedwithinit:
1.4.1 TheNucleus

WithinCellthereisacentralmasscalledNUCLEUSsurroundedbyNUCLEARMEMBRANE. PROTOPLASMwiththismembraneiscalledNUCLEOPLASM TheNUCLEUScontainstheGENETICMATERIALofthecell.

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NUCLEUScontrolsthefunctioningofallotherorganelleswithinCYTOPLASM
1.4.2 Ribosomes

SiteofPROTEINSYNTHESIS
1.4.3 Mitochondria(Energyformationofthecell)

FormationofATPEnergyformationofthecellI.e.meetsenergyrequirements
1.4.4 EndoplasmicReticulum

IMPROVESspeedofcommunicationbetweenNUCLEUS,CYTOPLASMandextracellularfluid
1.4.5 GolgiApparatus

SECRETIONofsubstancesmanufacturedbycell FORMATIONofLYSOSOMES Formationandmaintenanceofcellmembrane

1.4.6 Lysosomes(Antibodies)

ENGULFandDESTROYanyforeignsubstanceenteringcell
1.4.7 Centriole

ContainedwithinspecializedzoneofCYTOPLASMcalledCENTRSOME CENTROSOMEconsistsofmicrotubulesthatplayimportantroleincelldivision

AnatomyIntroduction

AristotlegavethenameANATOMEtotheScienceofAnatomyin+300BC400BC ANATOME:meanscuttingupmethod:thestudyofstructureoflivingthingsismadepossible ANATOMYhascometoinclude Microscopicalanatomy Histology Studyofdevelopmentbeforebirth Embryology Onemustbefamiliarwiththedescriptivelanguageandtermsinordertomakesenseofthebodys typography. PHYSIOLOGY: describesthestudyofthefunctionoftheNORMALhumanbody PATHOLOGY: describesthestudyofabodyindiseasedconditions/changesproducedbydisease
2.1 AnatomicalPositioning

Anatomicalposition: Facefront,armsatthesidewithpalmsfacingforward,boththumbsouttotheside,legsstraightand toesfacingforwards

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2.1.1 Anterior

Towardsthefontthenoseinanteriortotheearsthesternumisanteriortothespine
2.1.2 Posterior

Towardsthebackbuttocksthespineisposteriortothenaval
2.1.3 Superior

Towardsthehead(topofthebody)thenoseissuperiortothemouth
2.1.4 Inferior

Towardsthefeet(downwards)themouthisinferiortotheeyesandears
2.1.5 Midline

Verticallinedownthemiddleofthebodysternumliesintheofyourthorax

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2.1.6 Medial

GeneralandTopographicAnatomy

ClosertothemidlineeyesaremedialtoyourearsLungsaremedialtoyourhips
2.1.7 Lateral

Furtherawayfromthemidlineyourearsislateraltoyournose
2.1.8 Proximal

Closertothejointofattachmenttothebodyelbowisproximaltowristkneeisproximaltohip
2.1.9 Distal

Furtherfromthejointofattachmenttothebodyankleisdistaltokneewristisdistaltoelbow
2.1.10 Palmar

Frontregionofthehand
2.1.11 Plantar

Bottomregionofthefoot
2.2 2.2.1 JointsMovements Flexion

Actofbendingapartconditionofbeingbent
2.2.2 Extension

Movementthatbringslimbtostraightcondition
2.2.3 Abduction Abbbye

MovementoflimbAWAYfromthemidlineofthebody
2.2.4 Adduction Addaddaddtome

MovementoflimbTOWARDSfromthemidlineofthebody
2.3 2.3.1 AnatomicalPlanes FrontalPlane

CoronalPlane DividesthebodyinFRONTandBACKparts(Equally/unequally) AnteriorVENTRALtowardsthefront PosteriorDORSALtowardstheback

2.3.2 TransversalPlane

Crosshorizontalplane DividethebodyintoUPPERandLOWER Upper:CRANIALorCEPHALAD Lower:CAUDAD

2.3.3 MedianPlane

Midlinepasseslongitudinallyfromfronttobackthroughmiddleofthebody Dividesleftfromrighthalves MEDIAL:howCLOSElocationisonbodytothemedianplane LATERAL:howFARlocationisonbodytothemedianplane

2.3.4 SagittalPlane

VerticalplanerunsPARALLELtomidline DividesbodyintoUNEQUALleftandrightparts
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2.4 2.4.1 PatientPositioning Recumbent

