Ali Ahmed Khalil 20452928 Assignment # 8

1. Explain briefly the different secondary distribution system configurations. Your answer should address the following: a. The single line diagram of each configuration. b. The main advantage of each configuration. c. The disadvantages of each configuration. d. The degree of reliability of each configuration. Separate Service System In this system each customer is served by a separate transformer and secondary connection. This configuration is rarely applied, as it is used only for light load rural areas. Radial System Single Line Diagram

Advantage Radial systems are simple to operate and they are the least expensive systems. Disadvantage & Degree of Reliability The main disadvantage of this configuration is that it is not that reliable. In case of fault

Secondary-Bank System Single Line Diagram

Advantage 1. Improving the system voltage regulation, reliability and supply continuity. 2. Providing parallel feeding paths for motor-starting currents. Thus, reducing the system voltage drops and light flickers caused by motor starting. 3. Flexibility for meeting the load growth by sharing loads between transformers without the need for increasing certain transformers capacity. Disadvantage 1. To identify the blown fuse careful requirements are necessary. 2. Difficult secondary fuse coordination. 3. Difficulty in performing transformer load management. This is due to the fact that, the design requires equal loading for each transformer in the secondary-banking configuration. Degree of Reliability It is more reliable than the radial system.

Spot Network Single Line Diagram

Advantage This configuration allows power service even during multiple faults on distribution transformers. Disadvantage In this configuration there is parallel operation of transformers, so there is a possibility of reverse power flow. To prevent the reverse flow, protector devices with sensitive reverse power relays are implemented. This increases the additional cost Degree of Reliability This configuration is fed from more than one feeder to provide the highest reliability in industrial, high-loading density areas and large commercial applications. Secondary-Network System Advantage 1. It has the most reliability of other secondary distribution system configurations. 2. The loss of any transformer or feeder will not affect customer power continuity. Disadvantage 1. It has the highest cost. 2. Its need far complex protection. Degree of Reliability The degree of reliability is highest in this configuration.

2. Discuss the main components of the secondary distribution system. Your answer should consider the following issues: a. The secondary system voltage level. b. The design consideration of the secondary system. c. The degree of reliability of each component in the secondary system. Secondary System Voltage Level 1. For residential loads: single-phase three-wires are used with a voltage of 120/240 V. The 120 V is used for the lighting and the 240 V for the large household appliances. 2. For residential and commercial loads with high load densities: a grid secondary network uses single-phase three-wire 120/208Y V. The 120 V is used for lighting and the 208 V for the large household appliances. 3. For spot networks in high-density high-rise residential buildings, for commercial loads and for industrial loads: the voltages used are 277/480Y V. The distribution network is made of four-wire three-phase system, where the 277 V voltage level is used for the fluorescent lightning and the single-phase loads.

Design Consideration The secondary system is made of single-phase for residential applications and three-phase for commercial and industrial applications with high load densities. The secondary distribution system can be fed from [1]: 1. Small number of large size distribution transformers. 2. Large number of small size distribution transformers. The main components of the secondary distribution system are Secondary Mains. Customer Service. Customer Meters. Limiters. Network Protector (NP). High-voltage switch. Secondary Mains All secondary mains wires are three-phase four-wire wye-connected conductors with solidly grounded neutrals. These secondary mains are either overhead or underground Customers Service The customer service connection to the secondary distribution circuit depends mainly on the secondary system type (overhead or underground), the secondary system load density, and the utility regulations and requirements (over current protection).

Customer Meters Customer meters are used to measure the customer energy consumption to determine the revenue for the electric utilities. For residential customers, they are billed for kWh consumed. For commercial and industrial applications, they are billed for their power consumption, demand charges and power factor penalties. Limiters The limiter is a high capacity fuse with a restricted copper section. It is installed in each secondary main phase conductor at each junction point. The choice of implementing a limiter is based on: 1- The minimum system service interruption. 2- The limiters cost has to be less than the cost of cable damage. Network Protector (NP) Network protectors are used to connect distribution transformers to the secondary-network. NPs consist of an air CB type using a closing and tripping mechanism. This mechanism is controlled by a phasing relay, a network master and backup fuses.

High Voltage Switch The high-voltage switch is a three-position switch located at the high-voltage side of the network transformer as shown in Fig. 4. Position (1) is for grounding the primary feeder; position (2) is for normal operation and position (3) is for disconnecting the network transformer.

Degree of Reliability of each Component Table 1 shows the necessary operation of protective devices for different fault conditions (locations).