1.

3 Design criteria in the water treatment system ODOUR CONTROL Odour control is one of the most important factors of treatment plant design. It will be looking at five dimensions of odour control, in order to best deal with this issue: frequency intensity duration offensiveness location

There are a number of different approaches to managing odours, ranging from bylaw introduction to the establishment of criteria for individual chemicals. The most successful management tool, however, is use of our own sense of smell in order to assure a liveable community. Wastewater treatment plants are located adjacent to residential areas. Foul air is passed through scrubbing equipment before being discharged, virtually eliminating odours. Noise Noise at a treatment plant is typically associated with rotating equipment such as aeration blowers and with truck traffic entering and leaving the site. Typically criteria are 45 decibels and 55 decibels at the fence line for evening and daytime periods. Land Requirements In the past, wastewater treatment plants have been located away from other areas of development on large tracts of land. Give the ample space, layout efficiency was not a major concern. Today, with plants being located within developed areas, plant layouts are much more compact. Advances in technology are also allowing for smaller plant footprints. One of the benefits of decentralized treatment is the option of smaller plant sizes, with dilute sludges discharged downstream for further treatment at the central plant. This would both decrease the size of treatment plants and eliminate truck traffic associated with sludge hauling. Water treatment plants .

Water treatment plants at mobilization facilities must produce water of sufficient quality and quantity for all intended purposes . If the water is to be used for human consumption, it must be free of organisms or substances posing health hazards at all times.

Water storage and distribution . The quality of water obtained at the user's tap is not determined solely by water treatment operations. Raw water quality and conditions in treated water storage and water distribution systems also affect the quality of tap water . Consequently, protection of raw water quality and finished water storage and delivery systems to the maximum practicable extent is essential. Excellence in water treatment is partially nullified unless other water system components are adequately designed, maintained, and operated . 1.3.1 Process selection factors. The design of treatment facilities will be determined by feasibility studies, considering all engineering, eco-nomic, energy and environmental factors. All legitimate alternatives will be identified and evaluated by life cycle cost analyses. Additionally, energy use between candidate processes will be considered. For thepurpose of energy consumption, only the energy purchased or procurred will be included in the usage evaluation. All treatment process systems will be compared with a basic treatment process system, which is that treatment process system accomplishing the required treatment at the lowest first cost. Pilot or laboratory analysis will be used in conjunction with published design data of similar existing plants to assure the optimal treatment. It is the responsibility of the designer to insure that the selected water treatment plant process complies with Federal Environmental Agency, State or local regulations, whichever is more stringent.

Example of water treatment plant layout

WATER TREATMENT FLOW CHART

Plant siting.

The following items will be considered in choosing a plant site . Proximity to the source of raw water. Proximity to the area to be served . Ability to locate intake upstream of wastewater discharges . Land availability and costs. Potential for flooding of the site. Availability and reliability of electric power. Geology and topography of the site . Availability of transportation facilities . Legal obligations or restrictions .

Process selection and design The selection and design of the water treatment,processes, to be used at a particular facility are dictated by practicability, reliability, flexibility, and overall economics. Engineers experienced in water treatment plant design are needed to determine the best treatment system for any particular situation, and their advice should be obtained in the early stages of project planning. Reliability a . Duplicates of essential items, including pumps, settling basins, flocculators, filters, and chemical feeders should be provided as appropriate to allow periodic maintenance and repair . The degree of importance of each item must be evaluated on a case-by-case basis, considering that safe water has to be supplied at all times . One train of essential items may be constructed initia if this would allow the facility to be operational within the allotted mobilization time . Backup units can be constructed subsequently . b . Installation of emergency generating facilities at the water treatment plant will be required if lengthy power outages are probable . Likewise, if the delivery of crucial chemical supplies is uncertain, larger than normal stores of these chemicals must be kept on hand, which would necessitate larger than normal chemical storage areas . Operating considerations

To simplify plant operations, the following guidelines should be observed during the design stage. a . Eliminate any unnecessary equipment and operations. b . Locate operations requiring frequent operator attention reasonably close together . Filters, flocculators, and chemical feeding equipment generally require the most attention. c . Simplify chemical handling and feeding as much as possible . Unloading and storage areas for chemicals .should be easily maintained,readily accessible, and close to the point of application of chemicals d . Design flexibility into plants treating surface water to handle raw water quality changes .

Environmental
To achieve a better environment through planning, a systematic approach to environmental planning is essential. Environmental planning addresses the relationships among activities, environment, natural resources and environmental effects of activities for the purpose of optimising environmental quality and capacity. The objectives for environmental planning are: (a) "to avoid creating new environmental problems by ensuring the consequences for the environment are properly taken into account in site selection, planning and design of all new developments"; and (b) "to seize opportunities for environmental improvement as they arise in the course of urban redevelopment ...."

A flow chart showing the typical steps that should be taken in environmental planning is shown
in Figure Proper land use planning, along with appropriate controls at sources through licensing and enforcement of environmental protection ordinances, plays an important role in protecting the environment. Applying these planning steps will help achieve the following: proposed land uses in particular development areas are environmentally suitable; proposed land uses in the same development area are compatible with each other; and adequate and suitably sited environmental facilities are provided to ensure proper handling and disposal of all wastes and waste water arising from proposed developments.

Figure : Flow Chart of Environmental Planning

The environmental suitability of a site for a certain land use is governed by such factors as:

natural environmental characteristics including topography, climate, hydrological and hydrographical characteristics, vegetation, wildlife and habitat, and soil conditions; the nature, distribution and consequences of the residuals including aerial emissions, wastes, sewage or noise generated by land uses in the development area; the capacity of the environment to receive additional developments, for example, the capacity of an airshed or water basin to receive and assimilate residuals or the capacity of the environment infrastructure such as sewerage and waste reception facilities to accommodate further residuals; and existing land uses.

Figure : Matrix Showing Environmental Concerns

REFFERENCES http://publications.usace.army.mil/publications/eng-manuals/EM_1110-3-162/c-2.pdf http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/wastewater/municipal_land_treatment_design_ criteria.pdf

http://www.spokanecounty.org/utilities/RptDoc/fpaFinal02-03/FPA %2003%20Treatment%20Plant%20Siting%20Process.pdf http://armypubs.army.mil/eng/DR_pubs/dr_a/pdf/tm5_814_3.pdf http://www.wastewatermadeclear.ca/what/concerns.htm http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/tech_doc/hkpsg/full/ch9/ch9_fig_2-2.htm