GeneralandTopographicAnatomy

Lyingdownorleaningback
2.4.2 Supine

Restingonthebackwithfaceupward
2.4.3 Prone

Lyingfaceandabdomendownwards
2.4.4 FowlersPosition

Sittingup90o
2.4.5 SemiFowlersposition

Sittingupwithupperbodyleaningslightlyback
2.4.6 Trendelenburgposition

Supinewithpatientheaddownandlowerextremitiesslightlyelevated
2.4.7 LeftLateralrecumbentposition

Recoveryposition ONLYinnontraumapatients

BasicRegionalAnatomy

Bodycanbedividedintobasic/generalregions:head,neck,trunk(thoraxandabdomen)andextremities (armsandlegs) AXIALRegion:Head,neck,thoraxandabdomen APPENDICULARRegion:theextremities(legsandarms)

3.1 Head

Twogeneralregions: CRANIUM:SUPERIORtotheears(everythingfromtheearsup) FRONTALregion:eyes,nose,mouthetc. CraniumhousesthebrainbrainisconnectedtothespinalcordthroughFORAMENMAGNUM(holeatthe baseoftheskull.

3.1.1 Craniumisdividedintofourregions

3.2

OCCIPITALREGION: FRONTALREGION: TEMPORALREGION: PARIETALRERION:

TheNeck

Posteriorskull Anteriorskull Superiortotheleftandrightears Superiorbetweenfrontalandoccipitalregions

NeckinINFERIORtothehead(below) Containmanyvitalstructures:nerves,bloodvessels,trachea,oesophagusandlarynx.

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Module2 Larynxliesinthemidlineoftheneck

GeneralandTopographicAnatomy

LateraltoLarynxLeftandrightCAROTIDarteriescanbepalpatedthesearethemainarteriesthat supplyoxygenatedbloodtothebrain. Externaljugularveinsextendfrombaseofthenecklateraltomidlineassistinreturningdeoxygenated bloodfromthebrain. CervicalVertebraesituatedposteriorlyinthenecktosupportstheheadpassingdownwardsthroughthe vertebraeisthespinalcord.

3.3 Thorax

TRUNKconsistsofthethorax(chest)andtheabdomen. Thoraciccavitycontains:heart,lungs,andoesophagus,greatvessels(aortaandtwovenaecava (deoxygenatedblood) Formedby12thoracicvertebrae(T1T12)and12pairsofribs 10pairsofribsareconnectedposteriorlytothoracicspineandanteriorlytosternum 11thand12thribsareconnectedtothoracicspinebutnotsternum:referredto:FLOATINGribs Spacebetweenribs:INTERCOSTALSPACE Lowerboarderofribcagecalled:CASTALARCH

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GeneralandTopographicAnatomy

JugularNotch

Intercostal Space

PosteriorRibs AnteriorRibs

AttheINFERIORendofthesternum,thesternumnarrowsintoasmallprocessofcaritliagecalledxiphoid process. 1/3downthesternumthereisaslightelevationknownastheANGLEOFLOUIS/STERNALANGLE

3.4 Abdomen

Secondmajorbodycavity:containdigestiveandexcretoryorgans Diaphragmisamusculardomeformsinferiorboundaryofthethoraxandupperboundaryofabdomen EPIGASTRIUM:inferiorregiontocoastalarcharoundmidlineandaboveumbilicus

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3.4.1 AbdominalQuadrants

GeneralandTopographicAnatomy

CostalArch

Umbilicus

RUQ: liver,gallbladder,portionofascendingandtransversecolon LUQ: stomach,spleen,portionoftransverseanddescendingcolon,portionofliver RLQ: caecum,portionofascendingcolon,appendix LLQ: descendingandsigmoidcolon Rectumliesinpelvis Smallintestinetendstolieinall4quadrants PancreasliesinRUQandLUQbutinRETROPERITONEALspace KidneysalsolieinRETROPERITONEALspacelieseithersideofspinejustabovelevelofumbilicus PELVICCAVITY:lowerportionofabdominalcavity:containing:urinarybladder,rectum,(andinfemales reproductiveorgansuterusandovaries)
3.5 UpperExtremities

Upperextremitiesextendsfromshouldergirdle(scapula,clavicle,humerus) Downtofingertipsandconsistsofshoulder,uppersarm(humerus), Forearm(radius,ulna)andwrist(carpals)andhand(metacarpalsandphalanges) Radialpulsefeltinthewrist Brachialpulseintheupperarm(humerus)

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3.6 LowerExtremities

GeneralandTopographicAnatomy

Lowerextremitiesconsistsofthigh,legandfootextendfromhipdowntofoot Threejointsconnectpartsoflowerextremityhip,kneeandankle Popliteal(patella)anddorsalispedispulsescanbefeltinlowerlimb

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